Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T07:02:13.924Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - The Altar of P. Perelius Hedulus in Carthage and the Social Aspects of Provincial Image-Making

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2020

By
Megan Goldman-Petri
Edited by
Amy Russell  and
Monica Hellström
Amy Russell
Affiliation:
Brown University, Rhode Island
Monica Hellström
Affiliation:
University of Durham
Get access

Summary

This paper examines the Gens Augusta altar from Carthage dedicated by P. Perelius Hedulus, which is often said to replicate an image panel from the Ara Pacis, in order to understand the mechanisms by which imperial images were reproduced across the empire. Where conventional models have focused simply on image correspondence, I trace the movement of artists, architectural materials, religious concepts, and ideological knowledge in order to map out the diverse and distributed networks by which images circulated in the Roman empire. In so doing, the paper upends our traditional models that see Rome as a source of images that are then reproduced on the imperial periphery. Rather than a straightforward example of replication, I argue that the altar had no direct relationship to a particular Roman model, contending instead that the images on this altar were designed in Carthage and reflect the interplay between local social dynamics and imperial ideology.

Keywords

Carthagerelief sculpturemarbleiconographyprovincial eliteimperial culttransmission of iconography
Type
Chapter
Information
The Social Dynamics of Roman Imperial Imagery , pp. 180 - 214
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alcock, S. E., Egri, M., and Frakes, J. F. D. (eds.) 2016. Beyond Boundaries: Connecting Visual Cultures in the Provinces of Ancient Rome (Los Angeles: Getty).Google Scholar
Ando, C. 2000. Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press).Google Scholar
Bassignano, M. S. 1974. Il flaminato nelle province romane dell’Africa (Rome: Istituto di Storia Antica II).Google Scholar
Beard, M., North, J., and Price, S. R. F. 1998. Religions of Rome, Vol. 1 (New York; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Bendlin, A. 1997. ‘Peripheral centres – central peripheries: religious communication in the Roman Empire’, in Cancik, H. and Rüpke, J. (eds.), Römische Reichsreligion und Provinzialreligion (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck), 35–68.Google Scholar
Bendlin, A. 2001. ‘Rituals or beliefs? “Religion” and the religious life of Rome’, SCI 20: 191–208.Google Scholar
Bernard, H., Bessac, J. C., Mardikian, P., and Feugère, M. 1998. ‘L’épave romaine de marbre de Porto Nuovo’, JRA 11: 53–81.Google Scholar
Billows, R. 1993. ‘The religious procession of the Ara Pacis Augustae: Augustus’ supplicatio in 13 b.c.e.’, JRA 6: 80–92.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. P. 1983. Roman Brick Stamps in the Kelsey Museum (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).Google Scholar
Borbein, A. H. 1975. ‘Die Ara Pacis Augustae: Geschichtliche Wirklichkeit und Programm’, JDAI 90: 242–66.Google Scholar
Bordignon, G. 2010. Ara Pacis Augustae (Venice: Cafoscarina).Google Scholar
Boschung, D. 2003. ‘Die stadtrömischen Monumente des Augustus und ihre Rezeption im Reich’, in Noelke, P., Naumann-Steckner, F., and Schneider, B. (eds.), Romanisation und Resistenz in Plastik, Architektur und Inschriften der Provinzen des Imperium Romanum (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern), 1–12.Google Scholar
Brendel, O. 1930. ‘Immolatio boum’, MDAI 45.3–4: 196–226.Google Scholar
Brent, A. 2010. Cyprian and Carthage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Briand-Ponsart, C. 2003. ‘Thugga et Thamugadi: exemples des cités africaines’, in Cébeillac Gervasoni, M. and Lamoine, L. (eds.), Les élites et leurs facettes: les élites locales dans le monde hellénistique et romain (Rome: École française de Rome), 241–66.Google Scholar
Broekaert, W. 2016. ‘Freedmen and agency in Roman business’, in Wilson, A. and Flohr, M. (eds.), Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Roman World (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 222–53.Google Scholar
Cagnat, R. 1913. ‘Un temple de la Gens Augusta à Carthage’, CRAI 57.9: 680–6.Google Scholar
Carrier, C. 2005–6. ‘Sculptures augustéennes du théâtre d’Arles’, Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise 38–9: 365–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castrén, P. 1975. Ordo Populusque Pompeianus: Polity and Society in Roman Pompeii. Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae 8 (Rome: Bardi).Google Scholar
