Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T15:04:07.235Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 21 - Intensive Care of Stroke

from Section 4 - Therapeutic Strategies and Neurorehabilitation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2019

Michael Brainin
Affiliation:
Donau-Universität Krems, Austria
Wolf-Dieter Heiss
Affiliation:
Universität zu Köln
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Steiner, T, Mendoza, G, De Georgia, M, et al. Prognosis of stroke patients requiring mechanical ventilation in a neurological critical care unit. Stroke 1997; 28(4): 711–15.Google Scholar
Mayer, SA, Copeland, D, Bernardini, GL, et al. Cost and outcome of mechanical ventilation for life-threatening stroke. Stroke 2000; 31(10): 2346–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jauch, EC, Saver, JL, Adams, HP, Jr., et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013; 44(3): 870947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powers, WJ, Derdeyn, CP, Biller, J, et al. 2015 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association focused update of the 2013 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Regarding Endovascular Treatment: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2015; 46(10): 3020–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torbey, MT, Bösel, J, Rhoney, DH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of large hemispheric infarction: a statement for health care professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the German Society for Neuro-Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Neurocrit Care 2015; 22(1): 146–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemphill, JC, 3rd, Greenberg, SM, Anderson, CS, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2015; 46(7): 2032–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiner, T, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Beer, R, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke 2014; 9(7): 840–55.Google Scholar
Iscoe, S, Fisher, JA. Hyperoxia-induced hypocapnia: an underappreciated risk. Chest 2005; 128(1): 430–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diringer, MN. Hyperoxia: good or bad for the injured brain? Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14(2): 167–71.Google Scholar
Wendell, LC, Raser, J, Kasner, S, Park, S. Predictors of extubation success in patients with middle cerebral artery acute ischemic stroke. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2011: 248789.Google ScholarPubMed
Steidl, C, Boesel, J, Suntrup-Krueger, S, et al. Tracheostomy, extubation, reintubation: airway management decisions in intubated stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 44(1–2): 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bösel, J. Who is safe to extubate in the neuroscience intensive care unit? Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 38(6): 830–9.Google Scholar
Bösel, J. Use and timing of tracheostomy after severe stroke. Stroke 2017; 48(9): 2638–43.Google Scholar
Bösel, J, Schiller, P, Hook, Y, et al. Stroke-related early tracheostomy versus prolonged orotracheal intubation in neurocritical care trial (SETPOINT): a randomized pilot trial. Stroke 2013; 44(1): 21–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schönenberger, S, Niesen, WD, Fuhrer, H, et al. Early tracheostomy in ventilated stroke patients: study protocol of the international multicentre randomized trial SETPOINT2 (Stroke-related Early Tracheostomy vs. Prolonged Orotracheal Intubation in Neurocritical care Trial 2). Int J Stroke 2016; 11(3): 368–79.Google Scholar
Huttner, HB, Kohrmann, M, Berger, C, Georgiadis, D, Schwab, S. Predictive factors for tracheostomy in neurocritical care patients with spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21(3): 159–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szeder, V, Ortega-Gutierrez, S, Ziai, W, Torbey, MT. The TRACH score: clinical and radiological predictors of tracheostomy in supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2010; 13(1): 40–6.Google Scholar
Schönenberger, S, Al-Suwaidan, F, Kieser, M, Uhlmann, L, Bösel, J. The SETscore to predict tracheostomy need in cerebrovascular neurocritical care patients. Neurocrit Care 2016; 25(1): 94104.Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, JS, Ayoub, O, Skrobik, Y. A critical appraisal of sedation, analgesia and delirium in neurocritical care. Can J Neurol Sci 2011; 38(6): 815–25.Google Scholar
Geeganage, C, Beavan, J, Ellender, S, Bath, PM. Interventions for dysphagia and nutritional support in acute and subacute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 10: CD000323.Google ScholarPubMed
Kramer, AH, Roberts, DJ, Zygun, DA. Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2012; 16(5): R203.Google Scholar
Kellert, L, Schrader, F, Ringleb, P, Steiner, T, Bosel, J. The impact of low hemoglobin levels and transfusion on critical care patients with severe ischemic stroke: STroke: RelevAnt Impact of HemoGlobin, Hematocrit and Transfusion (STRAIGHT) – an observational study. J Crit Care 2014; 29(2): 236–40.Google Scholar
