Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T13:30:25.102Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2024

Sven Kalmring
Affiliation:
Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Adam of Bremen: History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, trans. F. J. Tschan. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Alcuin: Alcvini sive Albini epistolae, ed. Dümmler, E.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Epistolae (in quart) 4: 2. Epistolae Karolini aevi (II): 1481. Berlin: Weidmann, 1895.Google Scholar
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: ed. and trans. Swanton, M.. New York: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Annales Bertiniani: The Annals of St-Bertin, trans. J. L. Nelson. Ninth-Century Histories 1. Manchester Medieval Sources. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Annales Vedastini: Annales Vedastini. In Annales Xantenses et Annales Vedastini, ed. von Simson, B.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 12: 4082. Hannover: Hahn, 1909.Google Scholar
Annales Xantenses: Annales Xantenses qui dicuntur. In Annales Xantenses et Annales Vedastini, ed. von Simson, B.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 12: 139. Hannover: Hahn,1909.Google Scholar
The Annals of Fulda: trans. T. Reuter. Ninth-Century Histories 2. Manchester Medieval Source Series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Anonymous (HSig): Lausavísur from Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar. In Gade, K. E. (ed.), Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, Vol. 2: Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas: From c. 1035 to c. 1300: 815–23. Turnhout: Brepols, 2009.Google Scholar
Bede: Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. L. Sherley-Price, rev. R. E. Latham. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin, 1990.Google Scholar
Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa: Saga of Bjorn, Champion of the Hitardale People, trans. A. Finlay. Hisarlik Press: Enfield Lock, 2000.Google Scholar
The Book of the Eparch: To Eparchikon vivlion = The book of the Eparch = Le livre du préfet, ed. and trans. Dujčev, I., Nicole, J. & Hanson Freshfield, E.. Collected Studies B1. London: Variorum Reprints, 1970.Google Scholar
Cassiodorus: Variae, trans. S. J. B. Barnish. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
The Chronicle of Æthelweard: Chronicon Æthelweardi, ed. and trans. Campbell, A.. Nelson’s Medieval Texts. London: Thomas Nelson, 1962.Google Scholar
Codex Diplomaticus: Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonic. Tomus IV, ed. Kemble, J. M.. London: Sumptibus Societatis, 1846.Google Scholar
Diplomata Belgica: Diplomata Belgica ante annum millesimum centesimum scripta, ed. Gysseling, M. & Koch, A. C. F.. Bouwstoffen en studien voor de geschiedenis en de lexicografie van het Niederlande 1. Brussels: Belgisch Inter-Universitair Centrum voor Neerlandistiek, 1950.Google Scholar
Egil’s Saga: trans. B. Scudder. In The Sagas of the Icelanders: 3184. New York: Penguin Books, 2001.Google Scholar
Færeyinga Saga: The Tale of Thrond of Gate, Commonly Called Færeyinga Saga, trans. F. York Powell. Northern Library 2. London: David Nutt, 1896.Google Scholar
Formulae Imperiales e curia Ludovici Pii: ed. Zeumer, K.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Leges, Formulae Merovingici et Karolini aevi 1: 285327. Hannover: Hahn, 1886.Google Scholar
Gesta abbatum Fontanellensium: Gesta sanctorum patrum Fontanellensis coenobii, ed. Lohier, F. & Laporte, J.. Paris: Société de l’histoire de Normandie, 1936.Google Scholar
Gisli Sursson’s Saga: trans. M. S. Regal. In The Sagas of the Icelanders. A Selection: 496557. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Heimskringla: Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trans. L. M. Hollander. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Helmold of Bosau: The Chronicle of the Slavs, trans. F. J. Tschan. New York: Octagon Books, 1966.Google Scholar
Ibn Fadlān: The Book of Ahmad ibn Fadlān. Ibn Fadlān and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North, trans. P. Lunde & C. Stone: 158. London: Penguin Classics, 2012.Google Scholar
Inquisitio de theloneis Raffelstettensis: ed. Boretius, A. & Krause, V.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Leges (in Folio) 2, Capitularia regum Francorum 2, XIX. Additamenta ad Capitularia regum Franciae orientalis, no. 253: 249252. Hannover: Hahn, 1897.Google Scholar
Karoli Magni Capitularia: trans. A. Boretius. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Capitularia regum Francorum 1: 44186. Hannover: Hahn, 1883.Google Scholar
Knýtlinga saga: The History of the Kings of Denmark, trans. H. Páulsson & P. Edwards. Odense: Odense University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
The Laws of Alfred: ed. and trans. Attenborough, F. L.. The Laws of the Earliest English Kings: 6293. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922.Google Scholar
The Laws of Hlothhere and Eadric: ed. and trans. Attenborough, F. L.. In The Laws of the Earliest English Kings: 1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922.Google Scholar
The Laws of Ine: ed. and trans. Attenborough, F. L.. In The Laws of the Earliest English Kings: 3661. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922.Google Scholar
Medieval Russian Laws: trans. G. Vernadsky. Records of Civilization: Sources and Studies XLI. New York: Columbia University Press, 1947.Google Scholar
Miracula Sancti Benedicti: Miracula Sancti Benedicti auctore Adrevaldo Floriacensi, ed. Pertz, G. H.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores (in Folio) 15: 1. Supplementa tomorum I–XII, pars III: 474–97. Hannover: Hahn, 1887.Google Scholar
Miracula Sancti Wandregisili: ed. Holder-Egger, O.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores (in Folio) 15: 1. Supplementa tomorum I–XII, pars III: 406–9. Hannover: Hahn, 1887.Google Scholar
Njáls saga: ed. and trans. Cook, R.. London: Penguin Books, 2001.Google Scholar
Nuremberg Chronicle: Schedel, Hartmann, Liber Chronicarum cum figuris et imaginibus ab Inicio Mundi. Nürnberg, 1493.Google Scholar
Olaus Magnus: Description of the Northern Peoples: 1555, Vol. 1, trans. P. Fisher & H. Higgens; ed. Foote, P.. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1996.Google Scholar
The Old English Martyrology: ed. and trans. Rauer, C.. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2013.Google Scholar
Rimbert: Vita Ansgarii. Anskar: The Apostle of the North, 801–865, trans. C. H. Robinson. London: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1921.Google Scholar
Royal Frankish Annals: trans. B. W. Scholz & B. Rogers. Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals & Nithard’s Histories. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Paperback, 1972.Google Scholar
The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, ed. and trans. Cross, S. H. & Sherbowitz-Wetzor, O. P.. Cambridge, MA: The Medieval Academy of America, 1953.Google Scholar
The Saga of the Jómsvíkings: trans. L. M. Hollander. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995.Google Scholar
The Saga of the People of Laxardal: trans. K. Kunz. In Thorsson, Ö (ed.), The Sagas of the Icelanders: A Selection: 270421. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.Google Scholar
The Saga of the Sworn Brothers: trans. L. M. Hollander. The Sagas of Kormák and The Sworn Brothers: 83176. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.Google Scholar
The Saga of Yngvar the Traveller: trans. P. Tunstall. In Larsson, G. (ed.), Between East and West: Early Contacts between Scandinavia and the Caucasus. Revita Archaeology and History: 21–6. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2013.Google Scholar
Thietmar of Merseburg: Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg, ed. and trans. Warner, D. A.. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Vita Bernwardi: Vita Bernwardi episcopi Hildesheimensis auctore Thangmaro, trans. D. G. Waitz. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores (in Folio) IV: Annales, chronica et historiae aevi Carolini et Saxonici: 754–82. Hannover: Hahn, 1841.Google Scholar
Vita Sancti Wilfrithi: The Life of Bishop Wilfrid by Eddius Stephanus, trans. B. Colgrave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1927.Google Scholar
Vitruvius: The Ten Books on Architecture, trans. M. H. Morgan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.Google Scholar
Widukind of Corvey: Deeds of the Saxons, ed. Bachrach, B. S. & Bachrach, D. S.. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Wisby Town-Law on Shipping: Codex iuris Visbyensis urbici et maritime. In The Black Book of the Admiralty, Vol. 4, ed. Twiss, T.. Cambridge Library Collection: 385414. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Wulfstan’s Report: ed. and trans. Bately, J. Wulfstan’s Voyage and His Description of Estland: The Text and the Language of the Text. In Englert, A. & Trakadas, A. (eds.), Wulfstan’s Voyages: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age As Seen from Shipboard. Maritime Culture of the North 2: 1517 [14–18]. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 2009.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Abels, R. 2008. Household Men, Mercenaries and Vikings in Anglo-Saxon England. In France, J. (ed.), Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages. History of Warfare, Vol. 47: 143–65. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Adam, H. 1996. Das Zollwesen im fränkischen Reich und das spätkarolingische Wirtschaftsleben: Ein Überblick über Zoll, Handel und Verkehr im 9. Jahrhundert. Vierteljahresschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Beihefte 126. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Adamczyk, D. 2014. Silber und Macht: Fernhandel, Tribute und die piastische Herrschaftsbildung in nordosteuropäischer Perspektive (800–1100). Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau. Quellen und Studien 28. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Ahrens, J. & Meyer-Baudeck, A. 1995. Special Economic Zones: Shortcut or Roundabout Way towards Capitalism? Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy 30(2): 8795.Google Scholar
Alkarp, M. & Price, N. 2005. Tempel av guld eller kyrka av trä? Fornvännen 100: 261–72.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 1957. Birka – Sigtuna – Stockholm. Ett diskussionsinlägg. TOR 3: 148–58.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 1988. Birka. Svenska kulturminnen 2. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 1989. Vattenlederna och omlandet: Birka. Marinarkeologisk Tidskrift 3: 47.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 1992. What Is Birka? In Ambrosiani, B. & Clarke, H. (eds.), Early Investigations and Future Plans. Birka Studies 1: 1122. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet & Statens Historiska Museer.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 1995. Excavations at Birka 1990. Interim Report. In Ambrosiani, B. & Clarke, H. (eds.), Excavations in the Black Earth 1990. Birka Studies 2: 1948. Stockholm: The Birka Project.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 2001. The Birka Falcon. In Ambrosiani, B. (ed.), Excavations in the Black Earth 1990–1995. Eastern Connections Part One: The Falcon Motive. Birka Studies 5: 1127. Stockholm: The Birka Project.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 2002. Osten und Westen im Osteseehandel zur Wikingerzeit. In Brandt, K., Müller-Wille, M. & Radtke, C. (eds.), Haithabu und die frühe Stadtentwicklung im nördlichen Europa. Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums 8: 339–48. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 2013. Stratigraphy, Vol. 1: Part One: The Site and the Shore. Part Two: The Bronze Caster’s Workshop. Excavations in the Black Earth 1990–1995. Birka Studies 9. Stockholm: The Birka Project.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. 2021. Stratigraphy, Vol. 2: Part Three: The Later Part of the Birka Period. Part Four: The Finds. Excavations in the Black Earth 1990–1995. Birka Studies 10. Stockholm: The Birka Project.Google Scholar
Ambrosiani, B. & Erikson, B. G. 1996. Vikingastaden lever upp igen i TV: smodell av 800-talets Birka! Birka Vikingastaden 5. Stockholm: Sveriges Radios förlag.Google Scholar
Andersen, H. 2003. Den byggeglade konge. Skalk 2003(1): 20–7.Google Scholar
Andersen, H. H. 1998. Danevirke og Kovirke: Arkæologiske undersøgelser 1861–1993. Moesgård Museums Skrifter. Aarhus: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Andersen, H. H., Crabb, P. J & Madsen, H. J. 1971. Århus Søndervold: En byarkæologisk undersøgelse. Jysk Arkæologisk selskabs skrifter 9. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Andersson, H. 1979. Urbaniseringsprocessen i det medeltida Sverige: En forskningsöversikt. Medeltidsstaden 7. Gothenburg: Riksantikvarieämbetet & Statens historiska museer.Google Scholar
Andersson, T. 2000. s.v. ‘Hundare’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 15: 233–8. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Andersson, T. 2004. Svethiudh, det svenska rikets kärna. Namn och bygd 92: 518.Google Scholar
Andrén, A. 1983. Städer och kungamakt: en studie i Danmarks politiska geografi före 1230. Scandia: Tidskrift för historisk forskning 49(1): 3176.Google Scholar
Andrén, A. 1985. Den Urbana Scenen: Städer och Samhälle i det Medeltida Danmark. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8°, No. 13. Bonn and Malmö: Rudolf Habelt and C. W. K. Glerup.Google Scholar
Andrews, P. 1997. Excavations at Hamwic, Vol. 2: Excavations at Six Dials. CBA Research Report No. 109. Southampton Archaeology Monographs 7. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Androshchuk, F. 2009. Vikings and Farmers: Some Remarks on the Social Interpretation of Swords and Long-Distance Contacts during the Viking Age. In Holmquist Olausson, L. & Olausson, M. (eds.), The Martial Society: Aspects of Warriors, Fortifications and Social Change in Scandinavia. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B11: 93104. Stockholm: Stockholm University Archaeological Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Androshchuk, F. 2014. Viking Swords: Swords and Social Aspects of Weaponry in Viking Age Societies. The Swedish History Museum Studies 23. Stockholm: Historiska museet.Google Scholar
Anspach, B. 2010. Die Bleifunde von Haithabu. In von Carnap-Bornheim, C. (ed.), Studien zu Haithabu und Füsing. Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 16: 11126. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Arbman, H. 1937. Schweden und das Karolingische Reich: Studien zu den Handelsverbindungen des 9. Jahrhunderts. Stockholm: Bokförlags Aktiebolaget Thule.Google Scholar
Arbman, H. 1939. Birka: Sveriges äldsta handelsstad. Från forntid och medeltid 1. Stockholm: Bokförlags Aktiebolaget Thule.Google Scholar
Arbman, H. 1943. Birka I: Die Gräber. Text. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien.Google Scholar
Arbman, H. 1955. Svear I Österviking. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.Google Scholar
Arbman, H. 1965. Birka, handelsstaden. In Arrhenius, B. (ed.), Ansgars Birka: En vikingatida handelsplats: 1926. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens historiska museum.Google Scholar
Arbman, H. 1973. s.v. ‘Adelsö’. In Beck, H., Jankuhn, H., Ranke, K. & Wenskus, R. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 1: 77–8. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Arents, U. & Eisenschmidt, S. 2010. Die Gräber von Haithabu. Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 15. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Arne, T. J. 1914. Den Svenska runstenen från ön Berezanj utanför Dnjeprmynningen. Referat efter prof. Brauns redogörelse i Ryska arkeol. Kommissionens meddelanden 1907. Fornvännen 9: 44–8.Google Scholar
Arrhenius, B. 1976. Die ältesten Funde von Birka. Prähistorische Zeitschrift 51: 178–95.Google Scholar
Arrhenius, B. 1990. Utgrävningen av den östligaste storhögen på gravfältet Ormknös. RAÄ 111, Björkö, Adelsö sn, Uppland. Laborativ Arkeologi 4: 6580.Google Scholar
Articus, R. 1982. Die Glocke von Haithabu. Hamburgs Museen 6: 10.Google Scholar
Arwidsson, G. (ed.) 1984. Systematische Analysen der Gräberfunde. Birka. Untersuchungen und Studien II: 1. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Arwidsson, G. 1989. Die Münzen der Gräber von Birka: Ein Kommentar. In Arwidsson, G. (ed.), Systematische Analysen der Gräberfunde. Birka. Untersuchungen und Studien II 3: 137–42. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Ashby, S., Coutu, A. N. & Sindbæk, S. M. 2015. Urban Networks and Arctic Outlands: Craft Specialists and Reindeer Antler in Viking Towns. European Journal of Archaeology 18(4): 679704.Google Scholar
Astill, G. 2000. General Survey 600–1300. In Palliser, D. M. (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Vol. 1: 600–1540: 2750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Astill, G. 2009. Medieval Towns and Urbanization. In Gilchrist, R. & Reynolds, A. (eds.), Reflections: 50 Years of Medieval Archaeology, 1957–2007. Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 30: 255–70. Leeds: Maney Publishing.Google Scholar
Augé, M. 1995. Non-places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity, trans. J. Howe. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Bäck, M. 1997. No Island Is a Society: Regional and Interregional Interaction in Central Sweden during the Viking Age. In Andersson, H., Carelli, P. & Ersgård, L. (eds.), Visions of the Past: Trends and Traditions in Swedish Medieval Archaeology. Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology 19. Riksantikvarieämbetet Arkeologiska undersökningar, Skrifter nr 24: 129–61. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Bäck, M. 1999. Vikingatida och tidigmedeltida keramik i Pollista. In Hållans, A.-M. & Svensson, K., Pollista – bo och bruka under 1200 år. Arkeologi på väg – E18. Riksantikvarieämbetet. Arkeologiska undersökningar. UV Mitt Rapport 1998: 110. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.Google Scholar
Bäck, M. 2009. Vikingatida bebyggelse funnen utanför Birkas stadsvall. Fornvännen 104: 262–73.Google Scholar
Bäck, M. 2012. På andra sidan Birka. Södra Björkös arkeologiska potential. In Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. (ed.), Birka nu. Pågående forskning om världsarvet Birka och Hovgården. The National Historical Museum Studies 22: 4568. Stockholm: Historiska museet.Google Scholar
