Chapter 5 explores the expanded repertoire of authoritarian strategies as deployed during the First and Second Republics. It largely focuses on tools used to convey norms for compliant behavior. The two republics stressed in their rhetoric themes to help ground their legitimacy, as well as to spell out their expectations for Rwandans. They also deployed structures and practices to promote their authoritarian norms, from mandatory community work in the name of the state, to celebrations stressing patriotism as a virtue.