None of the concepts studied thus far – the standard of proof, the burden of proof, the BoD, or the PI – does anything to reduce erroneous verdicts in the aggregate. All are targeted at making it likely that, when errors do occur, they are more likely to be false acquittals than false convictions. We must now move away from issues of error distribution – what we might call soft-core legal epistemology – and toward its hard-core: error reduction. The following four chapters will examine a variety of specific rules, practices, and procedures that serve as major obstacles to the twin tasks of finding truth and avoiding error. In this chapter, our remit will be broader and more theoretical.

It is a long-standing tradition in law schools and law texts to draw a sharp boundary between the rules of evidence and the laws of criminal procedure. Indeed, evidence law and criminal procedures are generally taught in different classes and by different specialists. By contrast, my focus will be on both.