The Machine in the Ghost: A Dual Process Model of Defense Against Conscious and Unconscious Death-Related Thought

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511735066.005

3 - The Machine in the Ghost: A Dual Process Model of Defense Against Conscious and Unconscious Death-Related Thought

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010

Tom Pyszczynski ,

Jeff Greenberg and

Sheldon Solomon

Edited by

Joseph P. Forgas ,

Kipling D. Williams and

Simon M. Laham

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Tom Pyszczynski: Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
Jeff Greenberg: Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Arizona
Sheldon Solomon: Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Skidmore College
Joseph P. Forgas: Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Kipling D. Williams: Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Simon M. Laham: Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

The proposition that people are often unaware of the forces that lead them to do the things they do is one of the oldest, most widely accepted, but at times most controversial ideas in the history of psychology. Since psychology's inception, the popularity of accounts of behavior that emphasize unconscious motivational forces has waxed and waned. Although virtually all psychologists probably agree that people are typically not aware of all the forces and processes that determine their behavior, the idea that people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are driven by powerful fears and needs of which they are unaware is considerably more contentious. Building on earlier theorizing in existential philosophy and psychoanalytic psychology, Terror Management Theory (TMT; Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986; Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 1991) posits that a very deeply rooted fear of death unique to our species motivates a great deal of human behavior. A substantial literature consisting of over 170 separate studies conducted in at least nine different countries has accumulated over the past 15 years, supporting a variety of hypotheses derived from TMT (for reviews, see Greenberg, Solomon, & Pyszczynski, 1997; Pyszczynski, Solomon, & Greenberg, 2003). This research demonstrates that thoughts of death affect a broad range of human behavior, but that these effects occur in the absence of consciously experienced affect and occur primarily when death-related thoughts are on the fringes of consciousness.

Type: Chapter
Information: Social Motivation
Conscious and Unconscious Processes
, pp. 40 - 54

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511735066.005 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2004

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