Baker, J. & Brookes, S. 2011. From Frontier to Border: The Evolution of Northern West Saxon Territorial Delineation in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 17: 108–23.Google Scholar
Bani-Sadr, N. 2016. A Study of the Evidence for the Viking Age Harbour at Ribe, Denmark. Master’s thesis, University of Southern Denmark.Google Scholar
Barbier, J. 2010. Du vicus de la Canche au castrum de Montreuil, un chaînon manquant: Le fiscus d’Attin? In Lebecq, S., Béthouart, B. & Versype, L. (eds.), Quentovic: Environnement, Archéologie, Histoire. Collection traveaux et recherches. Éditions du Conseil Scientifique de l’Université Lille 3: 459–74. Lille: Charles de Gaulle University – Lille 3.Google Scholar
Baug, I., Skre, D., Heldal, T. & Jansen, Ø. J. 2019. The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West. Journal of Maritime Archaeology 14: 4380.Google Scholar
Bencard, M. & Bender Jørgensen, L. 1990. Excavations and Stratigraphy. In Bencard, M., Bender Jørgensen, L. & Brinch Madsen, H. (eds.), Ribe Excavations 1970–76: Text, Vol. 4: 15167. Esbjerg: Sydjysk Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Bender Jørgensen, L. 2002. Rural Economy: Ecology, Hunting, Pastoralism, Agriculture and Nutritional Aspects. In Jesch, J. (ed.), The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology 5: 129–44. San Marino: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Bendixen, K. 1981. Sceattas and Other Coin Finds. In Bencard, M. (ed.), Ribe Excavations 1970–76. Vol. 1: 63101. Esbjerg: Sydjysk Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Bendixen, K. 1994. The Coins from the Oldest Ribe (Excavations 1985 and 1986, ‘Ribe II’). Nordisk Numismatisk Årsskrift (1989–90): 2744.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, K. 2021. Sven Estridsen Hbg. 66 och 67, ett tillägg. Nordisk Numismatisk Unions Medlemsblad: 101–7.Google Scholar
Bergström, L. 2015. Husen i Birkas garnison, mellan atavism och förnyelse. Situne Dei: 4459.Google Scholar
Beronius Jörpeland, L., Göthberg, H., Seiler, A. & Wikborg, J. (eds.) 2017. At Upsalum – mäniskor och landskapande. Utbyggnad av Ostkustbanan genom Gamla Uppsala. Arkeologisk undersökning. Report No. 2017: 1.1. Stockholm: Arkeologerna.Google Scholar
Biddle, M. 1976. Towns. In Wilson, D. M. (ed.), The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: 99150. London: Methuen & Co.Google Scholar
Bill, J. & Clausen, B. L. (eds.) 1999. Maritime Topography and the Medieval Town: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Waterfront Archaeology in Copenhagen, 14–16 May 1998. Publications from the National Museum. Studies in Archaeology and History 4. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Birbeck, V., Smith, R. J. C., Andrews, P. & Stoodley, N. 2005. The Origins of Mid-Saxon Southampton: Excavations at the Friends Provident St. Mary’s Stadium 1998–2000. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology.Google Scholar
Björklund, A. 2014. Håbo härad och Sigtuna stad. Uppland I. Det medeltida Sverige 10. Stockholm: Riksarkivet.Google Scholar
Blackmore, L. 2002. The Origins and Growth of Lundenwic, a Mart of many Nations. In Hårdh, B. & Larsson, L. (eds.), Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods: Papers from the 52nd Sachensymposium Lund, August 2001. Uppåkrastudier 6. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8°, Vol. 39: 273301. Lund: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Blomkvist, N. 2008. Spåren av en svunnen världskonjunktur. In Pettersson, A.-M. (ed.), Spillingsskatten: Gotland i vikingatidens världshandel: 155–85. Visby: Länsmuseet på Gotland.Google Scholar
Bolin, G. 1933. Stockholms uppkomst: Studier och unersökningar rörande Stockholms förhistoria. Uppsala: Apelbergs boktryckeri.Google Scholar
Brandt, K. H. 1976. Zur karolingischen und ottonischen Baugeschichte des Bremer St Petri-Domes. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 6: 327–34.Google Scholar
Brandt, K. H. 1979. Ausgrabungen im Bremer Dom 1973–1976. In Löhr, A. (ed.), Der Bremer Dom: Baugeschichte, Ausgrabungen, Kunstschätze. Hefte des Focke-Museums 52: 5685. Bremen: Focke-Museum.Google Scholar
Brather, S. 2003. Lindisfarne 793 als Beginn der Wikingerzeit? Kulturentwicklung und Ereignisgeschichte im Vergleich. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters 31: 3960.Google Scholar
Brather, S. & Jagodziński, M. F. 2012. Der wikingerzeitliche Seehandelsplatz von Janów (Truso). Geophysikalische, archäopedologische und archäologische Untersuchungen 2004–2008 = Nadmorska osada handlowa z okresu Wikingów z Janowa (Truso). Badania geofizyczne, archeo-pedologiczne i archeologiczne w latach 2004–2008. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters. Beiheft 24. Bonn: Habelt Verlag.Google Scholar
Brink, S. 2002. Law and Legal Customs in Viking Age Scandinavia. In Jesch, J. (ed.), The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology 5: 87117. San Marino: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Brink, S. 2007. Skiringssal, Kaupang, Tjølling: The Toponymic Evidence. In Skre, D. (ed.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Vol. 1. Norske Oldfunn XXII: 5364. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Brink, S. 2008. Law and Society. In Brink, S. & Price, N. (eds.), The Viking World: 2331. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brink, S. 2012. Vikingarnas slaver: Den nordiska träldomen under yngre järnålder och äldsta medeltid. Stockholm: Atlantis.Google Scholar
Brisbane, M. 1988. Hamwic (Saxon Southampton): An 8th Century Port and Production Centre. In Hodges, R. & Hobley, B. (eds.), The Rebirth of Towns in the West: AD 700–1050. CBA Research Report No. 68: 101–8. London: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Brookes, St. 2001. Reflections on ‘The Archaeology of Inland Markets, Fairs and “Productive Sites” c.650–850’, Worcester College, Oxford, 15th–17th December 2000. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 12: 124–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brundstedt, S. 1996. Alsnu Kungsgård. Forskningsprojekt Hovgården. Uppland, Adelsö socken, RAÄ 46 m fl. Arkeologisk undersökning. UV Stockholm, Report No. 1996: 71/1. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.Google Scholar
Bur, M. 1995. s.v. ‘Saint-Denis’. In Angermann, N., Bautier, R.-H. & Auty, R. (eds.), Lexikon des Mittelalters, Vol. 8: 1145–8. Munich: Lexma Verlag.Google Scholar
Burström, M. 1988. Regional identitet och territoriell organisation: Exemplet inre Sydsverige under järnålder. In Hyenstrand, Å (ed.), Samhällsteori och källmaterial – aktuell arkeologi II. Stockholm Archaeological Report No. 21: 113–26. Stockholm: University of Stockholm.Google Scholar
Bury, J. B. 1912. A History of the Eastern Roman Empire: From the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I. (A.D. 802–867). London: Macmillan & Co.Google Scholar
Byock, J. L. 2013. Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes and Icelandic Sagas. Pacific Palisades, CA: Jules William Press.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 1977. Trade Beads and Bead Trade in Scandinavia ca. 800–1000 A.D. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 4°. No. 11. Bonn: Habelt & Gleerup.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 1991a. Platser med anknytning till handel och hantverk i yngre järnålder: Exempel från södra Sverige. In Mortensen, P. & Rasmussen, B. M. (eds.), Fram Stamme til Stat i Danmark, Vol. 2: Høvdingesamfund og Kongemagt. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter XXII: 2: 2947. Højbjerg: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 1991b. Beads as a Criterion of Shifting Trade and Exchange Connections. Studien zur Sachsenforschung 7: 2538.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 1992. Interaction between Ethnical Groups in the Baltic Region in the Late Iron Age. In Hårdh, B. & Wyszomirska-Werbart, B. (eds.), Contacts across the Baltic Sea during the Late Iron Age (5th–12th centuries). Baltic Sea Conference, Lund October 25–27, 1991. Institute of Archaeology Report Series No. 43: 99107. Lund: University of Lund.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 1994. Urbanisation in Scandinavia and the Baltic Region c. CE 700– 1100: Trading Places, Centres and Early Urban Sites. In Ambrosiani, B. & Clarke, H. (eds.), Developments around the Baltic and North Sea in the Viking Age. Birka Studies 3 (= The Twelfth Viking Congress): 5090. Stockholm: The Birka Project.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 1997. Bead and Bead Production in Scandinavia and the Baltic Region c. CE 600–1000: A General Outline. In von Freeden, U. & Wieczorek, A. (eds.), Perlen: Archäologie, Techniken, Analysen. Akten des Internationalen Perlensymposiums in Mannheim vom 11. bis 14. November 1994. Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 1: 167202. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 2000. The Archaeology of the Early Rus’ c. CE 500–900. Medieval Scandinavia 13: 763.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 2002. North-European Trading Centres and the Early Medieval Craftsmen: Craftsmen at Åhus, North-Eastern Scania, Sweden ca. CE 750–850. In Hårdh, B. & Larsson, L. (eds.), Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods: Papers from the 52nd Sachensymposium Lund, August 2001. Uppåkrastudier 6. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8°, Vol. 39: 125–57. Lund: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Callmer, J. 2004. Beads in Scandinavia in the Early and High Medieval Periods, ca. CE 400–1200. In Glover, I., Hughes-Brock, H. & Henderson, J. (eds.), Ornaments from the Past: Bead Studies after Beck: A Book on Glass and Semiprecious Stone Beads in History and Archaeology for Archaeologists, Jewellery Historians and Collectors: 3846. London: Bead Study Trust.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. 2000. Power and Authority 600–1300. In Palliser, D. M. (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Vol. 1: 600–1540: 5178. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Capelle, T. 1976. Die frühgeschichtlichen Metallfunde von Domburg auf Walcheren, Vol. 1. Nederlandse oudheden 5. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek.Google Scholar
Cardon, D. 1999. La draperie au Moyen Âge: Essor d’une grande industrie européenne. Paris: CNRS Éditions.Google Scholar
Carelli, P. 2012. Lunds historia – staden och omlandet, Vol. 1: Medeltiden. En metropol växer fram. Lund: Elanders Sverige.Google Scholar
Carlsson, D. 1998. Vikingehamnar: Ett hotat kulturarv. ArkeoDok Skrifter 1. Visby: ArkeoDok.Google Scholar
Carver, M. 2015. Commerce and Cult: Confronted Ideologies in 6th–9th Century Europe. Medieval Archaeology 59: 123.Google Scholar
Cense-Bacquet, D. 2016. L’occupation du haut Moyen Âge sur le site de La Calotterie, ‘Chemin de Visemarais’ (France, Pas-de-Calais): Premiers résultats de la fouille réalisée sur les parcelles AC 40 et AC 3p. In Leroy, I. & Verslype, L. (eds.), Les cultures des littoraux au haut Moyen Âge: Cadres et modes de via dans l’espace maritime Manche-mer du Nord du IIIe au Xe s. Revue du Nord. Collection Art et Archéologie 24: 187216. Villeneuve-d’Ascq: Université de Lille – Sciences humaines et sociales.Google Scholar
Christaller, W. 1933. Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland eine ökonomisch-geographische Untersuchung über die Gesetzmäßigkeit der Verbreitung und Entwicklung der Siedlungen mit städtischen Funktionen. Jena: Fischer.Google Scholar
Christensen, A. E. 1981. s.v. ‘Knud (II) den Hellige’. In Cedergreen Beck, S. (ed.), Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 8: 5860. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Christensen, T. 2015. Lejre bag myten: De arkæologiske udgravninger. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab Skrifter 87. Højbjerg: Roskilde Museum & Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Christiansson, H. & Nordahl, E. 1989. Tingshögen and Kundgsgårdsplatåerna in Gamla Uppsala. TOR. Tidskrift för nordisk fornkunskap 22: 245–58.Google Scholar
Christophersen, A. 1989. Dwelling Houses, Workshops and Storehouses: Functional Aspects of the Development of Wooden Urban Buildings in Trondheim from c. A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1400. Acta Archaeological 60: 101–29.Google Scholar
Christophersen, A. & Nordeide, S. W. 1994. Kaupangen ved Nidelva. 1000 års byhistorie belyst gjennom de arkeologiske undersøkelsene på Folkebibliotekstomta i Trondheim 1973–1985. Riksantikvarens skrifter 7. Trondheim: Strindheim.Google Scholar
Clarke, H. & Ambrosiani, B. 1991. Towns in the Viking Age. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Claude, D. 1985. Der Handel im westlichen Mittelmeer während des Frühmittelalters: Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa II. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Dritte Folge No. 144. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Coojmans, C. 2021. Down by the River: Exploring the Logistics of Viking Encampment across Atlantic Europe. In ‘Viking Wars’, ed. Iversen, F. & Kjesrud, K., special volume, Viking Wars 84(1): 187206. Oslo: Norwegian Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Costambeys, M., Innes, M. & Maclean, S. 2011. The Carolingian World. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coupland, S. 2002. Trading Places: Quentovic and Dorestad Reassessed. Early Medieval Europe 11(3): 115232.Google Scholar
Cowie, R. & Harding, C. 2000. Saxon Settlement and Economy from the Dark Ages to Domesday. In Kendall, M. (ed.), The Archaeology of Greater London: An Assessment of Archaeological Evidence for Human Presence in the Area Now Covered by Greater London: 171206. London: Museum of London.Google Scholar
Crabtee, P. J. 2018. Early Medieval Britain: The Rebirth of Towns in the Post-Roman West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Croix, S. 2014. Permanency in Early Medieval Emporia: Reassessing Ribe. European Journal of Archaeology 18: 127.Google Scholar
Croix, S., Deckers, P., Feveile, C. et al. 2022. Excavation Atlas. In Sindbæk, S. M. (ed.), Northern Emporium, Vol. 1: The Making of Viking-Age Ribe. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter 122: 49218. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Crumlin-Pedersen, O. 1991. Søfart og samfund i Danmarks vikingetid: Ships and Shipping in Viking Age Denmark. In Mortensen, P. & Rasmussen, B. M. (eds.), Fram Stamme til Stat i Danmark, Vol. 2: Høvdingesamfund og Kongemagt. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter XXII:2: 181208. Højbjerg: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Crumlin-Pedersen, O. 1997. Viking-Age Ships and Shipbuilding in Hedeby/Haithabu and Schleswig. Ships and Boats of the North 2. Schleswig and Roskilde: Wikinger Museum Haithabu and The Viking Ship Museum.Google Scholar
Crumlin-Pedersen, O., Porsmose, E. & Thrane, H. 1996. Atlas over Fyns kyst i jernalder, vikingetid og middelalder. Odense: Odense universitersforlag.Google Scholar
Dagron, G. 2002. The Urban Economy, Seventh–Twelfth Centuries. In Laiou, A. E. (ed.), The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century. Dumbarton Oaks Studies 39: 393461. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.Google Scholar
Damell, D. 1991. Fornsigtuna: A Royal Seat and Precursor of an Urban Settlement. In Jennbert, K., Larsson, L., Petré, R. & Wyszomirska-Werbart, B. (eds.), Regions and Reflections in Honour of Märta Strömberg. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8°, Vol. 20: 291–6. Lund: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Deggim, C. 2005. Hafenleben in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit. Seehandel und Arbeitsregelungen in Hamburg und Kopenhagen vom 13. bis zum 17. Jahrhundert. Schriften des Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseums 62. Hamburg: Convent Verlag.Google Scholar
Delvaux, M. 2017. Patterns of Scandinavian Bead Use between the Iron Age and Viking Age, ca. 600–1000 C.E. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 29: 330.Google Scholar
Demolon, P. & Louis, E. 1991. Naissance d’une cite médiévale flammande: L’exemple de Douai. In Demolon, P., Galinié, H. & Verhaeghe, F. (eds.), Archéologie des villes dans le Nord-Ouest de l’europé (VIIe–IIIe siècle). Actes du IVe Congrès International d’Archéologie Médiévale: 4758. Douai: Société Archéologique de Douai.Google Scholar
Denecke, D. 1973. Der geographische Stadtbegriff und die räumlich-funktionale Betrachtungsweise bei Siedlungstypen mit zentraler Bedeutung in Anwendung auf historische Quellen. In Jankuhn, H., Schlesinger, W. & Steuer, H. (eds.) Vor- und Frühformen der europäischen Stadt im Mittelalter I. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Dritte Folge. No. 83: 3355. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Dengsø Jessen, M., Kähler Holst, M., Lindblom, C., Bonde, N. & Pedersen, A. 2014. A Palisade Fit for a King: Ideal Architecture in King Harald Bluetooth’s Jelling. Norwegian Archaeological Review 47(1): 4264.Google Scholar
Dilcher, G. 1973. Rechtshistorische Aspekte des Stadtbegriffs. In Jankuhn, H., Schlesinger, W. & Steuer, H. (eds.) Vor- und Frühformen der europäischen Stadt im Mittelalter I. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Dritte Folge. No. 83: 1232. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Dobat, A. S. 2003. angulus non desertus! Kontinuität und Zentralität in der jüngeren Eisenzeit Südschleswigs. Archäologie in Schleswig/Arkæologi i Slesvig 10: 113–36.Google Scholar
Dobat, A. S. 2004. Hedeby and Its Maritime Hinterland: The Schlei Fjord As an Early Medieval Communication Route. Jahrbuch der Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 51: 419–35.Google Scholar
Dobat, A. S. 2006. Angulus non desertus! II. Erste Ergebnisse der Suche nach Siedlungen des 6. bis 7. Jahrhunderts in Südschleswig. Archäologie in Schleswig/Arkæologi i Slesvig 11: 8794.Google Scholar
Dobat, A. S. 2008. Danevirke Revisited: An Investigation into Military and Socio-political Organisation in South Scandinavia (c. CE 700 to 1100). Medieval Archaeology 52: 2767.Google Scholar
Dobat, A. S. 2010. Füsing. Ein frühmittelalterlicher Zentralplatz im Umfeld von Haithabu/Schleswig. Bericht über die Ergebnisse der Prospektionen 2003–2005. In von Carnap-Bornheim, C. (ed.), Studien zu Haithabu und Füsing. Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 16: 129256. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Dobat, A. S. 2022. Finding Sliesthorp? The Viking Age Settlement at Füsing. Danish Journal of Archaeology 11: 122.Google Scholar