Castriota, D. 1995. The Ara Pacis Augustae and the Imagery of Abundance in Later Greek and Roman Imperial Art (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Clarke, J. R. 2010. ‘Model-book, outline book, figure book: new observations on the creation of near-exact copies’, in Bragantini, I. (ed.), Atti del X Congresso Internazionale dell’Association Internationale pour la peinture murale antique, Napoli 17–21 Settembre 2007 (Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli), 203–14.Google Scholar
Coles, A. 2017. ‘Between patronage and prejudice: freedman magistrates in the late Roman Republic and Empire’, TAPhA 147: 179–208.Google Scholar
Conlin, D. A. 1997. Artists of the Ara Pacis: The Process of Hellenization in Roman Relief Sculpture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).Google Scholar
Cornwell, H. 2017. Pax and the Politics of Peace: Republic to Principate (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dardenay, A. 2007. ‘Le rôle de l’image des primordia Vrbis dans l’expression du culte imperial’, in Nogales, T. and González, J. (eds.), Culto Imperial: política y poder (Rome: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider), 153–72.Google Scholar
Dardenay, A. 2010. Les mythes fondateurs de Rome: images et politique dans l’Occident romain (Paris: Picard).Google Scholar
Davies, S. H. 2011. ‘An Augustan-period altar at Carthage: freedman status and Roman provincial identity’, in Martin, S. and Butler, D., It’s Good to be King: The Archaeology of Power and Authority. Proceedings of the 41st (2008) Annual Chacmool Archaeological Conference, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Calgary: Chacmool Archaeological Association), 213–24.Google Scholar
de la Barrera, J. L. and Trillmich, W. 1996. ‘Eine Wiederholung der Aeneas-Gruppe vom Forum Augustum samt ihrer Inschrift in Mérida (Spanien)’, MDAI(R) 103: 119–38.Google Scholar
Deneauve, J. 1979. ‘Les structures romaines de Byrsa: historique des recherches’, in Lancel, S. (ed.), Byrsa I: Mission archéologique française à Carthage; rapports préliminaires des fouilles (1974–1976), Collection de l’École française de Rome 41.1 (Rome: École française de Rome), 41–55.Google Scholar
Deneauve, J. 1990. ‘Le centre monumental de Carthage: un ensemble cultuel sur la colline de Byrsa’, in Lancel, S. (ed.), Carthage et son territoire dans l’antiquité: Actes du IVe colloque international sur l’histoire et l’archéologie de l’Afrique du Nord, Vol. 1 (Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques), 143–55.Google Scholar
Dowling, M. B. 2006. Clemency and Cruelty in the Roman World (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsner, J. 2009. ‘P. Artemid.: the images’, in Brodersen, K. and Elsner, J. (eds.), Images and Texts on the Artemidorus Papyrus (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag), 43–6.Google Scholar
Espérandieu, E. 1907. Recueil général des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine, vol. 1 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale).Google Scholar
Estienne, S. 2010. ‘Simulacra deorum versus ornamenta aedium: the status of divine images in the temples of Rome’, in Mylonopoulos, J. (ed.), Divine Images and Human Imaginations in Ancient Greece and Rome. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 170 (Leiden; Boston: Brill), 257–71.Google Scholar
Fant, J. C. 1988. ‘The Roman emperors in the marble business: capitalists, middlemen, or philanthropists?’ in Herz, N. and Waelkens, M. (eds.), Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, and Trade. Nato ASI Series 153 (Dordrecht: Springer), 147–58.Google Scholar
Fant, J. C. 1993. ‘Ideology, gift, and trade: a distribution model for Roman imperial marbles’, in Harris, W. V. (ed.), The Inscribed Economy. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 6 (Providence: Journal of Roman Archaeology), 145–70.Google Scholar
Fayer, C. 1976. Il culto della dea Roma: origine e diffusione nell’Impero (Pescara: Trimestre).Google Scholar
Fishwick, D. 1981. ‘From flamen to sacerdos: the title of the provincial priest of Africa Proconsularis’, BCTH 17: 337–44.Google Scholar
Fishwick, D. 1987. The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, Part 1: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill).Google Scholar