Kramer, AH, Zygun, DA. Anemia and red blood cell transfusion in neurocritical care. Crit Care 2009; 13(3): R89.Google Scholar
Dennis, M, Mordi, N, Graham, C, Sandercock, P. The timing, extent, progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis in immobile stroke patients: observational data from the CLOTS multicenter randomized trials. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9(11): 2193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, M, Sandercock, P, Reid, J, et al. Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression in reduction of risk of deep vein thrombosis in patients who have had a stroke (CLOTS 3): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 382(9891): 516–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Sandercock, PA, van den Belt, AG, Lindley, RI, Slattery, J. Antithrombotic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke: an overview of the completed randomised trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56(1): 1725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeer, A, Voth, E, Henze, T, Prange, HW. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54(5): 466–7.Google Scholar
Kuramatsu, JB, Gerner, ST, Schellinger, PD, et al. Anticoagulant reversal, blood pressure levels, and anticoagulant resumption in patients with anticoagulation-related intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA 2015; 313(8): 824–36.Google Scholar
den Hertog, HM, van der Worp, HB, van Gemert, HM, et al. The Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) In Stroke (PAIS) trial: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8(5): 434–40.Google Scholar
Den Hertog, HM, van der Worp, HB, Tseng, MC, Dippel, DW. Cooling therapy for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 1: CD001247.Google Scholar
Brophy, GM, Bell, R, Claassen, J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012; 17(1): 323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheth, KN, Elm, JJ, Molyneaux, BJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous glyburide on brain swelling after large hemispheric infarction (GAMES-RP): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15(11): 1160–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandercock, PA, Soane, T. Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 9: CD000064.Google Scholar
Steiner, T, Bösel, J. Options to restrict hematoma expansion after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2010; 41(2): 402–9.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, FB, Neves, JB, Caldeira, D, Endovascular treatment versus medical care alone for ischaemic stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016; 353: i1754.Google Scholar
Brinjikji, W, Murad, MH, Rabinstein, AA. Conscious sedation versus general anesthesia during endovascular acute ischemic stroke treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36(3): 525–9.Google Scholar
Campbell, BCV, van Zwam, WH, Goyal, M, et al. Effect of general anaesthesia on functional outcome in patients with anterior circulation ischaemic stroke having endovascular thrombectomy versus standard care: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17(1): 4753.Google Scholar
Schönenberger, S, Uhlmann, L, Hacke, W, et al. Effect of conscious sedation vs general anesthesia on early neurological improvement among patients with ischemic stroke undergoing endovascular thrombectomy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 316(19): 1986–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowhagen Henden, P, Rentzos, A, Karlsson, JE, et al. General anesthesia versus conscious sedation for endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke: the AnStroke Trial (anesthesia during stroke). Stroke 2017; 48(6): 1601–7.Google Scholar
Bösel, J. Intensive care management of the endovascular stroke patient. Semin Neurol 2016; 36(6): 520–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Berrouschot, J, Sterker, M, Bettin, S, Koster, J, Schneider, D. Mortality of space-occupying (“malignant”) middle cerebral artery infarction under conservative intensive care. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24(6): 620–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vahedi, K, Hofmeijer, J, Juettler, E, et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6(3): 215–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juttler, E, Unterberg, A, Woitzik, J, et al. Hemicraniectomy in older patients with extensive middle-cerebral-artery stroke. N Engl J Med 2014; 370(12): 1091–100.Google Scholar