Drescher, H. 1983. Metallhandwerk des 8.–11. Jahrhunderts in Haithabu aufgrund der Werkstattabfälle. In Jankuhn, H., Janssen, W., Schmidt-Wiegand, R. & Tiefenbach, H. (eds.), Das Handwerk in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit II. Archäologische und philologische Beiträge. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Dritte Folge. No. 123: 174–92. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Drescher, H. 1984. Glockenfunde aus Haithabu. Das archäologische Fundmaterial 4. Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 19: 962. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Duczko, W. 1996a. Uppsalahögarna som symboler och arkeologiska källor. In Duczko, W. (ed.), Arkeologi och miljögeologi i Gamla Uppsala. Studier och rapporter. Volym II. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 11: 5993. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsalensis.Google Scholar
Duczko, W. 1996b. Kungsgården. In Duczko, W. (ed.), Arkeologi och miljögeologi i Gamla Uppsala. Studier och rapporter. Volym II. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 11: 3751. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsalensis.Google Scholar
Dumont, A. & Mariotti, J.-F. 2013. Le mobilier découvert dans le fleuve à Taillebourg – Port d’Envaux. In Dumont, A. & Mariotti, J.-F. (eds.), Archéologie et histoire du fleuve Charente. Taillebourg – Port d’Envaux: Une yone portuaire du haut Moyen Âge sur le fleuve Charente: 127230. Dijon: Éditions Universitaires de Dijon.Google Scholar
Dunér, J. & Vinberg, A. 2006. Barva – 2000 år vid Mälarens södra strand. E20, sträckan Eskilstuna Arphus. Södermanland, Barva socken, Säby 4:1, RAÄ 17, RAÄ 36, RAÄ 53, RAÄ 55–57, RAÄ 66, RAÄ 150 och RAÄ 153. UV Mitt Rapport No. 20. Riksantikvarieämbetet: Hägersten.Google Scholar
Eckstein, D. & Schietzel, K. 1977. Zur dendrochronologischen Gliederung und Datierung der Baubefunde von Haithabu. Untersuchungen zur Anthropologie, Botanik und Dendrochronologie. Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 11: 141–64. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Edberg, R. 2011. Fynd. In Wikström, A. (ed.), Fem stadsgårder – arkeologisk undersökning i kv. Trädgårdsmästaren 9 & 10 i Sigtuna 1988–90. Rapport Arkeologisk Undersökning. Meddelanden och Rapporter från Sigtuna Museum No. 52: 141–66. Sigtuna: Sigtuna Museum.Google Scholar
Ellmers, D. 1990. Die Verlagerung des Fernhandels vom öffentlichen Ufermarkt in die privaten Häuser der Kaufleute. Lübecker Schriften zur Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte 20: 101–18.Google Scholar
Endemann, T. 1964. Markturkunde und Markt in Frankreich und Burgund vom 9. bis 11. Jahrhundert. Vorträge und Forschungen 4. Konstanzer Arbeitskreis für Mittelalterliche Geschichte. Konstanz: Thorbecke.Google Scholar
Englert, A. & Ossowski, W. 2009. Sailing in Wulfstan’s Wake: The 2004 Trial Voyage Hedeby-Gdańsk with the Skuldelev 1 Reconstruction, Ottar. In Englert, A. & Trakadas, A. (eds.), Wulfstan’s Voyages: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age As Seen from Shipboard. Maritime Culture of the North 2: 257–70. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum.Google Scholar
Ennen, E. 1972. Die europäische Stadt des Mittelalters. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Eriksen, P., Egeberg, T., Helles Olesen, L. & Rostholm, H. 2009. Vikinger i vest: Vikingetiden i Vestjylland. Højbjerg: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Erlenkäuser, H. 1998. Neue C14-Datierungen zum Danewerk, Schlswig-Holstein. In Andersen, H. H. (ed.), Danevirke og Kovirke: Arkæologiske undersøgelser 1861–1993. Moesgård Museums Skrifter: 189201. Aarhus: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Ethelberg, P. 2003. Gården og landsbyen i jernalder og vikingetid (500 f.Kr. – 1000 e.Kr.). In Ethelberg, P., Hardt, N., Poulsen, B. & Sørensen, A. B. (eds.), Det Sønderjyske Landbrugs Historie. Jernalder, Vikingetid och Middelalder. Historisk samfund for Sønderjylland 82: 123373. Haderslev: Haderslev Museum & Historisk samfund for Sønderjylland.Google Scholar
Fabech, C. 1999. Centrality in Sites and Landscapes. In Fabech, C. (ed.), Settlement and Landscape: Proceedings of a Conference in Aarhus, Denmark, May 4–7, 1998. Jutland Archaeological Society: 455–73. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Falk, H. 1912. Altnordisches Seewesen. Wörter und Sachen 4. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Falke, J. 1869. Die Geschichte des deutschen Zollwesens: Von seiner Entstehung bis zum Abschluß des deutschen Zollvereins. Leipzig: Veit.Google Scholar
Fallgren, J.-H. 2008. Farm and Village in the Viking Age. In Brink, S. & Price, N. (eds.), The Viking World: 6776. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Farole, T. 2011. Special Economic Zones in Africa: Comparing Performance and Learning from Global Experiences. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Fekhner, M. V. & Yanina, S. A. 1979. Vesy s arabskoy nadpis’yu iz Timerevo [Scales with Arabic Letters from Timerevo]. In Akademiya nauk SSSR [Academy of Sciences of the USSR] (ed.), Voprosy drevney i srednevekovoy arkheologii Vostochnoy Yevropy [Questions of Ancient and Medieval Archaeology of Eastern Europe]: 184–92. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo nauka.Google Scholar
Fennö Muyingo, H. 2000. Borgvallen II. Utvidgad undersökning av Borgvallen och underliggande grav 1997. Arkeologisk undersökning 1997, Uppland, Adelsö socken, RAÄ 34. Birkas Befästning 3. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Fennö Muyingo, H. & Holmquist Olausson, L. 1995. Rapport från en arkeologisk undersökning vid Birkas stadsvall 1995. Björkö, Adelsö sn, Raä 188, Uppland. Birkas befästning 1. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Feveile, C. 2001. Okholm – en plads med håndværksspor og grubehuse fra 8.–9. århundrede. By, marsk og geest 13: 532.Google Scholar
Feveile, C. 2006a. Ribe på nordsiden af åen, 8.–12. Århundrede. In Feveile, C. (ed.), Ribe Studier. Det ældeste Ribe. Udgravninger på nordsiden af Ribe Å 1984–2000 1.1. Jysk Ark. Selskabs Skr. 51: 1363. Højbjerg: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Feveile, C. 2006b. Mønterne fra det ældste Ribe. In Feveile, C. (ed.), Ribe Studier. Det ældeste Ribe. Udgravninger på nordsiden af Ribe Å 1984–2000 1.1. Jysk Ark. Selskabs Skr. 51: 279312. Højbjerg: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Feveile, C. 2009. The Fortifications of Viking Age Ribe. In Segschneider, M. (ed.), Ringwälle und verwandte Strukturen des ersten Jahrtausends n.Chr. an Nord- und Ostsee. Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums. Ergänzungsreihe 5: 7185. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Feveile, C. 2019. Sceattas i Sydskandinavien – fra ekspanderende frisere til kontrollerende kongemagt. By, marsk og geest 31, 2143.Google Scholar
Feveile, C. 2023. The Numismatic Evidence from Posthustorvet. In Sindbæk, S. M. (ed.), Northern Emporium, Vol. 2: The Networks of Viking-Age Ribe. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter 123: 115–46. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Feveile, C., Jensen, S. & Lund Rasmussen, K. 1998. Produktion af drejet keramik i Ribeområdet i sen yngre germansk jernalder. Proveniensbestemmelse ved hjælp af magnetisk susceptibilitet og termoluminiscens. KUML: Årbok for Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab: 143–59.Google Scholar
Fleming, R. 2009. Elites, Boats and Foreigners: Rethinking the Birth of English Towns. In Castagnetti, A. (ed.), Città e Campagna nei Secoli Altomedievali. Settimane di Studio della Fondazione Centro Italiano di Studi Sull’alto Medioevo LVI: 393425. Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi Sull’alto Medievo.Google Scholar
Frahm, F. 1934. Schleswig-Haithabu und die Anskarkirche in Haddeby. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte 62: 156212.Google Scholar
Franck Bican, J. 2010. Bulbrogård, the first aristocratic complex at Tissø – and a new approach to the aristocratic sites. In Strahl, E. (ed.), Herrenhöfe und die Hierarchie der Macht im Raum südlich und östlich der Nordsee von der Vorrömischen Eisenzeit bis zum frühen Mittelalter und zur Wikingerzeit = Herrenhöfe and the Hierarchy of Power in the Region to the South and East of the North Sea from the Pre-Roman Iron Age until the Early Middle Ages and the Viking Age. Siedlungs- und Küstenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet= Settlement and Coastal Research in the Southern North Sea Region 33: 147–54. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Frandsen, L. B. 2018. Henne Kirkeby Vest: A Fortified Settlement on the West Coast of Denmark. In Hansen, J. & Bruus, M. (eds.), The Fortified Viking Age: 36th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium. Kulturhistoriske studier I centralitet. Archaeological & Historical Studies in Centrality 3: 815. Odense: Odense City Museums and University Press of Southern Denmark.Google Scholar
Frandsen, L. B. 2020. Henne Kirkeby: A Special Viking-Age Settlement on the West Coast of Denmark. In Pedersen, A. & Sindbæk, S. M. (eds.), Viking Encounters: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Viking Congress: 495504. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Frandsen, L. B. & Jensen, S. 1987. Pre-Viking and Early Viking Age Ribe: Excavations at Nikolajgade 8, 1985–86. Journal of Danish Archaeology 6: 175–89.Google Scholar
Friðriksson, A. & Vésteinsson, O. 1992. Dómhringa saga: Grein un fornleifaskýringar. Saga 30: 779.Google Scholar
Gammeltoft, P., Jakobsen, J. G. G. & Sindbæk, S. M. 2012. Vikingetidens bebyggelse omkring Kattegat og Skagerrak: Et forsøg på kortlægning. In Pedersen, A. & Sindbæk, S. M. (eds.), Et fælles hav – Skagerrak og Kattegat I vikingetiden. Nordlige Verdener: 636. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Ganshof, F. L. 1956. Het Statuut van de vreemdeling in het Frankische Rijk. Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en schone Kunsten van België. Klasse der Letteren. Jaargang XVIII: 3: Brussels: Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie.Google Scholar
Ganshof, F. L. 1957. Note sur le ‘Praeceptum Negotiatorum’ de Louis le Pieux. In Noto, A. (ed.), Studi in onore di Armando Sapori 1: 101–12. Milan: Istututo Editoriale Cisalpino.Google Scholar
Ganshof, F. L. 1958. L’étranger dans la monarchie franque. In La Société Jean Bodin (ed.), L’Étranger 2. Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin 10: 536. Brussels: Librairie encyclopédique.Google Scholar
Ganshof, F. L. 1959. À propos du tonlieu à l’époque Carolingienne. In Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo (ed.), La Città nell’Alto Medioevo. Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo 6: 485508. Spoleto: Presso La Sede del Centro.Google Scholar
Garipzanov, I. H. 2008. Frontier Identities: Carolingian Frontier and Gens Danorum. In Garipzanov, I. H., Geary, P. J. & Urbańczyk, P. (eds.), Franks, Northmen, and Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe. Cursor mundi 5: 113–43. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Gechter, M. 1997. Die Grablege des Bischofs Rudolf von Schleswig in St. Kunibert. Colonia Romanica 12: 1720.Google Scholar
Gechter, M. 2009. Coins. In van Es, W. A. & Verwers, W. J. H. (eds.), Excavations at Dorestad, Vol. 3: Hoogstraat 0, II–IV. Nederlandse Oudheden 16: 257–9. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor Archeologie.Google Scholar
Gelting, M. H. 2004. Elusive Bishops: Remembering, Forgetting, and Remaking the History of the Early Danish Church. In Gilsdorf, S. (ed.), The Bishop: Power and Piety at the First Millennium. Neue Aspekte der europäischen Mittelalterforschung 4: 169200. Münster: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Gelting, M. H. 2010. Poppo’s Ordeal: Courtier Bishops and the Success of Christianization at the Turn of the First Millennium. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 6: 101–33.Google Scholar
Gelting, M. H. 2016. Kong Svend, Slesvig Stadsret og arvekøbet i de jyske købstæder: af Danmarks ældste købstadprivilegier. In Sonne, L. C. A. & Croix, S. (eds.), Svend Estridsen. Studies in History and Social Sciences 528: 195216. Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Göthberg, H. 1995. Huskronologi i Mälarområdet, på Gotland och Öland under sten-, brons- och järnålder. In Göthberg, H., Kyhlberg, O. & Vinberg, A. (eds.), Hus & gård i det förurbana samhället: Rapport från ett sektorsforskningsprojekt vid Riksantikvarieämbetet. Arkeologiska undersökningar. Skrifter No. 13/14: 65109. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.Google Scholar
Göthberg, H., Kyhlberg, O. & Vinberg, A. (eds.) 1995. Hus & gård i det förurbana samhället: Rapport från ett sektorsforskningsprojekt vid Riksantikvarieämbetet. Arkeologiska undersökningar. Skrifter nr 13/14. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.Google Scholar
Gräslund, A.-S. 1980. The Burial Customs: A Study of the Graves on Björkö. Birka IV. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Gräslund, A.-S. 2001. Ideologi och Mentalitet. Om religionsskiftet I Scandinavien från en arkeologisk horisont. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 29. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Grenander Nyberg, G. 1984. Eine Schaftrolle aus Haithabu als Teil eines Trittwebstuhls mit waagerecht gespanner Kette. Das archäologische Fundmaterial 4. Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 19: 145–50. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Grenander Nyberg, G. 1994. Prehistoric and Early Medieval Features in the Construction of the Oldest North European Treadle Looms. In Jaacks, G. & Tidow, K. (eds.), Archäologische Textilfunde – Archaeological Textiles. Textilsymposium Neumünster = North European Symposium V: 203–12. Neumünster: Textilmuseum Neumünster.Google Scholar
Griffiths, D. 2013. Living in Viking-Age Towns. In Hadley, D. M. & ten Harkel, L. (eds.), Everyday Life in Viking-Age Towns: Social Approaches to Towns in England and Ireland, c. 800–1100: 113. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Gurevich, A. J. 1968. Wealth and Gift-Bestowal among the Ancient Scandinavians. Scandinavica 7(2): 126–38.Google Scholar
Gurevich, A. J. 1985. Categories of Medieval Culture, trans. G. L. Campbell. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gurevich, A. J. 1993. s.v. ‘Land Tenure and Inheritance’. In Pulsiano, P. (ed.), Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia: 372–3. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, N. B. 2013. Casting Identities in Central Seclusion: Aspects of Non-ferrous Metalworking and Society on Gotland in the Early Medieval Period. Theses and Papers in Scientific Archaeology 15. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, N. B. 2020. On the Significance of Coastal Free Zones and Foreign Tongues: Tracing Cultural Interchange in Early Medieval Gotland. In Kitzler Åhfeldt, L., Hedenstierna-Jonson, C., Widerström, P. & Raffield, B. (eds.), Relations and Runes: The Baltic Islands and Their Interactions during the Late Iron Age and Early Middle Ages: 7990. Visby: Swedish National Heritage Board.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, N. B. & Östergren, M. 2017. Weights and Values in the Gotlandic Heartland. Lund Archaeological Review 23: 95105.Google Scholar
Gustin, I. 2011. Coin Stock and Coin Circulation in Birka. In Graham-Campbell, J., Sindbæk, S. M. & Williams, G. (eds.), Silver Economies, Monetisation and Society in Scandinavia CE 800–1100: 227–44. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Hållans, A.-M. & Svensson, K. 1999. Pollista – bo och bruka under 1200 år. Arkeologi på väg – E18. Riksantikvarieämbetet. Arkeologiska undersökningar. UV Mitt Rapport No. 1998: 110. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.Google Scholar
Hallström, G. 1913. Birka I: Hjalmar Stolpes Grafundersökningar. Första Häftet. Stockholm: Ivar Haeggströms.Google Scholar
Harck, O. 1998. Anmerkungen zum Primärwall des Danewerks. In Wesse, A. (ed.), Studien zur Archäologie des Ostseeraumes: Von der Eisenzeit zum Mittelalter: 127–35. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Hartmann, L. M. 1904. Zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte Italiens im frühen Mittelalter. Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes Aktiengesellschaft.Google Scholar
Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. 2006. The Birka Warrior: The Material Culture of a Martial Society. Theses and papers in Scientific Archaeology 8. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. 2009. Rus’, Varangians and Birka Warriors. In Holmquist Olausson, L. & Olausson, M. (eds.), The Martial Society: Aspects of Warriors, Fortifications and Social Change in Scandinavia. Theses and papers in Archaeology B11: 159–78. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. 2012. Birkafolket. In Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. (ed.), Birka nu. Pågående forskning om världsarvet Birka och Hovgården. The National Historical Museum Studies 22: 213–26. Stockholm: Historiska museet.Google Scholar
Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. & Holmquist Olausson, L. 2006. The Oriental Mounts from Birka’s Garrison: An Expression of Warrior Rank and Status. Antikvariskt arkiv 81. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Hedlund, G. 1993. Södra Kungsgårdsplatån. Utgrävningen 1992. In Duczko, W. (ed.), Arkeologi och miljögeologi i Gamla Uppsala. Studier och rapporter. Vol. 1. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 7: 64–9. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsalensis.Google Scholar
Helle, K. 1982. Kongssete og kjøpstad: Fra opphavet til 1536. Bergen Bys historie 1. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Helten, V. 2019. Zwischen Kooperation und Konfrontation: Dänemark und das Frankenreich im 9. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Springer Gabler.Google Scholar
Hennius, A. 2021. Outlanders? Resource Colonisantion, Raw Material Exploitation and Networks in Middle Iron Age Sweden. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 73. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History.Google Scholar
Herzig, F., Liebert, T. & Nadler, M. 1997. Die Müller Karls der Großen – Frühmittelalterliche Wassermühlen im Schwarzachtal bei Großhöbing. Stadt Greding, Landkreis Roth, Mittelfranken. Das Archäologische Jahr in Bayern: 143146.Google Scholar
Hilberg, V. 2007. Haithabu im 11. Jahrhundert. Auf der Suche nach dem Niedergang eines dänischen emporiums der Wikingerzeit. In Posselt, M., Zickgraf, B. & Dobiat, C. (eds.), Geophysik und Ausgrabung. Einsatz und Auswertung zerstörungsfreier Prospektion in der Archäologie: 187203. Rahden: Leidorf.Google Scholar
