Appearance of the Planet.—Mars is the fourth planet in the order of distance from the Sun. He revolves in an orbit outside that of the Earth, and is the smallest of the superior planets. His brilliancy is sometimes considerable when be occupies a position near to the Earth, and he emits an intense red light, which renders his appearance all the more striking. Ordinarily his lustre does not equal that of Jupiter, though when favourably placed he becomes a worthy rival of that orb. In 1719 he shone so brightly and with such a fiery aspect as to cause a panic. The superstitious notions and belief in astrological influences prevailing at that time no doubt gave rise to the popular apprehension that the ruddy star was an omen of disaster, and thus it was regarded with feelings of terror. Fortunately the light of science has long since removed such ideas from amongst us, and celestial objects, in all their various forms, are contemplated without misgiving. They are rather welcomed as affording the means of advancing our knowledge of God's wonderful works as displayed in the heavens.

Period &c.—Mars revolves round the Sun in 686d 23h 30m 41a, and his mean distance from that luminary is 141,500,000 miles. The orbit is one of considerable eccentricity, the distance varying between 154,700,000 and 128,360,000 miles.