Zha, AM, Sari, M, Torbey, MT. Recommendations for management of large hemispheric infarction. Curr Opin Crit Care 2015; 21(2): 91–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiner, T, Friede, T, Aschoff, A. Effect and feasibility of controlled rewarming after moderate hypothermia in stroke patients with malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke. 2001; 32(12): 2833–5.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, H, Kollma, R, Niesen, WD, et al. DEcompressive surgery Plus hypoTHermia for Space-Occupying Stroke (DEPTH-SOS): a protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial and a literature review. Int J Stroke 2013; 8(5): 383–7.Google Scholar
Krieger, D, Busse, O, Schramm, J, Ferbert, A. German-Austrian Space Occupying Cerebellar Infarction Study (GASCIS): study design, methods, patient characteristics. The Steering and Protocol Commission. J Neurol 1992; 239(4): 183–5.Google Scholar
Jauss, M, Krieger, D, Hornig, C, Schramm, J, Busse, O. Surgical and medical management of patients with massive cerebellar infarctions: results of the German-Austrian Cerebellar Infarction Study. J Neurol 1999; 246(4): 257–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfefferkorn, T, Eppinger, U, Linn, J, et al. Long-term outcome after suboccipital decompressive craniectomy for malignant cerebellar infarction. Stroke 2009; 40(9): 3045–50.Google Scholar
Juttler, E, Schweickert, S, Ringleb, PA, et al. Long-term outcome after surgical treatment for space-occupying cerebellar infarction: experience in 56 patients. Stroke 2009; 40(9): 3060–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfefferkorn, T, Mayer, TE, Opherk, C, et al. Staged escalation therapy in acute basilar artery occlusion: intravenous thrombolysis and on-demand consecutive endovascular mechanical thrombectomy: preliminary experience in 16 patients. Stroke 2008; 39(5): 1496–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schonewille, WJ, Wijman, CA, Michel, P, et al. Treatment and outcomes of acute basilar artery occlusion in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS): a prospective registry study. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8(8): 724–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angstwurm, K, Borges, AC, Halle, E, et al. Timing the valve replacement in infective endocarditis involving the brain. J Neurol 2004; 251(10): 1220–6.Google Scholar
Hemphill, JC, 3rd. Do-not-resuscitate orders, unintended consequences, and the ripple effect. Crit Care 2007; 11(2): 121.Google Scholar
Anderson, CS, Heeley, E, Huang, Y, et al. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2013; 368(25): 2355–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, E, Anderson, CS, Wang, X, et al. Early blood pressure lowering does not reduce growth of intraventricular hemorrhage following acute intracerebral hemorrhage: results of the INTERACT studies. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2016; 6(3): 71–5.Google Scholar
Qureshi, AI, Palesch, YY, Barsan, WG, et al. Intensive blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2016; 375(11): 1033–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer, SA, Brun, NC, Begtrup, K, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(20): 2127–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baharoglu, MI, Cordonnier, C, Al-Shahi Salman, R, et al. Platelet transfusion versus standard care after acute stroke due to spontaneous cerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet therapy (PATCH): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2016; 387(10038): 2605–13.Google Scholar
Sprigg, N, Robson, K, Bath, P, et al. Intravenous tranexamic acid for hyperacute primary intracerebral hemorrhage: protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Stroke 2016; 11(6): 683–94.Google Scholar
Frontera, JA, Lewin, JJ, 3rd, Rabinstein, AA, et al. Guideline for Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracranial Hemorrhage: Executive Summary. A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Neurocritical Care Society and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2016; 44(12): 2251–7.Google Scholar
Mendelow, AD, Gregson, BA, Fernandes, HM, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 365(9457): 387–97.Google Scholar
Mendelow, AD, Gregson, BA, Rowan, EN, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382(9890): 397408.Google Scholar
Beynon, C, Schiebel, P, Bosel, J, Unterberg, AW, Orakcioglu, B. Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery for treatment of spontaneous intracerebral haematomas. Neurosurg Rev 2015; 38(3): 421–8; discussion 8.Google Scholar
Hanley, DF, Thompson, RE, Muschelli, J, et al. Safety and efficacy of minimally invasive surgery plus alteplase in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15(12): 1228–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bösel, J, Zweckberger, K, Hacke, W. Haemorrhage and hemicraniectomy: refining surgery for stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 2015; 28(1): 1622.Google Scholar
Hanley, DF, Lane, K, McBee, N, et al. Thrombolytic removal of intraventricular haemorrhage in treatment of severe stroke: results of the randomised, multicentre, multiregion, placebo-controlled CLEAR III trial. Lancet 2017; 389(10069): 603–11.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×