Hilberg, V. 2009. Hedeby in Wulfstan’s Days: A Danish emporium of the Viking Age between East and West. In Englert, A. & Trakadas, A. (eds.), Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age As Seen from Shipboard. Maritime Culture of the North 2: 79113. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum.Google Scholar
Hilberg, V. 2011. Silver Economies of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries CE in Hedeby. In Graham-Campbell, J., Sindbæk, S. M. & Williams, G. (eds.), Silver Economies, Monetisation and Society in Scandinavia, CE 800–1000: 203–25. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Hilberg, V. 2014. Zwischen Innovation und Tradition: Der karolingische Einfluss auf das Münzwesen in Skandinavien. In Hofmann, K. P., Kamp, H. & Wemhoff, M. (eds.), Die Wikinger und das Fränkische Reich. Identitäten zwischen Konfrontation und Annäherung. Mittelalterstudien 29: 133215. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.Google Scholar
Hilberg, V. 2016. Hedeby’s Demise in the Late Viking Age and the Shift to Schleswig. In Holmquist, L., Kalmring, S. & Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. (eds.), New Aspects of Viking Age Urbanism, c. CE 750–1100: Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17–20th 2013. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B12: 6380. Stockholm: Stockholm University Archaeological Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Hilberg, V. 2018. Detektoruntersuchungen in Haithabu 2003–2015: Aussagemöglichkeiten und Erkenntnisgewinn für die Entstehung eines wikingerzeitlichen Handelszentrums. In Hilberg, V. & Lemm, T. (eds.), Viele Funde – große Bedeutung? Potenzial und Aussagewert von Metalldetektorfunden für die siedlungsarchäologische Forschung der Wikingerzeit. Bericht des 33. Tværfaglige Vikingesymposiums 9. Mai 2014, Wikinger Museum Haithabu: 125–54. Kiel: Ludwig.Google Scholar
Hilberg, V. 2022. Haithabu 983–1066. Der Untergang eines dänischen Handelszentrums in der späten Wikingerzeit. Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 19.Google Scholar
Hilberg, V. & Kalmring, S. 2014. Viking Age Hedeby and Its Relations with Iceland and the North Atlantic. Communication, Long-distance Trade and Production. In Zori, D. & Byock, J. (eds.), Viking Archaeology in Iceland: Mosfell Archaeological Project. Cursor mundi 20: 221–45. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, H. 1879. Sveriges medeltid. Kulturhistorisk skildring I. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner.Google Scholar
Hill, D., Barrett, D., Maude, K., Warburton, J. & Worthington, M. 1990. Quentovic Defined. Antiquity 64: 51–8.Google Scholar
Hillerdal, C. 2009. People In Between: Ethnicity and Material Identity, a New Approach to Deconstructed Concepts. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 50. Uppsala: Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia.Google Scholar
Hillerdal, C. 2010. Early Urbanism in Scandinavia. In Sinclair, P. J. J., Nordquist, G., Herschend, F. & Isendahl, C. (eds.), The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics. Studies in Global Archaeology 15: 499525. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Hinton, D. A. 2000a. The Large Towns 600–1300. In Palliser, D. M. (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Vol. 1: 600–1540: 217–43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hinton, D. A. 2000b. A Smith in Lindsey: The Anglo-Saxon Grave at Tattershall Thorpe, Lincolnshire. Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 16. Leeds: Maney Publishing.Google Scholar
Hinton, D. A. 2005. Gold and Gilt, Pots and Pins: Possessions and People in Medieval Britain. Medieval History and Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, O. 1905. Die kaiserlichen Verwaltungsbeamten bis auf Diocletian. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 1982. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade A.D. 600–1000. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 2000. Towns and Trade in the Age of Charlemagne. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 2006. Goodbye to the Vikings? Re-reading Early Medieval Archaeology. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 2012. Dark Age Economics: A New Audit. Duckworth Debates in Archaeology. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 2015. The Idea of the Polyfocal ‘Town’?: Archaeology and the Origins of Medieval Urbanism in Italy. In Gelichi, S. & Hodges, R. (eds.), New Directions in Early Medieval European Archaeology: Spain and Italy Compared. Collection Haut Moyen Âge 24: 267–83. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. & Whitehouse, D. 1983. Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hohenberg, P. M. & Lees, L. H. 1996. The Making of Urban Europe 1000–1994. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Holmquist, L. 2010. Pilen som satte Birkas Garnison i brand. Situne Dei: 197204.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L. 1990. ‘Älgmannen’ från Birka. Presentationav en nyligen undersökt krigargrav med människooffer. Fornvännen 85: 175–82.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L. 2001. Den förste kände Sigtunabiskopens begravning. In Tesch, S. & Edberg, R. (eds.), Biskopen i museets trädgård. Sigtuna museers skriftserie 9: 4558. Sigtuna: Sigtuna Museum.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L. 2002a. Patterns of Settlement and Defense at the Proto-Town of Birka, Lake Mälar, Eastern Sweden. In Jesch, J. (ed.), The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Studies in Historical Archaeology 5: 153–67. San Marino: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L. 2002b. The Fortification of Birka: Interaction between Land and Sea. In Nørgård Jørgensen, A., Pind, J., Jørgensen, L. & Clausen, B. (eds.), Maritime Warfare in Northern Europe: Technology, Organisation, Logistics and Administration 500 BC–1500 CE. Publications from The National Museum. Studies in Archaeology & History 6: 159–67. Copenhagen: The National Museum of Denmark.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L. & Petrovski, S. 2007. Curious Birds: Two Helmet (?) Mounts with a Christian Motif from Birka’s Garrison. In Fransson, U., Svedin, M., Bergerbrant, S. & Androshchuk, F. (eds.), Cultural Interaction between East and West: Archaeology, Artefacts and Human Contacts in Northern Europe: 231–7. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Horsnæs, H. W. 2020. Ny datering af Haubergs Svend Estridsen type 66–67 og en beslægtet gudslam type. Nordisk Numismatisk Unions Medlemsblad 3: 7786.Google Scholar
Hübener, W. 1959. Die Keramik von Haithabu. Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 2. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Hvass, S. 1979. Vorbasse: The Viking-Age Settlement at Vorbasse, Central Jutland. Acta Archaeologica 50: 137–72.Google Scholar
Hvass, S. 2006. s.v. ‘Vorbasse’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 32: 595–9. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ilisch, L. & Wiechmann, R. In press. Münzfunde von Groß Strömkendorf. In Jöns, H. (ed.), Forschungen zu Groß Strömkendorf. Frühmittelalterliche Archäologie zwischen Ostsee und Mittelmeer. Frankfurt: Römisch-Germanische Kommission.Google Scholar
Ilves, K. 2012. Seaward Landward: Investigations on the Archaeological Source Value of the Landing Site Category in the Baltic Sea Region. AUN 44. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Imer, L. M. 2016. Danmarks runesten: En fortælling. Copenhagen: Gyldendal & Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Irsigler, F. 1989. Fernhandel, Märkte und Messen in Vor- und Frühhansischer Zeit. In Hirte, C. (ed.), Die Hanse: Lebenswirklichkeit und Mythos 1: 22–7. Hamburg: LN-Druck.Google Scholar
Irsigler, F. 1996. Jahrmärkte und Messesysteme im westlichen Reichsgebiet bis ca. 1250. In Johanek, P. & Stoob, H. (eds.), Europäische Messen und Märktesysteme in Miteelalter und Neuzeit. Städteforschung A/39: 133. Cologne: Böhlau.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, L. & Moltke, E. 1941–2. Danmarks Runeindskrifter, Vol. 1: Atlas; Vol. 2: Text. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Jahnke, C. 2006. ‘Und er verwandelte die blåhende Handelstadt in ein unbedeutendes Dorf’. Die Rolle Schleswigs im internationalen Handel des 13. Jahrhunderts. In Fouquet, G., Hansen, M., Jahnke, C. & Schlürmann, J. (eds.), Von Menschen, Ländern, Meeren. Festschrift für Thomas Riis zum 65. Geburtstag: 251–68. Tönning: Der andere Verlag.Google Scholar
Jahnke, C. 2010. s.v. ‘Hafen’. In Cordes, A., Lück, H., Werkmüller, D. & Bertelsmeier-Kierst, C. (eds.), Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte 11: 649–52. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.Google Scholar
Jahnke, C. 2017. The Maritime Law of the Baltic Sea. In Buchet, C. & le Bouëdec, G. (eds.), The Sea in History, Vol. 2: The Medieval World = La Mer dans l’Histoire 2. Le Moyen Âge: 572–84. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Jahnke, C. 2019. Customs and Toll in the Nordic Area c. 800–1300. In Poulsen, B., Vogt, H. & Sigurðsson, J. V. (eds.), Nordic Elites in Transformation, c. 1050–1250: Material Resources 1. Routledge Research in Medieval Studies: 183211. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jankuhn, H. 1949. Ergebnisse und Probleme der Haithabugrabungen 1930–1939: Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Stadtentstehung im Norden. Zeitschrift für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte 73: 186.Google Scholar
Jankuhn, H. 1958: Die frühmittelalterlichen Seehandelsplätze im Nord- und Ostseeraum. In Mayer, T. (ed.), Studien zu den Anfängen des Europäischen Städtewesens: Reichenau-Vorträge 1955–1956. Vorträge und Forschungen 4: 451–98. Lindau: Thorbecke.Google Scholar
Jankuhn, H. 1971. Typen und Funktionen Vor- und Frühwikingerzeitlicher Handelsplätze im Ostseegebiet. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse. Sitzungsberichte 273, 5. Abhandlung. Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf.Google Scholar
Jankuhn, H. 1972. Die Bezeichnungen für die Handelspätze der karolingischen Zeit im Ostseegebiet. In Mitarbeiter des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte (ed.), Festschrift für Hermann Heimpel 3. Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 36/III: 135–46. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Jankuhn, H. 1986. Haithabu: Ein Handelsplatz der Wikingerzeit. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Jankuhn, H., Schlesinger, W. & Steuer, H. (eds.) 1973. Vor- und Frühformen der europäischen Stadt im Mittelalter I. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Dritte Folge. No. 83. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Jansma, E. & van Lanen, R. J. 2016. The Dendrochronology of Dorestad: Placing Early-Medieval Structural Timbers in a Wider Geographical Context. In Willemsen, A. & Kik, H. (eds.), Golden Middle Ages in Europe: New Research into Early-Medieval Communities and Identities: 105–44. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Jansma, E., van Lanen, R. J. & Pierik, H. J. 2017. Travelling through a River Delta: A Landscape-Archaeological Reconstruction of River Development and Long-Distance Connections in the Netherlands during the First Millennium CE. Medieval Settlement Research 32: 35–9.Google Scholar
Janson, H. 2011. Scythian Christianity. In Garipzanov, I. & Tolochko, O. (eds.), Early Christianity on the Way from the Varangians to the Greeks. Ruthenica. Suppl. 4: 3357. Kiev: Instytut istoriï Ukraïny.Google Scholar
Janson, H. 2016. Sven Estridsson, Hamburg-Bremen och påven. In Sonne, L. C. A. & Croix, S. (eds.), Svend Estridsen. Studies in History and Social Sciences 528: 81107. Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Janssen, W. 1983. Gewerbliche Produktion des Mittelalters als Wirtschaftsfaktor im ländlichen Raum. In Jankuhn, H., Janssen, W., Schmidt-Wiegand, R. & Tiefenbach, H. (eds.), Das Handwerk in vor-und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit 2. Archäologische und philologische Beiträge. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philologisch-Historische Klasse. Dritte Folge No. 123: Göttingen: 317–94. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Jansson, I. 1985. Ovala spännbucklor: En studie av vikingatida standardsmycken med utgångspunkt från Björköfynden = Oval Brooches: A Study of Viking Period Standard Jewellery Based on the Finds from Björkö (Birka), Sweden. AUN 7. Uppsala: Institutionen för arkeologi.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. 2010. Viking Age Amulets in Scandinavia and Western Europe. BAR International Series 2169. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Jensen, S. 1991. The Vikings of Ribe. Ribe: Den antikvariske Samling.Google Scholar
Jeppesem, J. 2004. Stormandsgården ved Lisbjerg kirke. Nye undersøgelser. KUML. Årbok for Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab: 161–80.Google Scholar
Jeppsesen, J. & Madsen, H. J. 1991. Storgård og kirke i Lisbjerg. In Mortensen, P. & Rasmussen, B. M. (eds.), Fram Stamme til Stat i Danmark, Vol. 2: Høvdingesamfund og Kongemagt. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter XXII/2: 269–75. Aarhus: Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Jeppsesen, J. & Madsen, H. J. 1995/6. Trækirke og stormandshal i Lisbjerg. KUML. Årbok for Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab: 149–71.Google Scholar
Jesch, J. 2001. Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M. 1964. The Later Roman Empire 284–602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey, Vol. 2. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jöns, H. 1999. War das emporium Reric der Vorläufer Haithabus? Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 47: 201–13.Google Scholar
Jöns, H. 2015. Early Medieval Trading Centres and Transport Systems between Dorestad, Ribe and Wolin: The Latest Results of the Priority Research Programme ‘Harbours from the Roman Iron Age to the Middle Ages’. In Larsson, L., Ekengren, F., Helgesson, B. & Söderberg, B. (eds.), Small Things, Wide Horizons: Studies in Honour of Birgitta Hårdh: 245–52. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Jonsson, K. 2001. Mynten: En fyndkatergori som speglar Birkakrigarnas internationella kontakter. In Olausson, M. (ed.), Birkas krigare: 11 artikler kring Birkas befästningsverk och dess krigare. Borgar och befästningsverk i Mellansverige 400–1000 e.Kr. (BMS) 5: 2933. Stockholm: Stockholms universitet.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, L. 2003. Manor and Market at Lake Tissø in the Sixth to Eleventh Centuries: The Danish ‘Productive’ Sites. In Pestell, T. & Ulmschneider, K. (eds.), Markets in Early Medieval Europe: Trading and ‘Productive’ Sites, 650–850: 175207. London: Windgather Press.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, L. 2008. Manor, Cult and Market at Lake Tissø. In Brink, S. & Price, N. (eds.), The Viking World: 7782. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, L. 2009. Pre-Christian Cult at Aristocratic Residences and Settlement Complexes in Southern Scandinavia in the 3rd–10th Centuries CE. In von Freeden, U., Friesinger, H. & Wamers, E. (eds.), Glaube, Kult und Herrschaft. Phänomene des Religiösen im 1. Jahrtausend n.Chr. in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Akten des 59. Internationalen Sachsensymposiums und der Grundprobleme der frühgeschichtlichen Entwicklung im Mitteldonauraum = Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 12: 329–54. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, L., Gebauer Thomsen, L. & Nørgard Jørgensen, A. 2019. Accommodating Assemblies, as Evidenced at the 6th–11th-Century AD Royal Residence at Lake Tissø, Denmark. In Carroll, J., Reynolds, A. & Yorke, B. (eds.), Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Proceedings of the British Academy 224: 148–73. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kähler Holst, M. 2014. Warrior Aristocracy and Village Community: Two Fundamental Forms of Social Organization in the Late Iron Age and Viking Age. In Stidsing, E., Høilund Nielsen, K. & Fiedel, R. (eds.), Wealth and Complexity: Economically Specialized Sites in Late Iron Age Denmark: 179–97. Aarhus: Museum Østjylland & Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Kähler Holst, M., Drengsø Jessen, M., Wulff Andersen, S. & Pedersen, A. 2012. The Late Viking-Age Royal Constructions at Jelling, Central Jutland, Denmark: Recent Investigations and a Suggestion for an Interpretative Revision. Prähistorische Zeitschrift 87(2): 474505.Google Scholar
Källström, M. 2010. Forsaringen tillhör 900-talet. Fornvännen 105: 228–32.Google Scholar
