As highlighted in Chapter 1, anomalous transport phenomena can be observed in a wide variety of complex, multi-scale, and multi-physics systems such as: sub-/super-diffusion in subsurface transport, kinetic plasma turbulence, aging polymers, glassy materials, in addition to amorphous semiconductors, biological cells, heterogeneous tissues, and fractal disordered media. In this chapter, we focus on some selective applications of FPDEs and the methods presented in earlier chapters, reporting the scientific evidence of how and why fractional modeling naturally emerges in each case, along with a review of selected nonlocal mathematical models that have been proposed. The applications of interest are: (i) concentration transport in surface/subsurface dynamics, (ii) complex rheology and material damage, and (iii) fluid turbulence and geostrophic transport.