Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-chc8l Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-30T07:47:52.969Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - American grand strategy and the unfolding of the Cold War 1945–1961

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2014

By
Bradford A. Lee
Edited by
Williamson Murray  and
Richard Hart Sinnreich
Bradford A. Lee
Affiliation:
Naval War College
Williamson Murray
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Get access

Summary

In early 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall told an audience at Princeton University that “I doubt seriously whether a man can think with full wisdom and deep convictions regarding some of the basic international issues of today who has not at least reviewed in his mind the period of the Peloponnesian War and the Fall of Athens.” Marshall was drawing an analogy between the emerging Cold War of his time and the “war like no other” that had been of pivotal importance in the Greek world 2,400 years earlier. Such analogies from a previous war can provide a useful intellectual point of departure for assessment of the nature of a war upon which one is embarking, especially if that war seems peculiar at first sight.

Without due regard to differences as well as similarities, however, simple analogies can be a treacherous guide to action. Even when the similarities seem compelling, one ought to bear in mind the jibe of social-science methodologists that “anyone can draw a straight line between two dots.” We can gain greater analytical power by connecting a greater number of dots in patterns that are more complex but that still exhibit key factors to guide assessment of the dynamics of a conflict as it unfolds and selection of courses of action for winning that conflict. The premise of this essay is that one can insightfully evaluate American grand strategy in the Cold War in terms of generic factors of success gleaned from previous big wars – not just the Peloponnesian War, but also such wars as those between Rome and Carthage in the ancient world and Britain and France in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as well as the two world wars of the twentieth century. As that sample suggests, “major wars” are those violent conflicts between great powers that occur for high political stakes, that have both sides seeking to put together and sustain coalitions, that spread across multiple theaters, and that involve the use of many instruments of power and influence.

Type
Chapter
Information
Successful Strategies
Triumphing in War and Peace from Antiquity to the Present
 , pp. 353 - 402
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Connor, Walter Robert, Thucydides (Princeton, NJ, 1987), p. 3.Google Scholar
Hanson, Victor Davis, A War Like No Other: How The Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War (New York, 2005).Google Scholar
von Clausewitz, Carl, On War, ed. and trans. by Howard, Michael and Paret, Peter (Princeton, NJ, 1989), p. 167.Google Scholar
Cohen, Eliot, “The Strategy of Innocence? The United States, 1920–1945,” in Murray, Williamson, Knox, MacGregor, and Bernstein, Alvin, eds., The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 463–464.Google Scholar
Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 2005).Google Scholar
Lee, Bradford A., “A Pivotal Campaign in a Peripheral Theater: Guadalcanal and World War II in the Pacific,” in Elleman, Bruce and Paine, S. C. M., eds., Naval Power and Expeditionary Wars: Peripheral Campaigns and New Theaters of Naval Warfare (London, 2011), pp. 84–98Google Scholar
US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943 (Washington, D.C., 1961), p. 488.Google Scholar
Gray, Colin, “Mission Improbable: Fear, Culture, and Interest: Peace Making, 1943–1949,” in Murray, Williamson and Lacey, Jim, eds., The Making of Peace: Rulers, States, and the Aftermath of War (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 265–291.Google Scholar
Kennan, George F., Memoirs 1925–1950 (Boston, 1967), pp. 283–295.Google Scholar
Tzu, Sun, The Art of War, trans. Griffith, Samuel B. (Oxford, 1963), p. 129.Google Scholar
Kennan, George, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 25, July 1947, pp. 566–582.Google Scholar
Lee, Bradford A., “Strategic Interaction: Theory and History for Practitioners,” in Mahnken, Thomas G., ed., Developing Competitive Strategies for the 21st Century (Stanford, CA, 2012), pp. 41–43.Google Scholar
Mayers, David, “Containment and the Primacy of Diplomacy: George Kennan’s Views, 1947–1948,” International Security, vol. 11, no. 1, Summer 1986, pp. 129–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miscamble, Wilson D., George Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947–1950 (Princeton, NJ, 1992), pp. 10, 27–28, 109–114Google Scholar