Källström, M. 2015. Kungen, bryten och märket. Till tolkningen av runblocket U11 vid Hovgården på Adelsö och något om runstenarnas placering. Saga och Sed: 6786.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2007. Schiff – Hafen – Stadt: Mittelalterliche Hafenanlagen in Nordeuropa. In von Carnap-Bornheim, C. & Radtke, C. (eds.), Es war einmal ein Schiff. Archäologische Expeditionen zum Meer: 171204. Hamburg: mare.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2010a. Der Hafen von Haithabu. Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 14. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2010b. Dorestad Hoogstraat from a Hedeby/Schleswig Point of View. In Willemsen, A. & Kik, H. (eds.), Dorestad in an International Framework: New Research on Centres of Trade and Coinage in Carolingian Times: 6881. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2010c. Of Thieves, Counterfeiters and Homicides: Crime in Hedeby and Birka. Fornvännen 105: 281–90.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2011. The Harbour of Hedeby. In Sigmundsson, S. (ed.), Viking Settlements and Viking Society: Papers from the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Viking Congress: 245–59. Reykjavík: University of Iceland Press.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2012a. Dorestad Hoogstraat: Ein Diskurs gegen das Verschwinden des Hafens des ‘vicus famosus’. In Gammeltoft, P. & Hilberg, V. (eds.), 29. Tværfaglige Vikingesymposium Schleswig: 2249. Højbjerg: Wormianum.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2012b. The Birka Proto-Town GIS: A Source for Comprehensive Studies of Björkö. Fornvännen 107: 253–65.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2014/15. Hedeby Hochburg: Theories, State of Research and Dating. With a Contribution by L. Holmquist. Offa 71(72): 241–91.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2015. Review on S. Brather & M. F. Jagodziński, Der wikingerzeitliche Seehandelsplatz von Janów (Truso). Geophysikalische, archäopedologische und archäologische Untersuchungen 2004–2008 = Nadmorska osada handlowa z okresu Wikingów z Janowa (Truso). Badania geofizyczne, archeo-pedologiczne i archeologiczne w latach 2004–2008. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters. Beiheft 24 (Bonn 2012). Germania 93: 397402.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2016a. Early Northern Towns As Special Economic Zones. In Holmquist, L., Kalmring, S. & Hedenstiern-Jonson, C. (eds.), New Aspects on Viking-Age Urbanism, c. A.D. 750–1000. Archaeological Research Laboratory. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B: 12: 1121. Stockholm: Stockholm University Archaeological Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2016b. Where Do We Go from Here? A Comprehensive Approach into Birka Research. In Turner, V. E., Owen, O. A. & Waugh, D. J. (eds.), Shetland and the Viking World: Proceedings of the 17th Viking Congress Lerwick: 203–10. Lerwick: Shetland Heritage Publications.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2017. Excavations in Hedeby’s Flat-Grave Burial Ground: A Preliminary Report. Jahresbericht Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie 2017: 3842.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2018. Ausgrabungen im Flachgräberfeld von Haithabu: Ein Vorbericht. Archäologische Nachrichten Schleswig-Holstein 2018: 6878.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2020a. ‘Without History or Memory, Rituals or Monuments’: Viking Harbour Towns As Non-representative Sites. In Koçak, M., Schmidts, T. & Vučetić, M. (eds.), Häfen als Orte der Repräsentation in Antike und Mittelalter. Interdisziplinäre Forschungen zu den Häfen von der Römischen Kaiserzeit bis zum Mittelalter in Europa 8. RGZM-Tagungen 43: 163–73. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S. 2020b. A Different Birka: Emergence of the First Urban Fabric in the Early Birka Period (AD 750–860). Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters 48(2020): 123.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S., Holmquist, L. & Wendt, A. 2021. Birka’s Black Earth Harbour. Archaeological Investigations 2015–2016: Uppland, Adelsö Parish, Björkö, L2017:1568, RAÄ 119:1. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B:16. Stockholm: Stockholm University Archaeological Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Kalmring, S., Runer, J. & Viberg, A. 2017. At Home with Herigar: A Magnate’s Residence from the Vendel- to Viking Period at Korshamn, Birka (Uppland/S). Archäologisches Korrespondezblatt 47: 117–40.Google Scholar
Kastholm, O. 2014. Under sejlet: Vikingetidens skibe i langtidsperspektiv. In Lyngstrøm, H. & Sonne, L. C. A. (eds.), Vikingetidens aristokratiske miljøer. Arkæologi på Saxo-Institutet: 103–12. Copenhagen: Publi@Kom.Google Scholar
Kazhdan, A. P. & Oikonomides, N. 1991. s.v. ‘Kommerkiarios’. In Kazhdan, A. P. (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 2: 1141. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, S. 1992. Trading Privileges from Eighth-Century England. Early Medieval Europe 1(1): 328.Google Scholar
Kemp, R. L. 1996. Anglian Settlement at 46–54 Fishergate. Anglian York. The Archaeology of York 7. Dorchester: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Kieffer-Olsen, J. 1993. Kirkegårdsudgravninger. Grav og gravskik i det middelalderlige Danmark 8. Højbjerg: Afdeling for Middelalder-arkæologi og Middelalder-Arkaeologisk Nyhedsbrev.Google Scholar
Kilger, C. 2008. Kaupang from Afar: Aspects of the Interpretation of Dirham Finds in Northern and Eastern Europe between the Late 8th and Early 10th Centuries. In Skre, D. (ed.), Means of Exchange: Dealing with Silver in the Viking Age. Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Vol. 2. Norske Oldfunn XXIII: 199252. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Kind, T. 2007. Das karolingerzeitliche Kloster Fulda – ein ‘monasterium in solitudine’. Seine Strukturen und Handwerksproduktion nach den seit 1898 gewonnenen archäologischen Daten. In Henning, J. (ed.), The Heirs of the Roman West, Vol. 1: Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: 367409. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kitzler, L. 2000. Odensymbolik i Birkas garnison. Fornvännen 95: 1321.Google Scholar
Kjellberg, J. 2021. Den medeltida stadens dynamic: urbanitet, sociala praktiker och materiell Kultur i Uppsala 1100–1550. AUN 51. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Kjellström, A. 2005. The Urban Farmer: Osteoarchaeological Analysis of Skeletons from Medieval Sigtuna Interpreted in a Socioeconomic Perspective. Theses and Papers in Osteoarchaeology 2. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Kjellström, A. 2014. Interpreting Violence: A Bioarchaeological Perspective of Violence from Medieval Central Sweden. In Knüsel, C. & Smith, M. J. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict: 237–50. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kleingärtner, S. 2014. Die frühe Phase der Urbanisierung an der südlichen Ostseeküste im ersten nachchristlichen Jahrtausend. Studien zur Siedlungsgeschichte und Archäologie der Ostseegebiete 13. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Kocabaş, U. 2012. The Latest Link in the Long Tradition of the Maritime Archaeology in Turkey: The Yenikapı Shipwrecks. European Journal of Archaeology 15(2): 309–23.Google Scholar
Koktvedgaard Zeitzen, M. 2002. Miniaturanker aus Haithabu und Schleswig. Das archäologische Fundmaterial 7. Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 34: 6984. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Kronz, A., Hilberg, V., Simon, K & Wedepohl, K. H. 2015. Glas aus Haithabu. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters 43: 3958.Google Scholar
Kühl, J. & Hardt, N. 1999. Danevirke: Nordens største fortidsminde. Danevikegården: Poul Kristensens Forlag.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, H. J. 1958. Besiedlung und Kirchspielorganisation der Landschaft Angeln im Mittelalter. Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Schleswig-Holsteins 36. Neumünster: Wachholtz Verlag.Google Scholar
Kulke, E. 2009. Wirtschaftsgeographie. Grundriss Allgemeine Geographie 2434. Paderborn: UTB Schöningh.Google Scholar
Laiou, A. E. 2002. Exchange and Trade, Seventh–Twelfth Centuries. In Laiou, A. E. (ed.), The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century. Dumbarton Oaks Studies 39: 698770. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.Google Scholar
Larsson, G. 2013. Ingvar the Fartravellers Journey: Historical and Archaeological Sources. In Larsson, G. (ed.), Between East and West: Early Contacts between Scandinavia and the Caucasus. Revita Archaeology and History: 3648. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Larsson, L. & Hårdh, B. (eds.) 2002. Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods: Papers from the 52nd Sachsensymposium. Uppåkrastudier 6. Acta archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 8°, Vol. 39. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Larsson, L. & Lenntorp, K.-M. 2004. The Enigmatic House. In Larsson, L. (ed.), Continuity for Centuries: A Ceremonial Building and Its Context at Uppåkra, Southern Sweden. Uppåkrastudier 10. Acta archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 8°, No. 48: 348. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Larsson, M. G. 1983. Vart for Ingvar den vittfarne? Fornvännen 78: 95104.Google Scholar
Larsson, M. G. 1986. Ingvartågets arkeologiska bakgrund. Fornvännen 81: 98113.Google Scholar
Laur, W. 1992. Historisches Ortsnamenlexikon von Schleswig-Holstein. Veröffentl-ichungen des Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landesarchivs 28. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Laur, W. 2006. Runendenkmäler in Schleswig-Holstein und in Nordschleswig. Schleswig: Wikinger Museum Haithabu.Google Scholar
Lebecq, S. 1983. Marchands et Navigateurs Frisons du Haut Moyen âge, Vol. 2: Corpus des Source Ecrites. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille.Google Scholar
Lebecq, S. 1991. Pour une histoire parallèle de Quentovic et Dorestad. In Duvosquel, J.-M. & Dierkens, A. (eds.), Villes et Campagnes au Moyen âge: Mélanges Georges Despy: 415–28. Liège: Éditions du Perron.Google Scholar
Lebecq, S. 1993. Quentovic: Un état de la question. In Häßler, H.-J. & Lorren, C. (eds.), Studien zur Sachsenforschung 8. Beiträge vom 39. Sachsensymposium in Caen, Normandie: 7382. Hildesheim: Verlag August Lax.Google Scholar
Lebecq, S. 1995. L’emporium proto-médiéval de Walcheren-Domburg: une mise en perspective. In Duvosquel, J. M. & Thoen, E. (eds.), Peasants and Townsmen in Medieval Europe: Studia in honorem Adriaan Verhulst: 7389. Ghent: Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon.Google Scholar
Lebecq, S. 2006. L’administration portuaire de Quentovic et de Dorestad (VIIIe–IXe siècles). In Lebecq, S., Béthouart, B. & Verslype, L. (eds.), Quentovic: Environnement, Archéologie, Histoire. Collection UL3 traveau & recherches: 241–51. Lille: Charles de Gaulle University.Google Scholar
Lemm, T. 2013a. Die frühmittelalterlichen Ringwälle in westlichen und mittleren Holstein. Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums 11. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Lemm, T. 2013b: Graf Egbert und Burg Esesfelth: Überlegungen zu Vorgehensweise und Auswirkungen der fränkischen Annexion Nordelbiens. In Ludowici, B. (ed.), Individual and Individuality? Approaches towards an Archaeology of Personhood in the First Millennium CE. Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 4: 217–32. Hannover: Theiss.Google Scholar
Lemm, T. 2016a. Zum Schutze Haithabus: Die Rekonstruktion eines auf visueller Kommunikation basierenden Verteidigungssystems an der Schlei. Arkæologi i Slesvig/Archäologie in Schleswig 16: 2748.Google Scholar
Lemm, T. 2016b. Husby and the Equestrian Graves in Angeln and Schwansen: Different Chronological Stages in the Development of a Royal Administration? In Holmquist, L., Kalmring, S. & Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. (eds.), New Aspects on Viking-age Urbansim, c. A.D. 750–1000. Archaeological Research Laboratory. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B: 12: 97113. Stockholm: Stockholm University Archaeological Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Lemm, T. 2019. Protecting Hedeby: Reconstructing a Viking Age Maritime Defense System Based on Visual Communication. In Annaert, R. (ed.), Early Medieval Waterscapes: Risks and Opportunities for (Im)material Cultural Exchange. Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 8: 101–14. Braunschweig: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseeum.Google Scholar
Lemm, T. in press. ‘Tips of Icebergs’: Continuity and Change between the 5th and the 8th Centuries in the Hinterland of the Danevirke. In Zachrisson, T. & Fischer, S. (eds.), Changes: The Shift from the Early to Late Iron Age. Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung.Google Scholar
Leroy, I. & Verslype, L. 2015. Quentovic: Un portus du haut Moyen Âge aux confins du Ponthieu et du Boulonnais. In Demolon, P. (ed.), Le haut Moyen Âge dans le nord de la France: Des Francs aux premiers comtes de Flandre, de la fin du IVe au milieu du Xe siècle: 159–60. Douai: Arkeos, Communauté d’agglomération du Douaisis.Google Scholar
Lind, J. 2012. ‘Vikinger’, vikingetid og vikingeromantik. Kuml: Årbok for Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab 61: 151–70.Google Scholar
Lindbom, P. 2009. The Assault on Helgö and Birka and the End of the Iron Age. Situne Dei: 83101.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, S. 1926. Björkö. Svenska Fornminnesplatser 2. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, S. 1936. Uppsala högar och Ottarhögen. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Monografier 23. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, S. 1951. Gamla Uppsala kyrka. Bidrag till dess byggnadshistoria. Fornvännen 46: 219–50.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, S. 1967. Uppsala hednatempel och första katedral. Gammal stridsfråga i nytt ljus. Nordisk tidskrift för vetenskap, konst och industri 43: 236–42.Google Scholar
Line, Ph. 2007. Kingship and State Formation in Sweden 1130–1290. The Northern World 27. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Ljungkvist, J. 2000. I maktens närhet: Två boplatsundersökningar i Gamla Uppsala. Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis. SAU skrifter 1. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis.Google Scholar
Ljungkvist, J. 2008. Dating of the Two Royal Mounds of Old Uppsala: Evaluating the Elite of the 6th and 7th Century in Middle Sweden. Archäologisches Korrespondezblatt 38: 263–82.Google Scholar
Ljungkvist, J. 2013. Monumentaliseringen av Gamla Uppsala. In Sundqvist, O. & Vikstrand, P. (eds.), Gamla Uppsala i ny belysning. Religionsvetenskapliga studier från Gävle 9: 3367. Uppsala: Swedish Science PressGoogle Scholar
Ljungkvist, J. & Frölund, P. 2015. Gamla Uppsala: The Emergence of a Centre and a Magnate Complex. Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History 16: 329.Google Scholar
Loseby, S. T. 2000. Marseille and the Pirenne Thesis, II: ‘Ville Morte’. In Hansen, I. L. & Wickham, C. (eds.), The Long Eighth Century. The Transformations of the Roman World 11: 167–93. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Loveluck, C. 2013. Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c. CE 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Loveluck, C. 2018. Coopetition and Urban Worlds, c. CE 1050–1150: Archaeological and Textual Case Studies from Northwestern Europe. In Le Jan, R., Bührer-Thierry, G. & Gasparri, S. (eds.), Coopétition: Rivaliser, coopérer dans les sociétés du haut Moyen Âge (500–1100). Collection Haut Moyen Âge 31: 295320. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Loveluck, C. & Tys, D. 2006. Costal Societies, Exchange and Identity along the Channel and Southern North Sea Shore of Europe, CE 600–1000. Journal of Maritime Archaeology 1: 140–69.Google Scholar
Lübke, C. 2001. Die Beziehungen zwischen Elb- und Ostseeslawen und Dänen vom 9. Bis zum 12. Jahrhundert: Eine andere Option elbslawischer Geschichte? In Harck, O. & Lübke, C. (eds.), Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: 2336. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Ludowici, B., Jöns, H., Kleingärtner, S., Scheschkewitz, J. & Hardt, M. (eds.). 2010 Trade and Communication Networks of the First Millennium CE in the Northern Part of Central Europe: Central Places, Beach Markets, Landing Places and Trading Centers. Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 1. Hannover: Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover.Google Scholar
Lüdtke, H. 1997. Die archäologischen Untersuchungen unter dem Schleswiger Rathausmarkt. Kirche und Gräberfeld des 11.–13. Jahrhunderts unter dem Rathausmarkt von Schleswig. Ausgrabungen in Schleswig. Berichte und Studien 12: 984. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Lund, N. 1983. s.v. ‘Sven (II) Estridsen’. In Cedergreen Beck, S. (ed.), Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, Vol. 14: 242–3. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Lund, N. 1995. Scandinavia, c. 700–1066. In McKitterick, R. (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 2: c. 700–c. 900: 202–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lund, N. 1996. Lið, Leding og Landværn. Hær og samfund i Danmark i ældre middelalder. Roskilde: Vikingeskibshallen.Google Scholar
Lund, N. 2002. Harald Bluetooth: A Saint Very Nearly Made by Adam of Bremen. In Jesch, J. (ed.), The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Studies in Historical Archaeology 5: 303–15. San Marino: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Lund, N. 2005. s.v. ‘Sven Estridsen’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 30: 178–81. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Lundström, F., Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. & Holmquist Olausson, L. 2009. Eastern Archery in Birka’s Garrison. In Holmquist Olausson, L. & Olausson, M. (eds.), The Martial Society: Aspects of Warriors, Fortifications and Social Change in Scandinavia. Theses and papers in Archaeology B11: 105–16. Stockholm: Stockholm University Archaeological Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
MacLean, S. 2003. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Magnus, B. 2002. Dwellings and Settlements: Structure and Characteristics. In Jesch, J. (ed.), The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology 5: 433. San Marino: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Mainman, A. J. & Rogers, N. S. H. 2000. Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds from Anglo-Scandinavian York. The Archaeology of York The Small Finds 17/14. London: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Malbos, L. 2017. Les Ports des Mers Nordiques à l’Époque Viking (VIIe – Xe Siècle). Collection Haut Moyen Âge 27. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Malcom, G., Bowsher, D. & Cowie, R. 2003. Middle Saxon London: Excavations at the Royal Opera House 1989–99. MoLAS Monograph 15. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service.Google Scholar
Malmer, B. 1966. Nordiska Mynt före År 1000. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Ser. 8°, No. 4. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Malmer, B. 1989. The Sigtuna Coinage c. 995–1005. Commentationes de nummis seaculorum IX–XI. In Suecia repertis. Nova series 4. London: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.Google Scholar
Malmer, B. 1991. Kung Olofs mynthus i kvarteret Urmakaren, Sigtuna. Sigtuna museers skriftserie 3. Sigtuna: Sigtuna Museum.Google Scholar
Malmer, B. 2007. South Scandinavian Coinage in the Ninth Century. In Graham-Campbell, J. & Williams, G. (eds.), Silver Economy in the Viking Age: 1327. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar
Matz, E. 1990. Mälaren – vintersjön. In Johansson, U. (ed.), De stora sjöarna = Svenska Turistföreningens Årsbok 1991: 166–79. Uppsala: Svenska Turistföreningen.Google Scholar
McCormick, M. 2001. Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce A.D. 300–900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meier, D. 1994. Die wikingerzeitliche Siedlung von Kosel (Kosel-West), Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde. Siedlungsarchäologische Untersuchungen in Angeln und Schwansen 3. Offa-Bücher 76. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Meier, U. M. 2007. Die früh- und hochmittelalterliche Siedlung bei Schuby, Kreis Schlswig-Flensburg, LA 226. Siedlungsarchäologische Untersuchungen in Angeln und Schwansen 4. Offa-Bücher 83. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Middelton, N. 2005. Early Medieval Port Customs, Toll and Controls on Foreign Trade. Early Medieval Europe 13: 313–58.Google Scholar
