Book contents
- Transitioning to a Prosperous, Resilient and Carbon-Free Economy
- Transitioning to a Prosperous, Resilient and Carbon-Free Economy
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Introduction
- 1 Policy Frameworks and Institutions for Decarbonisation: The Energy Sector as ‘Litmus Test’
- Technologies for Decarbonising the Electricity Sector
- 2 Wind Energy
- 3 Solar Photovoltaics
- 4 Solar Thermal Energy
- 5 Nuclear Energy
- 6 Hydropower
- 7 Energy Storage
- 8 The Hydrogen Economy
- Example Economies
- Cities and Industry
- Land Use, Forests and Agriculture
- Mining, Metals, Oil and Gas
- Addressing Barriers io Change
- Index
- References
2 - Wind Energy
from Technologies for Decarbonising the Electricity Sector
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 October 2021
Book contents
- Transitioning to a Prosperous, Resilient and Carbon-Free Economy
- Transitioning to a Prosperous, Resilient and Carbon-Free Economy
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Introduction
- 1 Policy Frameworks and Institutions for Decarbonisation: The Energy Sector as ‘Litmus Test’
- Technologies for Decarbonising the Electricity Sector
- 2 Wind Energy
- 3 Solar Photovoltaics
- 4 Solar Thermal Energy
- 5 Nuclear Energy
- 6 Hydropower
- 7 Energy Storage
- 8 The Hydrogen Economy
- Example Economies
- Cities and Industry
- Land Use, Forests and Agriculture
- Mining, Metals, Oil and Gas
- Addressing Barriers io Change
- Index
- References
Summary
Improvements in wind technology and reductions in cost mean that wind energy is now one of the most important sources of new electricity generation. This chapter looks at the history, physics and technological improvements leading to current wind turbine technology. Longer turbine blades and taller hub heights have played a key role in improving wind turbine performance. It also covers the development process required to build a wind farm including monitoring, energy assessment and financing aspects. A summary of pricing of recent wind energy projects from around the world demonstrates the economic competitiveness of the technology. We consider Denmark, and how it deals with the variability of obtaining more than 30% of its electricity from wind. Finally, it is demonstrated that a modest increase in wind installations to 72 gigawatts per year could see the world obtaining about 20% of electricity from wind power by 2040.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Transitioning to a Prosperous, Resilient and Carbon-Free EconomyA Guide for Decision-Makers, pp. 41 - 59Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
ACT (Australian Capital Territory) Government (2016). Canberra 100% Renewable: Leading Innovation with 100% Renewable Energy by 2020. Canberra: Australian Capital Territory Government. Available at: www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/987991/100-Renewal-Energy-Tri-fold-ACCESS.pdf.Google Scholar
Ahuja, E. (2015). Energy change: Insights from the 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolutions and recent developments to help achieve the next low carbon industrial revolution. Masters Thesis, The Australian National University. Available at: www.academia.edu/27596477/Ahuja_E_2015_Energy_Change_-Insights_from_the_1st_and_2nd_Industrial_Revolutions_and_Recent_Developments_to_help_achieve_the_next_Low_Carbon_Industrial_Revolution._ANU_ECI_Masters_Thesis_advanced_._Supervisor_Dr_Michael_H_Smith.Google Scholar
AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator) (2018). Integrated System Plan: For the National Electricity Market. Australian Energy Market Operator. Available at: https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/electricity/nem/planning_and_forecasting/isp/2018/integrated-system-plan-2018_final.pdf.Google Scholar
AWEA (American Wind Energy Association) (n.d.). State facts sheets. American Wind Energy Association. Available at: www.awea.org/resources/fact-sheets/state-facts-sheets.Google Scholar
BP (2019). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019. London: BP. Available at: www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html.Google Scholar
Chabot, B. (2016). Backing up wind and nuclear power. Erneuerbare Energien. Available at: www.erneuerbareenergien.de/backing-up-wind-and-nuclear-power/150/437/86412/.Google Scholar
Clean Energy Council (2019). Clean Energy Australia Report 2019. Clean Energy Council. Available at: https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/resources/reports/clean-energy-australia/clean-energy-australia-report-2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Cochran, J., Bird, L., Heeter, J. and Arent, D. J. (2012). Integrating Variable Renewable Energy in Electric Power Markets: Best Practices from International Experience. Springfield, VA: US Department of Energy and US Department of Commerce. Available at: www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53732.pdf.Google Scholar
