This chapter provides an overview of current and future practices in in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories, with discussion of key biological and logistical considerations that optimize embryo quality and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. The method of standard IVF involves insemination of mature oocytes with a known concentration of spermatozoa purified from an ejaculate, using a variety of separation methods. Clinical IVF is unique with respect to the directness of translation of laboratory techniques from experimental embryology using mammalian models. Even today, embryo production by IVF and associated manipulation procedures in human or veterinary medicine and in reproductive biology are essentially the same. Emerging technologies are continuing to improve the capability and safety of all facets of existing assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs), particularly in the areas of extended embryo culture, improved embryo viability, innovations in embryo assessment and selection, and innovations in cryopreservation techniques.