Gaddis, John Lewis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York, 2011), pp. 218–219, 232, 239, 252, 258–262, 271.Google Scholar
Lippmann, Walter, The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1947).Google Scholar
Porter, Patrick, “Beyond the American Century: Walter Lippmann and American Grand Strategy, 1943–1950,” Diplomacy & Statecraft, vol. 22, no. 4, December 2011, pp. 557–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thucydides, , The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, ed. Strassler, Robert B. (New York, 1996), pp. 45–47, 80–85.Google Scholar
Mayers, David, George Kennan and the Dilemmas of US Foreign Policy (Oxford, 1988), pp. 116–119.Google Scholar
Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, vol. I (Washington, D.C., 1977), pp. 235–312.Google Scholar
Wells, Jr. Samuel F., “Sounding the Tocsin: NSC 68 and the Soviet Threat,” International Security, vol. 4, no. 2, Autumn 1979, pp. 116–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leffler, Melvyn P., A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA, 1992), pp. 355ff.Google Scholar
Corke, Sarah-Jane, US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53 (London, 2008), chp. 3.Google Scholar
Thompson, Nicholas, The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan, and the History of the Cold War (New York, 2009), p. 119.Google Scholar
Nitze, Paul, “The Development of NSC 68,” International Security, vol. 4, no. 4, Spring 1980, p. 175.Google Scholar
Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), p. 374.Google Scholar
Nitze, Paul, with Smith, Ann M. and Rearden, Steven L., From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision – A Memoir (New York, 1989), chp. 5.Google Scholar
Kinnard, Douglas’s book President Eisenhower and Strategy Management (Lexington, KY, 1977)Google Scholar
Pickett, William B., ed., George F. Kennan and the Origins of Eisenhower’s New Look: An Oral History of Project Solarium (Princeton, NJ, 2004), p. 19.Google Scholar
Dockrill, Saki, Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy (New York, 1996), p. 28.Google Scholar
Watson, Robert J., The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy 1953–1954, vol. V: History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Washington, D.C., 1986), pp. 14–21Google Scholar
Radford, Admiral Arthur W., From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam: The Memoirs of Admiral Arthur W. Radford, ed. Jurika, Jr. Stephen (Stanford, CA, 1980), chp. 23.Google Scholar
Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, vol. II, pt. 1 (Washington, D.C., 1984)Google Scholar
Leighton, Richard M., Strategy, Money, and the New Look 1953–1956, vol. III: History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Washington, D.C., 2001), chs. 7–9.Google Scholar
Lee, Bradford A., “Teaching Strategy: A Scenic View from Newport,” in Marcella, Gabriel, ed., Teaching Strategy: Challenge and Response (Carlisle, PA, 2010), p. 115.Google Scholar
Lee, Bradford A., “The Cold War as a coalition struggle,” in Elleman, Bruce A. and Paine, S. C. M., eds., Naval Coalition Warfare: From the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom (London, 2008), pp. 146–157.Google Scholar
Gaddis, John, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997), chp. 7.Google Scholar
Taubman, William, Stalin’s American Policy: From Entente to Détente to Cold War (New York, 1982).Google Scholar
Mastny, Vojtech and Byrne, Malcolm, A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991 (Budapest, 2005).Google Scholar
Bullock, Alan, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary 1945–1951 (London, 1983), pp. 368–370Google Scholar
Deighton, Anne, The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany, and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baylis, John, The Diplomacy of Pragmatism: Britain and the Formation of NATO, 1942–1949 (Kent, OH, 1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundestad, Geir, “‘Empire’ by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945–1952,” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 23, no. 3, September 1986, pp. 263–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedlow, Gregory W., ed., NATO Strategy Documents 1949–1969 (Brussels, 1996).Google Scholar
Dockrill, Saki, Britain’s Policy for West German Rearmament (Cambridge, 1991)Google Scholar
Soutou, Georges-Henri, “France and the German Rearmament Problem,” in Ahmann, R., Burke, A. M., and Howard, M., eds., The Quest for Stability: Problems of West European Security 1918–1957 (London, 1993), pp. 487–512Google Scholar