Eberhard, A. and Naude, R. (2017). The South African Renewable Energy IPP Procurement Programme: Review, Lessons Learned & Proposals to Reduce Transaction Costs. Cape Town: Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town. Available at: www.gsb.uct.ac.za/files/EberhardNaude_REIPPPPReview_2017_1_1.pdf.Google Scholar
Hills, R. (1996). Power from Wind: A History of Windmill Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.cambridge.org/au/academic/subjects/general-science/history-science/power-wind-history-windmill-technology.Google Scholar
Hristova, D. (2016). Peru shortlists 13 winners in renewables auction. Renewables Now. 17 February. Available at: https://renewablesnow.com/news/peru-shortlists-13-winners-in-renewables-auction-513576/.Google Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2013). Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy. Paris: International Energy Agency. Available at: www.energie-nachrichten.info/file/News/2013/2013-10/Wind_2013_Roadmap.pdf.Google Scholar
IEA (2018). World Energy Outlook 2018. Paris: International Energy Agency. Available at: www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2018/electricity.Google Scholar
IPP Renewables (n.d.). BW4 preferred bidder announcement. IPP Projects. 16 April. Available at: https://ipp-projects.co.za/PressCentre.Google Scholar
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) (2019). Future of Wind: Deployment, Investment, Technology, Grid Integration and Socio-economic Aspects (A Global Energy Transformation Paper). Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. Available at: www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Oct/IRENA_Future_of_wind_2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Mora, A. (2017). Mexico’s third long-term electricity auction: The results and the comparison. Mexico Business Publishing. 29 November. Available at: www.renewableenergymexico.com/mexicos-third-long-term-electricity-auction-the-results-and-the-comparison/ (link discontinued).Google Scholar
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) (2012). Renewable Electricity Futures Study. Edited by Hand, M. M., Baldwin, S., DeMeo, E. et al. 4 vols. NREL/TP-6A20–52409. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Available at: www.nrel.gov/analysis/re-futures.html.Google Scholar
NREL (2017). Cost of Wind Energy Review. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20–72167. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Available at: www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/72167.pdf.Google Scholar
OpenNEM (n.d.). OpenNEM Project. Created by McConnell, D., Holmes à Court, S. and Tan, S. Available at: https://opennem.org.au/energy/nem.Google Scholar
REN21 (2018). Renewables 2018: Global Status Report. Paris: REN21. Available at: www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2018_Full-Report_English.pdf.Google Scholar
RenewableUK (n.d.). Wind energy statistics. renewableUK. Available at: www.renewableuk.com/page/UKWEDhome/Wind-Energy-Statistics.htm.Google Scholar
RepuTex Energy (2018). The Impact of the NEG on Emissions and Electricity Prices by 2030: Modelling for Greenpeace Australia Pacific. Melbourne: RepuTex Australia. Available at: www.reputex.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/REPUTEX_Modelling-of-the-National-Energy-Guarantee_0718_26-45.pdf.Google Scholar
RSA (Republic of South Africa) Department of Energy (2018). 2018 Draft Integrated Resource Plan. Available at: www.energy.gov.za/IRP/irp-update-draft-report-2018.html.Google Scholar
UK DBEIS (Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy) (2013). National statistics: Energy trends: UK renewables. Gov.uk. 9 January. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables.Google Scholar
US Department of Energy (2017). 2017 Wind Technologies Market Report. US Department of Energy. Available at: www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2017-wind-technologies-market-report.Google Scholar
Wright, J. G., Bischof-Niemz, S. T., Calitz, J. R., Mushwana, C. and van Heerden, R. (2017). Future wind deployment scenarios for South Africa. Paper presented at WindAc Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 14–16 November. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10204/10070.Google Scholar
Wright, J., Ireland, G., Hartley, F., Merven, B., Burton, J., Ahjum, F. Mccall, B., Caetano, T. and Arndt, C. (2017). The Developing Energy Landscape in South Africa: Technical Report. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Energy Research Centre, CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) and IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).Google Scholar
Yaneva, M. (2016). Morocco’s wind power price goes as low as USD 30/MWh. Renewables Now. 19 January. Available at: https://renewablesnow.com/news/moroccos-wind-power-price-goes-as-low-as-usd-30-mwh-509642/.Google Scholar