Miksic, J. N. 2000. Heterogenetic Cities in Premodern Southeast Asia. World Archaeology 32(1) Special Issue, Archaeology of Southeast Asia: 106–20.Google Scholar
Moberg, L. 2014. The Political Economy of Special Economic Zones. Journal of Institutional Economics 11(1): 167–90.Google Scholar
Moesgaard, J. C., Hilberg, V. & Schimmer, M. 2016. Mønter fra Slesvigs blomstringstid 1070–1150. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark: 182195.Google Scholar
Mogren, M. 2013. The First Sparks and the Far Horizons: Stirring up the Thinking on the Earliest Scandinavian Urbanisation Process – Again. Lund Archaeological Review 18(2012): 7388.Google Scholar
Mohr, A. 2005. Das Wissen über die Anderen. Zur Darstellung fremder Völker in den fränkischen Quellen der Karolingerzeit. Studien und Texte zum Mittelalter und zur frühen Neuzeit 7. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
Mokkelbost, M. forthcoming. The Social Archaeology of Houses: Rural and Urban Households in 800–1350 Central Norway. Bergen: University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Morris, C. A. 2000. Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Wood and Woodworking in Anglo-Scandinavian and Medieval York. The Archaeology of York The Small Finds 17/13. York: York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar
Mortensen, P. & Rasmussen, B. M. (eds.) 1991. Fram Stamme til Stat i Danmark, Vol. 2: Høvdingesamfund og Kongemagt. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter XXII: 2. Højbjerg: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.Google Scholar
Morton, A. D. 1992. Excavations at Hamwic, Vol. 1: Excavations 1946–83, Excluding Six Dials and Melbourne Street. CBA Research Report No. 84, Southampton Archaeological Monographs 5. London: Council of British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Müller, L. 2002. s.v. ‘Nestorchronik’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon Der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 21: 94100. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Müller, C., Wölz, S. & Kalmring, S. 2013. High-Resolution 3D Marine Seismic Investigation of Hedeby Harbour, Germany. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 42(2): 326–36.Google Scholar
Müller-Boysen, C. 1990. Kaufmannsschutz und Handelsrecht im frühmittelalterlichen Nordeuropa. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Müller-Boysen, C. 2007. Economic Policy, Prosperity and Professional Traders. In Bately, J. & Englert, A. (eds.), Oh there’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and Its Cultural Context. Maritime Culture of the North 1: 180–3. Roskilde: Viking Ship Museum.Google Scholar
Müller-Wille, M. 1973. Zwei wikingerzeitliche Prachtschwerter aus der Umgebung von Haithabu. Das archäologische Fundmaterial 2. Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 6: 4789. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Müller-Wille, M. 2002a. Schleswig-Holstein: Drehscheibe zwischen Völkern. In von Freeden, U. & von Schnurbein, S. (eds.), Spuren der Jahrtausende: Archäologie und Geschichte in Deutschland: 368–87. Stuttgart: Theiss Verlag.Google Scholar
Müller-Wille, M. 2002b. Frühstädtische Zentren der Wikingerzeit und ihr Hinterland: Die Beispiele Ribe, Hedeby und Reric. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. Jahrgang 2002, No. 3. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Müller-Wille, M. 2009. Emporium Reric. In Brather, S., Geuenich, D. & Huth, C. (eds.), Historia archaeologica: Festschrift für Heiko Steuer zum 70. Geburtstag. RGA Ergänzungsbände 70: 453–73. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Müller-Wille, M. 2017. Unsichtbare Grabhügel. In Krüger, J., Busch, V., Seidel, K., Zimmermann, C. & Zimmermann, U. (eds.), Die Faszination des Verborgenen und seine Entschlüsselung: Rāði sār kunni. Beiträge zur Runologie, skandinavistischen Mediävistik und germanischen Sprachwisschenschaft. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 101: 261–76. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Munch, P. A. 1849. Historisk-geographisk Beskrivelse over Kongeriget Norge (Noregsveldi) i Middelalderen. Moss: Wilhelm Grams Forlag.Google Scholar
Myhre, B. 2015. Før Viken ble Norge: Borregravfeltet som religiøs og politisk arena. Norske Oldfunn 31. Tønsberg: Vestfold Fylkeskommune.Google Scholar
Näsman, U. 2000. Exchange and Politics: The Eighth–Early Ninth Century in Denmark. In Lyse Hansen, I. & Wickham, C. (eds.), The Long Eighth Century. The Transformation of the Roman World 11: 3568. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Naylor, J. 2004. Access to International Trade in Middle Saxon England: A Case of Urban Over-Emphasis? In Pasquinucci, M. & Weski, T. (eds.), Sea- and Riverborne Trade, Ports and Hinterlands, Ship Construction and Navigation in Antiquity, the Middle Ages and in Modern Time. BAR International Series 1283: 139–48. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Naylor, J. 2016. Emporia and Their Hinterlands in the 7th to 9th-Century CE: Some Comments and Observations from England. In Leroy, I. & Verslype, L. (eds.), Les cultures des littoraux au haut Moyen Âge: Cadres et modes de via dans l’espace maritime Manche-mer du Nord du IIIe au Xe s. Revue du Nord. Collection Art et Archéologie 24: 5967. Villeneuve-d’Ascq: Université de Lille. Siences humaines et sociales.Google Scholar
Neubauer, W., Eder-Hinterleitner, A., Seren, S., Becker, H. & Fassbinder, J. 2003. Magnetic Survey of the Viking Age Settlement of Haithabu, Germany. Archaeologia Polona 41: 239–41.Google Scholar
Noonan, T. S. 1981. Ninth Century Dirham Hoards from European Russia: A Preliminary Analysis. In Blackburn, M. A. S. & Metcalf, D. M. (eds.), Viking-Age Coinage in Northern Lands: The Sixth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History, Part 1. BAR International Series 122: 47117. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Noonan, T. S. 1985. The First Major Silver Crisis in Russia and the Baltic c. 875–c. 900. Hikuin 11: 4150.Google Scholar
Noonan, T. S. 2007. Some Observations on the Economy of the Khazar Khaganate. In Golden, P. B., Ben-Shammai, H. & Róna-Tas, A. (eds.), The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8. Central Asia Studies 17: 207–44. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Nordahl, E. 1993. Södra Kungsgårdsplatån: Utgrävningarna 1988–1991. In Duczko, W. (ed.), Arkeologi och miljögeologi i Gamla Uppsala: Studier och rapporter, Vol. 1. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 7: 5963. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsalensis.Google Scholar
Nordahl, E. 1996. … templum quod Ubsola dicitur … i arkeologisk belysning. AUN 22. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Nordahl, E. 2001. Båtgravar i Gamla Uppsala. Spår av en vikingatida högreståndsmiljö. AUN 29. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History.Google Scholar
Nordberg, A. 2006. Jul, disting och förkyrklig tideräkning. Kalendrar och kalendariska riter i det förkristna Norden. Acta Academiea Gustavi Adolphi XCI. Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur.Google Scholar
Nørgård Jørgensen, A., Jørgensen, L. & Gebauer Thomsen, L. 2010. Assembly Sites for Cult, Markets Jurisdiction and Social Relations: Historic-Ethnological Analogy between North Scandinavian Church Towns, Old Norse Assembly Sites and Pit House Sites of the Late Iron Age and Viking Period. In Arkæologi i Slesvig/Archäologie in Schleswig = Det 61. Internationale Sachsensymposion 2010, Haderslev, Danmark: 95112.Google Scholar
Norr, S. 1998. To Rede and to Ropn (w): Expressions of Early Scandinavian Kingship in Written Sources. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 17. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Ødegaard, M. 2019. Cooking-Pit Sites As Assembly Sites. Lund in Vestfold, South-East Norway: A Regional Assembly Site in the Early Iron Age? In Reynolds, A., Carroll, J. & Yorke, B. (eds.), Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Proceedings of the British Academy 224: 107–26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
OED 2010. Oxford English Dictionary, ed. Stevenson, A.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Olsen, O. 1981. Der lange Weg des Nordens zum Christentum. In Ahrens, C. (ed.), Frühe Holzkirchen im nördlichen Europa. Veröffentlichungen des Helms-Museums 39: 247–61. Hamburg: Helms-Museum.Google Scholar
Olsen, O. 1989. Royal Power in Viking Age Denmark. In Bekker-Nielsen, H. & Nielsen, H. F. (eds.), Syvende tværfaglige Vikingesymposium Odense: 720. Højbjerg: Wormianum.Google Scholar
Olsson, A. 2017. Maritima Birka. Arkeologisk rapport över marinarkeologiska undersökningar av kulturlager och pålanläggning i vattenområdet utanför Svarta jorden på Björkö 2004–2014. Arkeologisk rapport 2017: 13. Stockholm: Sjöhistoriska museet.Google Scholar
Øye, I. 2009. Settlement Patterns and Field Systems in Medieval Norway. Landscape History 30: 3754.Google Scholar
Øye, I. 2013. Technology, Land Use and Transformation in Scandinavian Landscapes, c. 800–1300 CE. In Kerig, T. & Zimmermann, A. (eds.), Economic Archaeology: From Structure to Performance in European Archaeology: 295309. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Palmer, B. 2003. The Hinterlands of Three Southern English Emporia: Some Common Themes. In Pestell, T. & Ulmschneider, K. (eds.), Markets in Early Medieval Europe: Trading and ‘Productive’ Sites, 650–850: 4861. Macclesfield: Windgather.Google Scholar
Pálsson, H. 2013. The Saga of Ingvar the Fartraveller – Yngvars saga víðförla: The Question of Age and Origin. In Larsson, G. (ed.), Between East and West: Early Contacts between Scandinavia and the Caucasus. Revita Archaeology and History: 2730. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Pedersen, A. 2014. Dead Warriors in Living Memory: A Study of Weapon and Equestrian Burials in Viking-Age Denmark, CE 800–1000. Studies in Archaeology and History 22: 1 Jelling Series. Copenhagen: National Museum.Google Scholar
Pedersen, U. 2015. Urban Craftspeople at Viking-Age Kaupang. In Hansen, G., Ashby, S. & Baug, I. (eds.), Everyday Products in the Middle Ages: Crafts, Consumption and the Individual in Northern Europe c. CE 800–1600: 5168. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Pedersen, U. 2016. Non-ferrous Metalworking in Viking Age Scandinavia: A Question of Mobility. In Turner, V. E., Owen, O. A. & Waugh, D. J. (eds.), Shetland and the Viking World: Papers from the Seventeenth Viking Congress, Lerwick: 263–9. Lerwick: Shetland Heritage Publications.Google Scholar
Pedersen, U. & Pilø, L. 2007. The Settlement: Artefacts and Site Periods. In Skre, D. (ed.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Vol. 1. Norske Oldfunn XXII: 179190. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Pestell, T. & Ulmschneider, K. (eds.) 2003. Markets in Early Medieval Europe: Trading and ‘Productive’ Sites, 650– 850. Macclesfield: Windgather.Google Scholar
Peyer, H.-C. 1964. Das Reisekönigtum des Mittelalters. Vierteljahresschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 51: 121.Google Scholar
Pilgaard, M. 2013. Farrisskoven. Skalk 6: 812.Google Scholar
Pilø, L. 2007. The Settlement: Character, Structures and Features. In Skre, D. (ed.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Vol. 1. Norske Oldfunn XXII: 191222. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Pohl, W. 2001. Conclusion: The Transformation of Frontiers. In Pohl, W., Wood, I. & Reimitz, H. (eds.), The Transformation of Frontiers: From Late Antiquity to the Carolingians. The Transformation of the Roman World 10: 247–87. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. 1963. Ports of Trade in Early Societies. Journal of Economic History 23: 3045.Google Scholar
Price, N. S. 1995. Pagan Amulets and Cult Objects from the Black Earth: Interim Report on Finds from the 1990 Excavations. In Ambrosiani, B. & Clarke, H. (eds.), Excavations in the Black Earth 1990. Birka Studies 2: 70–8. Stockholm: The Birka Project.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 1977. Aula und castellum: Überlegungen zur Topographie und Struktur des Königshofes in Schleswig. Beiträge zur Schleswiger Stadtgeschichte 22: 2947.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 1992a. Sliaswig (Schleswig/Haithabu). In Engels, O. & Weinfurter, S. (eds.), Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae occidentalis: ab initio usque ad annum MCXCVIII 6.2: 96116. Stuttgart: Hiersemann.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 1992b. König Magnus der Gute und Haithabu/ Schleswig. In Paravicini, W., Unverhau, H. & Lubowitz, F. (eds.), Mare Balticum. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Ostseeraums in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Erich Hoffmann. Kieler Historische Studien 36: 6791. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 1999. s.v. ‘Haiðaby’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D., Steuer, H. & Timpe, D. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 13: 361–81. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 2003. Das Graukloster in Schleswig: Königspfalz – Franziskanerkloster – Armenhaus – Rathaus. In Kimminus-Schneider, C. & Schneider, M. (eds.), Klöster und monastische Kultur in Hansestädten. Stralsunder Beiträge zur Archäologie, Geschichte, Kunst und Volkskunde in Vorpommern 4: 314. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 2006. Money, Port and Ships. In Bill, J. & Clausen, B. L. (eds.), Maritime Topography and the Medieval Town: Papers from the 5th International Conference on Waterfront Archaeology in Copenhagen, 14–16 May 1998. Publications from the National Museum. Studies in Archaeology and History 4: 147–51. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 2007. Schleswig ca. 1000–1250: Systemtheoretische Skizzen eines Urbanisierungsprofils. In Burmeister, S., Derks, H. & von Richthofen, J. (eds.), Zweiundvierzig: Festschrift für Michael Gebühr zum 65. Geburtstag. Studia honoaria 25: 317–38. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 2009a. Glocke. Katalog: Museum in der Kaiserpfalz. 1009: Meinwerk wird Bischof. In Stiegemann, C. & Kroker, M. (eds.), Für Königtum und Himmelreich: 1000 Jahre Bischof Meinwerk von Paderborn: 284. Paderborn: Schnell & Steiner.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 2009b. Haithabu. Perspektiven einer Stadtentwicklung in drei Stationen – 800, 900, 1000. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters 37: 135–62.Google Scholar
Radtke, C. 2017. Noch einmal Haithabu – Schleswig: Adam von Bremen und die Skalden, Siedlungstransfer und Systemstransformation. Archäologische Nachrichten Schleswig-Holstein: 84103.Google Scholar
Randsborg, K. 1980. The Viking Age in Denmark: The Formation of a State. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Randsborg, K. 1989. The Periods of Danish Antiquity. Acta Archaeologica 60: 187–92.Google Scholar
Reynolds, S. 1977. An Introduction to the History of English Medieval Towns. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, S. 1987. Towns in the Domesday Book. In Holt, J. C. (ed.), Domesday Studies. Royal Historical Society and Institute of British Geographers: 295309. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, S. 1992. The Writing of Medieval Urban History in England. Theoretische Geschiedens 19: 4357.Google Scholar
Richards, J. D. 1999. What’s So Special about ‘Productive Sites’? Middle Saxon Settlements in Northumbria. In Dickinson, T. M. & Griffiths, D. (eds.), The Making of Kingdoms. Papers from the 47th Sachsensymposium = Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10: 7180. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology.Google Scholar
Rieck, F. 1991. Aspects of Coastal Defense in Denmark. In Crumlin-Pedersen, O. (ed.), Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia CE 200–1200: 8396. Roskilde: Vikingeskibshallen.Google Scholar
Rieck, F. 2004. The Anchor from Sct. Nicolaigade in Ribe. In Bencard, M., Kann Rasmussen, A. & Brinch Madsen, H. (eds.), Ribe Excavations 1970–76, Vol. 5: 173–82. Moesgård: Jutland Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Rispling, G. 2004. Catalogue and Comments on the Islamic Coins from the Excavation 1990–1995. In Ambrosiani, B. (ed.), Eastern Connections, Part Two: Numismatics and Metrology. Excavations in the Black Earth 1990–1995. Birka Studies 6: 1160. Stockholm: The Birka Project.Google Scholar
Roesdahl, E. 1997. Cultural Change: Religious Monuments in Denmark c. CE 950– 1100. In Müller-Wille, M. (ed.), Rom und Byzanz im Norden. Mission und Glaubenswechsel im Ostseeraum während des 8.–14. Jahrhunderts, Vol. 1. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse No. 3/1: 229–48. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Roesdahl, E. 2002. Harald Blauzahn – ein dänischer Wikingerkönig aus archäologischer Sicht. In Henning, J. (ed.), Europa im 10. Jahrhundert. Archäologie einer Aufbruchszeit. Internationale Tagung in Vorbereitung der Ausstellung ‘Otto der Große, Magdeburg und Europa’: 95108. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Roesdahl, E. 2008. The Emergence of Denmark and the Reign of Harald Bluetooth. In Brink, S. & Price, N. (eds.), The Viking World: 652–64. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roesdahl, E. & Sindbæk, S. M. 2014. The Dating of Aggersborg. In Roesdahl, E., Sindbæk, S. M., Pedersen, A. & Wilson, D. M. (eds.), Aggersborg: The Viking-Age Settlement and Fortress. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 82: 203–8. Højbjerg: Jutland Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Ros, J. 2008. Sigtuna. In Brink, S. & Price, N. (eds.), The Viking World: 140–4. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rösch, F. 2018. Das Schleswiger Hafenviertel im Hochmttelalter. Entstehung – Entwicklung – Topographie. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters. Beiheft 26. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Rösch, F. 2019. Medieval Marketplaces in Northern Europe: An Overview with an Emphasis on Merchant Seafaring. In Rahmstorf, L. & Stratford, E. (eds.), Weights and Marketplaces from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Period: Proceedings of two workshops funded by the European Research Foundation (ERC). Weight and Value 1: 265–86. Kiel: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Roslund, M. 2007. Guest in the House: Cultural Transmission between Slavs and Scandinavians 900 to 1300 CE. The Northern World 33. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Roslund, M. 2010. Bridging Two Worlds: Tracing Merchants from the Holy Roman Empire in High Medieval Sigtuna. In Theune, C., Biermann, F., Struwe, R. & Jeute, G. H. (eds.), Zwischen Fjorden und Steppe. Internationale Archäologie. Studia honoraria 31: 239–50. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Rougé, J. 1966. Recherches sur l’organisation du commerce maritime en Méditerranée sous l’Empire romain. École Pratique des Hautes Études. 6e Section. Centre de Recheres Historique: Ports, Routes, Trafics 21. Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N.Google Scholar