Hitchcock, William I., France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944–1954 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998), chs. 5–6Google Scholar
Creswell, Michael, A Question of Balance: How France and the United States Created Cold War Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2006).Google Scholar
Speier, Hans, German Rearmament and Atomic War: The Views of German Military and Political Leaders (Evanston, IL, 1957), chp. 10Google Scholar
Messemer, Annette, “Konrad Adenauer: Defence Diplomat on the Backstage,” in Gaddis, John et al., eds., Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy since 1945 (Oxford, 1999), p. 242.Google Scholar
Schwabe, Klaus, “Adenauer and Nuclear Deterrence,” in Loth, Wilfried, ed., Europe, Cold War and Coexistence 1953–1965 (London, 2004), pp. 38–39.Google Scholar
Trachtenberg, Marc, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement (Princeton, NJ, 1999), chs. 5–7.Google Scholar
Forsberg, Aaron, America and the Japanese Miracle: The Cold War Context of Japan’s Postwar Economic Revival, 1950–1960 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000), chp. 2.Google Scholar
Swenson-Wright, John, Unequal Allies? United States Security and Alliance Policy Toward Japan, 1945–1960 (Stanford, CA, 2005), pp. 188ff.Google Scholar
Samuels, Richard J., Securing Japan: Tokyo’s Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia (Ithaca, NY, 2007), pp. 14–15, 29–37.Google Scholar
Kataoka, Tetsuya, The Price of a Constitution: The Origin of Japan’s Postwar Politics (New York, 1991), chs. 7–8.Google Scholar
Packard, George R., Protest in Tokyo: The Security Treaty Crisis of 1960 (Princeton, NJ, 1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotch, John, “The Origins of the American Security Commitment to Korea,” in Cumings, Bruce, ed., Child of Conflict: The Korean–American Relationship, 1943–1953 (Seattle, WA, 1983), pp. 239–259.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Burton I., The Arab Middle East and the United States: Inter-Arab Rivalry and Superpower Diplomacy (New York, 1996), pp. 19–21.Google Scholar
McMahon, Robert J., “The Illusion of Vulnerability: American Reassessments of the Soviet Threat, 1955–1956,” International History Review, vol. 18, no. 3, August 1996, pp. 603–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaqub, Salim, Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East (Chapel Hill, NC, 2004).Google Scholar
Schwartz, Thomas Alan, America’s Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finn, Richard B., Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan (Berkeley, 1992).Google Scholar
Mitrovich, Gregory, Undermining the Kremlin: America’s Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956 (Ithaca, NY, 2000)Google Scholar
Osgood, Kenneth, Total Cold War: Eisenhower’s Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad (Lawrence, KS, 2006).Google Scholar
Gati, Charles, Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (Washington, D.C. and Stanford, CA, 2006)Google Scholar
Tudda, Chris, “Reenacting the Story of Tantalus: Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Failed Rhetoric of Liberation,” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 7, no. 4, Fall 2005, pp. 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, Brian Angus, Remaking France: Americanization, Public Diplomacy, and the Marshall Plan (New York, 2005).Google Scholar
Rosenberg, David Alan, “American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision,” The Journal of American History, vol. 66, no. 1, June 1979, p. 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Steven T., American War Plans 1945–1950 (New York, 1988), pp. 89–94.Google Scholar
Lilienthal, David, The Atomic Energy Years 1945–1950 (New York, 1964), pp. 307, 342, 391, 474.Google Scholar
Rearden, Steven L., The Formative Years 1947–1950, vol. I of History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, ed. Goldberg, Alfred (Washington, D.C., 1984), p. 327.Google Scholar
Drew, Nelson, ed., NSC-68: Forging the Strategy of Containment (Washington, D.C., 1994).Google Scholar
Poole, Walter S., History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, vol. IV: 1950–1952 (Washington, D.C. 1998), chp. 4Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Alan, “The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945–1960,” International Security, vol. 7, no. 4, Spring 1983, pp. 22–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Immerman, Richard H., John Foster Dulles: Piety, Pragmatism, and Power in U.S. Foreign Policy (Wilmington, DE, 1999), p. 83.Google Scholar
