This book is both a resource and a practical guide to thinking about, doing, and communicating science. After you work through concrete examples of how to develop a scientific question, how to consider the complexity of natural phenomena, and how to align questions with data analysis, a scientific research proposal is used to demonstrate the degree to which critical environmental science concepts have been absorbed and applied. As an assignment, a research proposal is an effective way to integrate core concepts of scientific thinking while allowing students to engage with a topic of particular personal interest.