Routier, J.-C., Barbet, P. & Foucray, B. 2016. Bilan des opérations archéologique de l’Inrap à La Calotterie (2005–2007). In Leroy, I. & Verslype, L. (eds.), Les cultures des littoraux au haut Moyen Âge: Cadres et modes de via dans l’espace maritime Manche-mer du Nord du IIIe au Xe s. Revue du Nord. Collection Art et Archéologie 24: 217–54. Villeneuve-d’Ascq: Université de Lille. Siences humaines et sociales.Google Scholar
Runer, J. 2006. Den äldsta svenska myntningen – dess funktion och utveckling. Situne Dei: 8194.Google Scholar
Runer, J. 2014. Om den äldsta kristna miljönpå Sigtuna museums tomt. Situne Dei: 7081.Google Scholar
Rydh, H. 1936. Förhistoriska undersökningar på Adelsö. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand.Google Scholar
Sanmark, A. 2015. At the Assembly: A Study of Ritual Space. In Jezierski, W., Hermanson, L., Orning, H. J. & Småberg, T. (eds.), Rituals, Performatives, and Political Order in Northern Europe, c. 650–1350. Ritus et Artes 7: 79112. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Sanmark, A. 2017. Viking Law and Order: Places and Rituals of Assembly in the Medieval North. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P. H. 1968. Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography. Royal Historical Society. Guides and Handbooks 8. London: Royal Historical Society.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P. H. 1973. Västerut över Atlanten – Vikingarna utforskar, driver handel, plundrar och erövrar land från Skottland till Amerika. In Almgren, B. (ed.), Vikingen: 65119. Höganäs: Bokförlaget Bra Böcker.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P. H. 1979. Kings and Merchants. In Sawyer, P. H. & Wood, I. N. (eds.), Early Medieval Kingship: 139–58. Leeds: University of Leeds.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P. H. 1982. Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe CE 700–1100. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P. H. 1986. Early Fairs and Markets in England and Scandinavia. In Anderson, B. L. & Latham, A. J. H. (eds.), The Market in History: Papers Presented at a Symposium held 9–13 September 1984 at St. George’s House, Windsor Castle: 5978. Kent: Mackays of Chatham.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P. H. 2004. Scandinavia in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. In Luscombe, D. & Riley-Smith, J. (eds.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 4: c. 1024 – c. 1198, Part 2: 290303. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schade, T. 2010–11. Das wikingerzeitliche Gräberfeld von Kosel-Ost (Kosel LA 198), Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde. Offa 67/68: 203321.Google Scholar
Scheel, O. 1938. Die Wikinger: Aufbruch des Nordens. Stuttgart: Hohenstaufen-Verlag.Google Scholar
Schenk, W. 2010: ‘Central Places’ as a Point of Discussion from German Geography in (Pre-) Historical Research. In Ludowici, B., Jöns, H., Kleingärtner, S., Scheschkewitz, J. & Hardt, M. (eds.). 2010. Trade and Communication Networks of the First Millennium CE in the Northern Part of Central Europe: Central Places, Beach Markets, Landing Places and Trading Centers. Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 1: 1113. Hannover: Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover.Google Scholar
Scherping, R. 2003. Bischof Rudolf von Schleswig: Die Grabtextilien in technischer und kulturhistorischer Perspektive. Kölner Jahrbuch 36: 7149.Google Scholar
Schietzel, K. 1969. Die archäologischen Befunde der Ausgrabung Haithabu 1963–1964. Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 1: 959. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Schietzel, K. 2014. Spurensuche Haithabu. Archäologische Spurensuche in der frühmittelalterlichen Ansiedlung Haithabu. Dokumentation und Chronik 1963–2013. Hamburg: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Schjødt, J. P. 1990. Horizontale und verikale Achsen in der vorchristlichen skandinavien Kosmologie. In Ahlbäck, T. (ed.), Old Norse and Finnish Religions and Cultic Place-Names: 3557. Åbo: The Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, W. 1973. Der Markt als Frühform der deutschen Stadt. In Jankuhn, H., Schlesinger, W. & Steuer, H. (eds.) Vor- und Frühformen der europäischen Stadt im Mittelalter I. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Dritte Folge. No. 83: 262–93. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Schofield, J. & Steuer, H. 2007. Urban Settlement. In Graham-Campbell, J. & Valor, M. (eds.), The Archaeology of Medieval Europe: Eighth to Twelfth Centuries CE. Acta Jutlandica LXXXIII:1. Humanities Series 79: 111–53. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Schück, A. 1926. Studier rörande det svenska stadsväsendets uppkomst och äldsta utveckling. Uppsala: Appelbergs boktryckeri.Google Scholar
Schulte, M. 2008. Om å skrive språkhistorie ‘nedenfra’: Tanker om en ny norsk språkhistorie for tiden 700–1050. Maal og Minne 2: 167–88.Google Scholar
Schultze, J. 2005. Zur Frage der Entwicklung des zentralen Siedlungskerns von Haithabu. In Dobiat, C. (ed.), Reliquiae Gentium. Festschrift für Horst Wolfgang Böhme zum 65. Geburtstag 1: 359–73. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Schultze, J. 2008. Haithabu – Die Siedlungsgrabungen 1. Methoden und Möglichkeiten der Auswertung. Die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 13. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Schultze, J. 2012. Zur konstruktiven Entwicklung des frühstädtischen Hausbaus in Haithabu und Schlewig. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Archäologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit 24: 99110.Google Scholar
Schultze, J. 2017. Überlegungen zu den frühen Phasen der Entwicklung von Haithabu. In Eriksen, B. V., Abegg-Wigg, A., Bleile, R. & Ickerodt, U. (eds.), Interaktion ohne Grenzen. Beispiele archäologischer Forschungen am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts: 565–78. Schleswig: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Schütte, S. 1997. Zur frühen Baugeschichte von St. Kunibert in Köln und zur Grablege des Bischofs Rudolf von Schleswig. Colonia Romanica 12: 916.Google Scholar
Scull, C. 2002. Ipswich: Development and Contexts of an Urban Precursor in the Seventh Century. In Hårdh, B. & Larsson, L. (eds.), Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods: Papers from the 52nd Sachensymposium Lund, August 2001. Uppåkrastudier 6. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8°, Vol. 39: 303–16. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Scull, C. 2009. Early Medieval (Late 5th–Early 8th Centuries CE) Cemeteries at Boss Hall and Buttermarket, Ipswich, Suffolk. The Society of Medieval Archaeology Monograph 27. Leeds: Society for Medieval Archaeology.Google Scholar
Scull, C. 2013. Ipswich: Contexts of Funerary Evidence from an Urban Precursor of the Seventh Century CE. In Bates, D. & Liddiard, R. (eds.), East Anglia and Its North Sea World in the Middle Ages: 218–29. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Seiler, A. 2019. Unika båtgravar I Gamla Uppsala. Populär arkeologi 6: 8.Google Scholar
Seillier, C. 2010. Rupture et continuité dans le Boulonnais et le Ponthieu entre le Bas-Empire et le haut Moyen Âge. In Lebecq, S., Béthouart, B. & Versype, L. (eds.), Quentovic: Environnement, Archéologie, Histoire. Collection traveaux et recherches. Éditions du Conseil Scientifique de l’Université Lille 3: 125–46. Lille: Charles de Gaulle University – Lille 3.Google Scholar
Semple, S., Sanmark, A., Iversen, F. et al. 2020. Negotiating the North: Meeting-Places in the Middle Ages in the North Sea Zone. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 41. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shepard, J. 1995. The Rhos Guests of Louis the Pious: Whence and Wherefore? Early Medieval Europe 4(1): 4160.Google Scholar
Siegloff, E. 2014. Das liegt doch auf dem Weg! Eine neue wikingerzeitliche Siedlung auf der Schleswiger Landenge. Arkæologi i Slesvig/Archäologie in Schleswig 15: 163–77.Google Scholar
Siegloff, E. & Wolpert, N. 2018. Zwei neu entdeckte Fundplätze bei Großenwiehe und Ellingstedt auf der Schleswiger Geest – archäologisch-denkmalpflegerische Betrachtungen. In Hilberg, V. & Lemm, T. (eds.), Viele Funde – große Bedeutung? Potenzial und Aussagewert von Metalldetektorfunden für die siedlungsarchäologische Forschung der Wikingerzeit. Bericht des 33. Tværfaglige Vikingesymposiums 9. Mai 2014, Wikinger Museum Haithabu: 175–91. Kiel: Ludwig.Google Scholar
Simek, R. & Pálsson, H. 1987. Lexikon der altnordischen Literatur. Stuttgart: Kröner.Google Scholar
Sindbæk, S. M. 2005. Ruter og rutinisering: Vikingetidens fjernhandel i Nordeuropa. Copenhagen: Multivers.Google Scholar
Sindbæk, S. M. 2007a. The Small World of the Vikings: Networks in Early Medieval Communication and Exchange. Norwegian Archaeological Review 40(1): 5974.Google Scholar
Sindbæk, S. M. 2007b. Networks and Nodal Points: The Emergence of Towns in Early Viking Age Scandinavia. Antiquity 81: 119–32.Google Scholar
Sindbæk, S. M. 2009. The Lands of Denemearce: Cultural Differences and Social Networks of the Viking Age in Southern Scandinavia. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 4: 169208.Google Scholar
Sindbæk, S. M. 2010. Re-assembling Regions. The Social Occasions of Technological Exchange in Viking Age Scandinavia. In Barndon, R., Engevik, A. & Øye, I. (eds.), The Archaeology of Regional Technologies: Case Studies from the Palaeolithic to the Age of Vikings: 263–87. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Sindbæk, S. M. 2018. Northern Emporium: The Archaeology of Urban Networks in Viking-Age Ribe. In Raja, R. & Sindbæk, S. M. (eds.), Urban Network Evolutions: Towards a High-Definition Archaeology: 161–6. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Sindbæk, S. M. & Trakadas, A. (eds.) 2014. The World in the Viking Age. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum.Google Scholar
Skov, H. 2005. Aros in 700–1100 CE. In Damm, A. (ed.), Viking Aros: 1538. Højbjerg: Moesgård Museum.Google Scholar
Skov, H. 2008. Det ældste Århus – ca. 770–1200. In Andersson, H., Hansen, G. & Øje, I. (eds.), De første 200 årene – nytt blikk på 27 skandinaviske middelalderbyer. Universitetet i Bergen arkeologiske skrifter. UBAS Nordisk 5: 215–26. Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen.Google Scholar
Skovgaard-Pedersen, I. 2003. The Making of the Danish Kingdom. In Helle, K. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Vol. 1: Prehistory to 1520: 168–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skre, D. (ed.) 2007. Kaupang in Skiringssal. Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Vol. 1. Norske Oldfunn XXII. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Skre, D. 2008. The Development of Urbanism in Scandinavia. In Brink, S. & Price, N. (eds.), The Viking World: 8393. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Skre, D. 2020. Rulership and Ruler’s Sites in 1st–10th-Century Scandinavia. In Skre, D. (ed.), Rulership in 1st to 14th Century Scandinavia: Royal Graves and Sites in Avaldsnes and Beyond. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde: 193244. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sonne, L. C. A. 2016. Svend Estridsens politiske liv. In Sonne, L. C. A. & Croix, S. (eds.), Svend Estridsen. Studies in History and Social Sciences 528: 1538. Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Søvsø, M. 2010. Tidligkristne begravelser ved Ribe Domkirke – Ansgars kirkegård? Arkæologi i Slesvig/Archäologie in Schleswig 13: 147–64.Google Scholar
Søvsø, M. 2014. Ansgars Kirche in Ribe. In Weiss, R.-M. & Klammt, A. (eds.), Mythos Hammaburg. Archäologische Entdeckungen zu den Anfängen Hamburgs. Veröffentlichungen des Helms-Museum, Archäologisches Museum Hamburg, Stadtmuseum Harburg 107: 245–54. Hamburg: Archäologisches Museum.Google Scholar
Søvsø, M. 2018. Emporia, Sceattas and Kingship in 8th c. ‘Denmark’. In Hansen, J. & Bruus, M. (eds.), The Fortified Viking Age: 36th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium. Kulturhistoriske studier I centralitet. Archaeological & Historical Studies in Centrality 3: 7586. Odense: Odense City Museums and University Press of Southern Denmark.Google Scholar
Søvsø, M. 2020. Ribe 700–1050: From Emporium to Civitas in Southern Scandinavia. Ribe Studier 2. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 113. Højbjerg: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Speckmann, A. 2005. Ländlicher Hausbau in Westfalen im frühen Mittelalter. Archäologie in Ostwestfalen 9: 92–7.Google Scholar
Staats, R. & Weitling, G. 2016. Ansgar in Haithabu. Anfänge des Christentums in Nordeuropa. Kiel: Ludwig.Google Scholar
Staecker, J. 1997. Brutal Vikings and Gentle Traders. Lund Archaeological Review 3: 89103.Google Scholar
Staecker, J. 2005. The Concepts of Imitation and Translation: Perceptions of a Viking-Age Past. Norwegian Archaeological Review 38: 328.Google Scholar
Staecker, J. 2009. The 9th-Century Christian Mission to the North. In Englert, A. & Trakadas, A. (eds.), Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age As Seen from Shipboard. Maritime Culture of the North 2: 309–29. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum.Google Scholar
Stalsberg, A. 2008. Herstellung und Verbreitung der Vlfberht-Schwertklingen. Eine Neubewertung. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters 36: 89118.Google Scholar
Steinsland, G. 2005. The Late Iron Age Worldview and the Concept of ‘Utmark’. In Holm, I., Innselset, S. & Øye, I. (eds.), ‘Utmark’: The Outfield As Industry and Ideology in the Iron Age and the Middle Ages. University of Bergen Archaeological Series – International 1: 137–46. Bergen: University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Steuer, H. 1974. Die Südsiedlung von Haithabu. Studien zur frühmittelalterlichen Keramik im Nordseeküstenbereich und in Schleswig-Holstein. Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 6. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Steuer, H. 1987. Der Handel der Wikingerzeit zwischen Nord- und Westeuropa aufgrund archäologischer Zeugnisse. In Düwel, K. (ed.), Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel und Nordeuropa 4: 113–97. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Steuer, H. 1995. Freiburg und das Bild der Städte um 1100 im Spiegel der Archäologie. In Schadek, H. & Zotz, T. (eds.), Freiburg 1091–1120: Neue Forschungen zu den Anfängen der Stadt. Archäologie und Geschichte 7: 79123. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke.Google Scholar
Steuer, H. 1999. s.v. ‘Handel’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 13: 497593. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Steuer, H. 2003. s.v. ‘Ports of Trade’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 23: 292–8. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Steuer, H. 2005. s.v. ‘Seehandelsplätze’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 28: 20–4. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Steuer, H. 2007. s.v. ‘Zentralorte’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 35: 878914. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Stolpe, H. 1873. Naturhistoriska och archæologiska undersökningar på Björkö i Mälaren II. Redogörelse för undersökningarna år 1872. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps Akademiens Förhandlingar 5: 1187.Google Scholar
Stolpe, H. 1874. Björkö-Fyndet. Beskrifning öfver fornsaker från Nordens yngre järnålder funna på Björkö i Mälaren I. Redogörelse för undersökningarna under åren 1871–1873. Stockholm: Norstedt.Google Scholar
Stolpe, H. 1882. Grafundersökningar på Björkö i Mälaren år 1881. Svenska Fornminnesföreningens Tidskrift 13: 5363.Google Scholar
Stolpe, H. 1888. Björkö i Mälaren. En vägledning för besökande. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner.Google Scholar
Stoodley, N. 2005. The Origins of Hamwic and Its Central Role in the Seventh Century As Revealed by Recent Archaeological Discoveries. In Hårdh, B. & Larson, L. (eds.), Central Places in the Migration and the Merovingian Periods: Papers from the 52nd Sachsensymposium Lund, August 2001. Uppåkrastudier 6. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 8°, Vol. 39: 317–31. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Storm, G. 1899. De kongelige Byanlæg i Norge i Middelalderen. Norsk Historisk Tidskrift 5(3): 433–6.Google Scholar
Strömberg, J. B. L. D. 2004. The Swedish Kings in Progress – and the Centre of Power. Scandia 70: 167217.Google Scholar
Stylegar, F.-A. 2007. The Kaupang Cemeteries Revisited. In Skre, D. (ed.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Vol. 1. Norske Oldfunn XXII: 65128. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Sundqvist, O. 2001. Feature of Pre-Christian Inauguration Rituals in the Medieval Swedish Laws. In Stausberg, M. (ed.), Kontinuitäten und Brüche in der Religionsgeschichte. Festschrift für Anders Hultgård. RGA-Ergänzungsbände 31: 620–50. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sundqvist, O. 2002. Freyr’s Offspring: Rulers and Religion in Ancient Svea Society. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Historia Religionum 21. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Sundqvist, O. 2013. Gamla Uppsala som förkristen kultplats: en översikt och en hypotes. In Sundqvist, O. & Vikstrand, P. (eds.), Gamla Uppsala i ny belysning. Religionsvetenskapliga studier från Gävle 9: 69111. Uppsala: Swedish Science Press.Google Scholar
Sundqvist, O. 2016. An Arena for Higher Powers: Ceremonial Buildings and Religious Strategies for Rulership in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Numen Book Series. Studies in the History of Religions 150. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Sundqvist, O. 2017. Kultpelare, rituellt hägn och religiösa processioner. In Beronius Jörpeland, L., Göthberg, H., Seiler, A. & Wikborg, J. (eds.), At Upsalum – mäniskor och landskapande. Utbyggnad av Ostkustbanan genom Gamla Uppsala. Arkeologisk undersökning. Report No. 2017: 1.1: 337–48. Stockholm: Arkeologerna.Google Scholar