Gaddis, John Lewis, “The Unexpected John Foster Dulles: Nuclear Weapons, Communism, and the Russians,” in Immerman, Richard H., ed., John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War (Princeton, NJ, 1990), pp. 47–77Google Scholar
Dulles, John Foster, “Policy for Security and Peace,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 32, no. 3, April 1954, pp. 353–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Matthew, “Targeting China: U.S. Nuclear Planning and ‘Massive Retaliation’ in East Asia, 1953–1955,” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 10, no. 4, Fall 2008, pp. 60–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, Campbell, Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and Thermonuclear War (New York, 1998), pp. 62–63.Google Scholar
Kissinger, Henry, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (New York, 1957).Google Scholar
Stueck, William, “Reassessing U.S. Strategy in the Aftermath of the Korean War,” Orbis, vol. 53, no. 4, Fall 2009, p. 585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, Hubert, “The Improbable Permanence of a Commitment: America’s Troop Presence in Europe during the Cold War,” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, Winter 2009, pp. 4–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffield, John S., Power Rules: The Evolution of NATO’s Conventional Force Posture (Stanford, CA, 1995), p. 234.Google Scholar
Zubok, Vladislav and Pleshakov, Constantine, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996)Google Scholar
Zubok, Vladislav M., A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007)Google Scholar
Haslam, Jonathan, Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (New Haven, CT, 2011)Google Scholar
Jian, Chen, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001)Google Scholar
Luthi, Lorenz M., The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton, NJ, 2008).Google Scholar
Yufan, Hao and Zhihai, Zhai, “China’s Decision to Enter the Korean War: History Revisited,” The China Quarterly, vol. 121, March 1990, pp. 106–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, Glenn, Deterrence by Punishment and Denial (Princeton, NJ, 1959)Google Scholar
Pape, Robert, Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War (Ithaca, NY, 1996)Google Scholar
Zhang, Shu Guang, Deterence and Strategic Culture: Chinese and American Confrontations, 1949–1958 (Ithaca, NY, 1993), pp. 131–136.Google Scholar
Elleman, Bruce A., High Sea Buffer: The Taiwan Patrol Force, 1950–1979 (Newport, RI, 2012), chp. 8Google Scholar
Gallichio, Marc S., “The Best Defense is a Good Offense: The Evolution of American Strategy in East Asia,” in Cohen, Warren I. and Iriye, Akira, eds., The Great Powers in East Asia 1953–1960 (New York, 1990), p. 78.Google Scholar
Chang, Gordon H. and Di, He, “The Absence of War in the U.S.–China Confrontation over Quemoy and Matsu in 1954–1955: Contingency, Luck, Deterrence?” American Historical Review, vol. 98, no. 5, December 1993, pp. 1500–1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trachtenberg, Marc, History and Strategy (Princeton, NJ, 1991), chp. 5Google Scholar
Burr, William, “Avoiding the Slippery Slope: The Eisenhower Administration and the Berlin Crisis, November 1958–January 1959,” Diplomatic History, vol. 18, no. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 177–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaidar, Yegor, Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia, trans. Bouis, Antonina W. (Washington, D.C., 2007)Google Scholar
Kunz, Diane B., “When Money Counts and Doesn’t: Economic Power and Diplomatic Objectives,” Diplomatic History, vol. 18, no. 4, Fall 1994, pp. 451–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunz, , The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991).Google Scholar
Dobson, Alan B., “From Instrumental to Expressive: The Changing Goals of the U.S. Cold War Strategic Embargo,” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 12, no. 1, Winter 2010, pp. 98–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funigello, Philip J., American–Soviet Trade in the Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1988), chs. 2–5.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shu Guang, Economic Cold War: America’s Embargo against China and the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949–1963 (Washington, D.C. and Stanford, CA, 2001), chs. 5 and 7Google Scholar
Milward, Alan S., The Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945–1951 (Berkeley, CA, 1984).Google Scholar
DeLong, J. Bradford and Eichengreen, Barry, “The Marshall Plan: History’s Most Succesful Structural Adjustment Program,” in Dornbusch, Rudiger et al., eds., Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Its Lessons for the East Today (Cambridge, MA, 1993), pp. 189–230.Google Scholar
Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict (Cambridge, MA, 1969), pp. 124–126, 283–284.Google Scholar
Jersild, Austin, “The Soviet State as Imperial Scavenger: ‘Catch Up and Surpass’ in the Transnational Socialist Bloc, 1950–1960,” American Historical Review, vol. 116, no. 1, February 2011, pp. 109–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, Charles’s writings, which began with “The Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy after World War II,” International Organization, vol. 31, no. 4, Autumn 1977, pp. 607–633CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekbladh, David, The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of an American World Order (Princeton, NJ, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, Bevan, “Early Modernisation Theory? The Eisenhower Administration and the Foreign Policy of Development in Brazil,” English Historical Review, vol. 125, no. 517, December 2010, pp. 1449–1480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, Robert J., “The Illusion of Vulnerability: American Reassessments of the Soviet Threat, 1955–1956,” International History Review, vol. 18, no. 3, August 1996, pp. 591–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westad, Odd Arne, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (Cambridge, 2007), p. 404.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ, 2001)Google Scholar
McKenzie, Francine, “GATT and the Cold War: Accession Debates, Institutional Development, and the Western Alliance, 1947–1959,” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 10, no. 3, Summer 2008, pp. 78–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, Ernest R., The Truman Administration and China, 1945–1949 (Philadelphia, PA, 1975)Google Scholar
May, Ernest R., “Lessons” of the Past: The Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy (Oxford, 1973), chp. 3.Google Scholar
Beisner, Robert L., Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (Oxford, 2006)Google Scholar
Immerman, Richard H., “Between the Unattainable and the Unacceptable: Eisenhower and Dienbienphu,” Reevaluating Eisenhower: American Foreign Policy in the 1950s, ed. Melanson, Richard A. and Mayers, David (Urbana, IL, 1987), p. 123.Google Scholar
Accinelli, Robert: Crisis and Commitment: United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950–1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996), chs. 8–10Google Scholar
Ross, Robert S. and Changbin, Jiang, eds., Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.–China Diplomacy, 1954–1973 (Cambridge, MA, 2001), chp. 4Google Scholar
The Presidency: The Middle Way, eds. Galambos, Louis and Van Ee, Daun (Baltimore, MD, 1996), pp. 1639–1642, 1654–1659.Google Scholar
Christensen, Thomas J., Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947–1958 (Princeton, NJ, 1996), chp. 6.Google Scholar
Lewis, John Wilson and Litai, Xue, China Builds the Bomb (Stanford, CA, 1988), pp. 22–42, 60–72Google Scholar
Khrushchev, Nikita, Khrushchev Remembers, ed. Talbott, Strobe (Boston, 1970), pp. 469–470Google Scholar
Khrushchev, Nikita, Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, eds. Schechter, Jerrold L. and Luchkov, Vyacheslav V. (Boston, 1990), pp. 147–150.Google Scholar
Gromyko, Andrei A., Memoirs (New York, 1989), pp. 251–252.Google Scholar
Friedberg, Aaron L., In the Shadow of the Garrison State: America’s Anti-Statism and Its Cold War Grand Strategy (Princeton, NJ, 2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogel, Robert W., “Reconsidering Expectations of Economic Growth After World War II from the Perspective of 2004,” IMF Staff Papers, vol. 52, 2005, pp. 7–9.Google Scholar
Taylor, Jason E., Basu, Bharati, and McLean, Steven, “Net Exports and the Avoidance of High Unemployment During Reconversion, 1945–1947,” Journal of Economic History vol. 71, no. 2, June 2011, pp. 447–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinhart, Carmen M. and Rogoff, Kenneth S., “Growth in a Time of Debt,” American Economic Review vol. 100, no. 2, May 2010, pp. 573–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romer, Christina D. and Romer, David H., “A Rehabilitation of Monetary Policy in the 1950s,” NBER Working Paper 8800 (Cambridge, MA, 2002).Google Scholar
Barlow, Jeffrey G., From Hot War to Cold: The U.S. Navy and National Security Affairs, 1945–1955 (Stanford, CA, 2009), pp. 329ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×