Svanberg, F. 2003a. Decolonizing the Viking Age, Vol. 1. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Svanberg, F. 2003b. Decolonizing the Viking Age, Vol. 2: Death Rituals in South-East Scandinavia AD 800–1000. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Svensson, G. O. S. 1958. Om namnet Skopinntull. Fornvännen 53: 288–91.Google Scholar
Tegnér, G. 1995. s.v. ‘Unni’. In Orrling, C. (ed.), Vikingatidens ABC: Ny reviderad upplaga. Historia i fickformat: 280. Borås: Statens Historiska Museum.Google Scholar
Tesch, S. 2001a. Olof Palme, S:ta Gerturd och Sigtunas medeltida kyrkotopografi. In Tesch, S. & Edberg, R. (eds.), Biskopen i museets trädgård: En arkeologisk gåta. Sigtuna Museers Skriftserie 9: 944. Stockholm: Sigtuna Museum.Google Scholar
Tesch, S. 2001b. Houses, Town Yards and Town Planning in Late Viking Age and Medieval Sigtuna, Sweden. In Gläser, M. (ed.), Der Hausbau: Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchäologie im Hanseraum 3: 723–41. Lübeck: Schmidt-Römhild.Google Scholar
Tesch, S. 2007. Sigtuna – det maktpolitiska och sakrala stadsrummet under senvikingatid och tidig medeltid (c: a980–1200). In Perlinge, A. (ed.), Människors rum och människors möten: Kulturhistoriska skisser. Berit Wallenbergs Stiftelse 50 år: 71121. Stockholm: Berit Wallenbergs stiftelse.Google Scholar
Tesch, S. 2016. Sigtuna: Royal Site and Christian Town and the Regional Perspective, c. 980–1100. In Holmquist, L., Kalmring, S. & Hedenstierna-Jonson, C. (eds.), New Aspects of Viking Age Urbanism, c. CE 750–1100: Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17th–20th 2013. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B12: 115–38. Stockholm: Stockholm University Archaeological Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Theuws, F. 2004. Exchange, Religion, Identity and Central Places in the Early Middle Ages. Archaeological Dialogues 10(2): 121–38.Google Scholar
Theuws, F. 2007. Where Is the Eighth Century in the Towns of the Meuse Valley? In Brandes, W., Demandt, A., Krasser, H., Leppin, H. & von Möllendorff, P. (eds.), Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium, Vol. 1: The Heirs of the Roman West. Millennium Studies in the Culture and History of the First Millennium C.E. 5/1: 153–64. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Theuws, F. 2018. Reversed Directions: Re-thinking Sceattas in the Netherlands and England. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters 46: 2784.Google Scholar
Thordeman, B. 1920. Alsnö Hus: Ett svenskt medeltidspalats i sitt konsthistoriska sammanhang. Stockholm: Norstedt.Google Scholar
Þórleikr fagri: Flokkr about Sveinn Úlfsson (Þfagr Sveinn). In Gade, K. E (ed.), Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, Vol. 2: Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas: From c. 1035 to c. 1300: 313–22. Turnhout: Brepols, 2009.Google Scholar
Trotzig, G. 2004. Trons försvarare i Birka. Fornvännen 99: 197208.Google Scholar
Tummuscheit, A. 2003. Groß Strömkendorf: A Market Site of the Eighth Century on the Baltic Coast. In Pestell, T. & Ulmschneider, K. (eds.), Markets in Early Medieval Europe: Trading and ‘Productive’ Sites, 650–850: 208–20. Macclesfield: Windgather.Google Scholar
Tummuscheit, A. & Witte, F. 2014. ‘Der einzige Weg durchs Danewerk’: Zu den Ausgrabungen am Danewerk im Jahr 2013. Arkæologi i Slesvig/Archäologie in Schleswig 15: 153–62.Google Scholar
Tummuscheit, A. & Witte, F. 2018. The Danevirke in the Light of Recent Excavations. In Hansen, J. & Bruus, M. (eds.), The Fortified Viking Age: 36th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium. Kulturhistoriske studier I centralitet. Archaeological & Historical Studies in Centrality 3: 6974. Odense: Odense City Museums & University Press of Southern Denmark.Google Scholar
Tys, D. 2020. Maritime and River Traders, Landing Places, and Emporia Ports in the Merovingian Period in and Around the Low Countries. In Effros, B. & Moreira, I. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Merovingian World: 765–96. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ufkes, A. 2011. Een archeologische opgraving in de vroegmiddeleeuwse ringwalburg van Domburg, gem. Veere (Z.). ARC-publicaties 223. Groningen: Archaeological Research & Consultancy.Google Scholar
Ulmschneider, K. 2000. Settlement, Economy and the ‘Productive’ Site: Middle Anglo-Saxon Lincolnshire A.D. 650–780. Medieval Archaology 44(1): 5379.Google Scholar
Ulmschneider, K. 2002. Central Places and Metal-Detector Finds: What Are the English ‘Productive Sites’? In Hårdh, B. & Larson, L. (eds.), Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods: Papers from the 52nd Sachensymposium Lund, August 2001. Uppåkrastudier 6. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8°, Vol. 39: 333–9. Lund: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Ulriksen, J. 1998. Anløbspladser: Besejling og bebyggelse i Danmark mellem 200 og 100 e. Kr. En studie af søfartens pladser på baggrund af undersøgelser i Roskilde fjord. Roskilde: Vikingeskibshallen.Google Scholar
Ulriksen, J. 2004. Danish Coastal Landing Places and Their Relation to Navigation and Trade. In Hines, J., Lane, A. & Redknap, M. (eds.), Land, Sea and Home: Settlement in the Viking Period. Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Series 20: 726. Leeds: Maney.Google Scholar
Ulriksen, J. 2009. Viking-Age Sailing Routes of the Western Baltic Sea: A Matter of Safety. In Englert, A. & Trakadas, A. (eds.), Wulfstan’s Voyages: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age As Seen from Shipboard. Maritime Culture of the North 2: 135–44. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum.Google Scholar
Ulriksen, J. 2018. Vester Egesborg: En anløbs- og togtsamlingsplads fra yngre germansk jernalder og vikingetid på Sydsjælland. Aarhus: Museum Sydøstdanmark & Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
van Doesburg, J. 2010. Non Modica? Some Thoughts on the Interpretation of a Large Early Medieval Earthwork near Dorestad. In Willemsen, A. & Kik, H. (eds.), Dorestad in an International Framework: New Research into Trade Centres in Carolingian Times: 51–8. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
van Es, W. A. 1990. Dorestad Centred. In Besteman, J. C., Bos, J. M. & Heidinga, H. A. (eds.), Medieval Archaeology in the Netherlands: Studies Presented to H. H. van Regteren Altena: 151–82. Assen: van Gorcum.Google Scholar
van Es, W. A. & Verwers, W. J. H. (eds.) 1980. Excavations at Dorestad, Vol. 1: The Harbour: Hoogstraat I. Nederlandse Oudheden 9. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek.Google Scholar
van Es, W. A. & Verwers, W. J. H. 2009. Excavations at Dorestad, Vol. 3: Hoogstraat 0, II–IV. Nederlandse Oudheden 16. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor Archeologie.Google Scholar
van Es, W. A. & Verwers, W. J. H. 2010. Early Medieval Settlements along the Rhine: Precursors and Contemporaries of Dorestad. Journal of Archaeology in the Low Countries 2(1): 539.Google Scholar
van Gelder, H. E. 1980. Coins from Dorestad, Hoogstraat I. In van Es, W. A. & Verwers, W. J. H. (eds.), Excavations at Dorestad, Vol. 1: The Harbour: Hoogstraat I. Nederlandse Oudheden 9: 212–24. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek.Google Scholar
van Gelder, H. E. 2009. Coins. In van Es, W. A. & Verwers, W. J. H. (eds.), Excavations at Dorestad, Vol. 3: Hoogstraat 0, II–IV. Nederlandse Oudheden 16: 257–9. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor Archeologie.Google Scholar
van Heeringen, R. M. 1995. De resultaten van het archeologisch onderzoek van de Zeeuwse ringwallburgen. In van Heeringen, R. M, Henderikx, P. A. & Mars, A. (eds.), Vroeg-Middeleeuwse ringwalburgen in Zeeland: 1739. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodenmonderzoek.Google Scholar
van Heeringen, R. M., Pol, A. & Buurman, J. 1995. Kolonisatie en bewoning in het mondigsgebied van de Schelde in de vroege Middeleeuwen vanuit archeologisch perspectief. In van Heeringen, R. M, Henderikx, P. A. & Mars, A. (eds.), Vroeg-Middeleeuwse ringwalburgen in Zeeland: 4069. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodenmonderzoek.Google Scholar
van Houtte, J. A. 1993. s.v. ‘Messe (Handelsmesse)’. In Angermann, N., Bautier, R.-H. & Auty, R. (eds.), Lexikon des Mittelalters VI: 558–60. Munich: Artemis & Winkler Verlag.Google Scholar
Varenius, B. 2002. Maritime Warfare As an Organizing Principle in Scandinavian Society 1000–1300 CE. In Nørgård Jørgensen, A., Pind, J., Jørgensen, L. & Clausen, B. (eds.), Maritime Warfare in Northern Europe: Technology, Organisation, Logistics and Administration 500 BC–1500 CE. Publications from the National Museum. Studies in Archaeology & History 6: 249–56. Copenhagen: The National Museum.Google Scholar
Vasiliev, A. A. 1951. The Second Russian Attack on Constantinople. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 6: 161225.Google Scholar
Verhaeghe, F. 2005. Urban Developments in the Age of Charlemagne. In Story, J. (ed.), Charlemagne: Empire and Society: 259–87. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Verhulst, A. 1999. The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe. Themes in International Urban History 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Verhulst, A. 2000. Roman Cities, Emporia and New Towns (Sixth–Ninth Centuries). In Hansen, I. L. & Wickham, C. (eds.), The Long Eighth Century. The Transformations of the Roman World 11: 105–20. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Verhulst, A. 2002. The Carolingian Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Verlinden, O. 1963. Markets and Fairs. In Postan, M. M., Rich, E. E. & Miller, E. (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages: 119–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vestergaard, E. 1991. Gift-Giving, Hoarding, and Outdoings. In Samson, R. (ed.), Social Approaches to Viking Studies: 97104. Glasgow: Cruithne Press.Google Scholar
Vikstrand, P. 2001. Gudarnas Platser. Förkristna sakrala ortnamn i Mälarlandskapen. Studier till en Svensk ortnamnatlas 17. Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien.Google Scholar
Vogel, V. 1991. Profaner Holzbau des 11. bis frühen 13. Jahrhunderts in Schleswig. In Böhme, H. W. (ed.), In den nördlichen Landschaften des Reiches: Siedlungen und Landesausbau zur Salierzeit 1. Monographien des Römisch Germanischen Zentralmuseums 27: 263–76. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke.Google Scholar
Vogel, V. 2002. Archäologische Belege für Fernkontakte der Stadt Schleswig im 11.–13. Jahrhundert. In Brandt, K., Müller-Wille, M. & Radtke, C. (eds.), Haithabu und die frühe Stadtentwicklung im nördlichen Europa. Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums 8: 367–78. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
von Carnap-Bornheim, C. & Kalmring, S. 2011. DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm 1630 ‘Häfen von der Römischen Kaiserzeit bis zum Mittelalter. Zur Archäologie und Geschichte regionaler und überregionaler Verkehrssysteme’ bewilligt. Jahresbericht Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie: 2831.Google Scholar
von Liliencron, R. 1888. Der Runenstein von Gottorp. König Sigtrygg’s Stein im Schleswig-Holsteinischen Museum Vaterländischer Altertümer zu Kiel. Kiel: Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburgische Geschichte & Anthropologischer Verein in Schleswig-Holstein.Google Scholar
von Liliencron, R. & Wimmer, L. 1898. Der Runenstein im Schleswiger Dom. Kiel: Museum Vaterländischer Alterthümer.Google Scholar
Wallace, P. F. 2016. Viking Dublin: The Wood Quay Excavations. Sallins: Irish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Walton Rogers, P. 1997. Textile Production at 16–22 Coppergate. The Archaeology of York The Small Finds 17/11. York: York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar
Weidemann, M. 1982. Kulturgeschichte der Merowingerzeit nach den Werken Gregors von Tours, Vol. 1. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum. Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte. Monographien 3:1. Mainz: Habelt.Google Scholar
Weinmann, C. 1994. Der Hausbau in Skandinavien vom Neolithikum bis zum Mittelalter: mit einem Beitrag zur interdisziplinären Sachkulturforschung für das mittelalterliche Island. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Weise, S. 2000. Mikrostratigraphische Ausgrabung und Analyse des Grabbefundes Bischof Rudolf von Schleswig: Methode und Erkenntnisse. Master’s thesis, Hamburg University.Google Scholar
Wendt, A. 2012. Wikingerzeitliche Goldringe: Eine Fundgruppe ohne Kontext? In Gammeltoft, P. & Hilberg, V. (eds.), Beretning fra Niogtyvende Tvaerfaglige Vikingesymposium: 5068. Højbjerg: Forlaget Wormianum.Google Scholar
Wessén, E. 1923. Birca och bjärköarätt. Namn och Bygd 11: 135–78.Google Scholar
Wessén, E. 1940. Upplands Runinskrifter 1. Sveriges Runinskrifter 6. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Westerdahl, C. 1986. Die maritime Kulturlandschaft. Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv 9: 758.Google Scholar
Westerdahl, C. 1992. The Maritime Cultural Landscape. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21(1): 514.Google Scholar
Westphal, F. 2006. Die Holzfunde von Haithabu. Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 11. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Westphal, F. 2013. Eine Wassermühle am Bach von Haithabu? In Kleingärtner, S., Müller, U. & Scheschkewitz, J. (eds.), Kulturwandel im Spannungsfeld von Tradition und Innovation: Festschrift für Michael Müller-Wille: 139–43. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
White, J. 2010. Building Innovative Sites. In The World Bank (ed.), Innovation Policy: A Guide for Development Countries: 303–34. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
White, J. 2011. Fostering Innovation in Developing Economies through SEZs. In Farole, T. & Akinci, G. (eds.), Special Economic Zones: Progress, Emerging Challenges, and Future Directions. Directions in Development – Trade: 183205. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wiechmann, R. 2007a. Haithabu und sein Hinterland – ein lokaler numismatischer Raum? Münzen und Münzfunde aus Haithabu (bis zum Jahr 2002). Das archäologische Fundmaterial 8. Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 36: 182278. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Wiechmann, R. 2007b. Hedeby and Its Hinterland: A Local Numismatic Region. In Graham-Campbell, J. & Williams, G. (eds.), Silver Economy in the Viking Age: 2948. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar
Wiechmann, R. 2021. Advancing into Unknown Lands: The Numismatic Material of Groß Strömkendorf Near Wismar during the Early Viking Age (ca. 8th–9th Centuries). In Nol, H. (ed.), Riches beyond the Horizon: Long-Distance Trade in Early Medieval Landscapes (ca. 6th–12th Centuries). Medieval and Post-Medieval Mediterranean Archaeology Series 4: 269–98. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Wikborg, J. 2017. Stolpmonumented. In Beronius Jörpeland, L., GöthBerg, H., Seiler, A. & Wikborg, J. (eds.), At Upsalum – mäniskor och landskapande. Utbyggnad av Ostkustbanan genom Gamla Uppsala. Arkeologisk undersökning. Report No. 2017: 1.1: 258336. Stockholm: Arkeologerna.Google Scholar
Wikström, A. 2011. Fem stadsgårdar – arkeologisk undersökning i kv. Trädgårdsmästaren 9 & 10 i Sigtuna 1988–90. Meddelanden och Rapporter från Sigtuna Museum 52. Sigtuna: Sigtuna Museum.Google Scholar
Williams, A. 2009. A Metallurgical Study of some Viking Swords. Gladius 29: 121–84.Google Scholar
Willroth, K.-H. 1992. Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungsgeschichte der Landschaften Angeln und Schwansen von der älteren Bronzezeit bis zum frühen Mittelalter. Eine Studie zur Chronologie, Chorologie und Siedlungskunde. Siedlungsarchäolgische Untersuchungen in Angeln und Schwansen 1. Offa-Bücher 72. Neumünster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Wimmer, L. F. A. 1892. Sønderjyllands Historiske Runemindesmærker. Copenhagen: Thieles bogtrykkeri.Google Scholar
Windler, R. 2008. Mittelalterliche Webstühle und Weberwerkstätten – Archäologische Befunde und Funde. In Melzer, W. (ed.), Archäologie und mittelalterliches Handwerk – Eine Standortbestimmung. Soester Beiträge zur Archäologie 9: 201–15. Soest: Westfälische Verlagsbuchhandlung Mocker & Jahn.Google Scholar
Wiséhn, E. 1989. Myntfynd från Uppland. Sveriges mynthistoria. Landskapsinventeringen 4. Stockholm: Kungl. myntkabinettet.Google Scholar
Wouters, B. 2020. A Biographical Approach to Urban Communities from a Geoarchaeological Perspective: High-Definition Applications and Case Studies. Journal of Urban Archaeology 2: 85101.Google Scholar
Wührer, K. 1981. s.v. ‘Bryte’. In Beck, H., Geuenich, D. & Steuer, H. (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 4: 25–6. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Zachrisson, T. 1992. Silver and Gold Hoards from the Black Earth. In Ambrosiani, B. & Clarke, H. (eds.), Early Investigations and Future Plans. Birka Studies 1: 5263. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet & Statens Historiska Museer.Google Scholar
Zachrisson, T. 1994. The Odal and Its Manifestation in the Landscape. Current Swedish Archaeology 2: 219–38.Google Scholar
Zachrisson, T. 1998. Gård, gräns, gravfält. Sammanhang kring ädelmetalldepåer och runstenar från vikingatid och tidigmedeltid i Uppland och Gästrikland. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 15. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Zachrisson, T. 2017. The Background of the Odal Rights: An Archaeological Discussion. Danish Journal of Archaeology 6: 118–32.Google Scholar
Zagal-Mach Wolfe, U. I. 2013. Grasping Technology, Assessing Craft: Developing a Research Method for the Study of Craft-Tradition. Acta archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 8°, Vol. 63. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Sven Kalmring, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany
  • Book: Towns and Commerce in Viking-Age Scandinavia
  • Online publication: 04 January 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009298070.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Sven Kalmring, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany
  • Book: Towns and Commerce in Viking-Age Scandinavia
  • Online publication: 04 January 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009298070.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Sven Kalmring, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany
  • Book: Towns and Commerce in Viking-Age Scandinavia
  • Online publication: 04 January 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009298070.014
Available formats
×