Fishwick, D. 1996. ‘The origins of Africa Proconsularis, III: the era of the Cereres again’, AntAfr 32: 13–36.Google Scholar
Fishwick, D. 1998. ‘The provincial priesthood of L. Calpurnius Augustalis’, AntAfr 34: 73–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishwick, D. 2002. The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, Vol. 3: Provincial Cult, Part 1: Institution and Evolution (Leiden: Brill).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishwick, D. 2014. ‘Iconography and ideology: the statue group in the temple of Mars Ultor’, in Fishwick, D., Cult Places and Cult Personnel in the Roman Empire (Farnham: Ashgate), 63–94.Google Scholar
Fishwick, D. and Shaw, B. 1978. ‘The era of the Cereres’, Historia 27: 343–54.Google Scholar
Fittschen, K. 1976. ‘Zum angeblichen Bildnis des Lucius Verus im Thermen Museum’, JDAI 86: 214–52.Google Scholar
Flory, M. B. 1996. ‘Dynastic ideology, the domus Augusta, and imperial women: a lost statuary group in the Circus Flaminius’, TAPhA 126: 287–306.Google Scholar
Franklin, J. L. 2001. ‘Pompeis Difficile Est’: Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, W. 1973. ‘Die Bildgeschichte der Flucht des Aeneas’, ANRW I.4: 615–32.Google Scholar
Galinsky, K. 1996. Augustan Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. 1981. ‘Independent freedmen and the economy of Roman Italy under the principate’, Klio 63: 359–71.Google Scholar
Goldbeck, V. 2015. Fora augusta: Das Augustusforum und seine Rezeption im Westen des Imperium Romanum. Eikoniká: Kunstwissenschaftliche Beiträge 5 (Regensburg: Schnell und Steiner).Google Scholar
Golenko, K. V. and Karyszkowski, P. J. 1972. ‘The gold coinage of King Pharnaces of the Bosporus’, NC ser. 7, 12: 25–38.Google Scholar
Gordon, M. L. 1924. ‘The nationality of slaves under the early Roman Empire’, JRS 14: 93–111.Google Scholar
Gradel, I. 2002. Emperor Worship and Roman Religion (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Gros, P. 1990. ‘Le premier urbanisme de la Colonia Julia Carthago: mythes et réalités d’une fondation césaro-augustéenne’, in L’Afrique dans l’Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.C.–IVe siècle ap. J.C.). Publications de l’École française de Rome 134 (Rome: École française de Rome), 547–73.Google Scholar
Hallett, C. H. 2004. Review of D. Boschung, Gens Augusta: Untersuchungen zu Aufstellung, Wirkung und Bedeutung der Statuengruppen des julisch-claudischen Kaiserhauses, Gnomon 76.5: 437–45.Google Scholar
Hänlein-Schäfer, H. 1985. Veneratio Augusti: Eine Studie zu den Tempeln des ersten römischen Kaisers. Archaeologica 39 (Rome: Bretschneider).Google Scholar
Helen, T. 1975. Organization of Roman Brick Production in the First and Second Centuries: An Interpretation of Roman Brick Stamps (Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia).Google Scholar
Hemelrijk, E. A. 2005. ‘Priestesses of the imperial cult in the Latin west: titles and functions’, AC 74: 137–70.Google Scholar
Herrmann, J. J. Jr, Attanasio, D., Tykot, R. H., and van den Hoek, A. 2012. ‘Characterization and distribution of marble from Cap de Garde and Mt. Filfila, Algeria’, in Gutiérrez Garcia-Moreno, A., Lapuente Mercadal, P., and Rodà de Lllanza, I. (eds.), Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone: Proceedings of the IX Association for the Study of Marbles and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) Conference (Tarragona 2009) (Tarragona: Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica), 300–9.Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 2005. Globalizing Roman Culture: Unity, Diversity and Empire (London: Routledge).Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 2012. Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell).Google Scholar
Holliday, P. J. 2002. The Origins of Roman Historical Commemoration in the Visual Arts (New York; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Hölscher, T. 1984. Staatsdenkmal und Publikum: vom Untergang der Republik bis zur Festigung des Kaisertums in Rom (Konstanz: Universitätsverlag Konstanz).Google Scholar
Hölscher, T. 2004. The Language of Images in Roman Art (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Hurst, H. 2010. ‘Understanding Carthage as a Roman port’, in Keay, S. and Boetto, G. (eds.), Ostia and the Ports of the Roman Mediterranean: Contributions from Archaeology and History. 17th AIAC International Congress of Classical Archaeology (Rome: Bollettino di Archeologia Online), 49–68.Google Scholar
Joyce, L. B. 2015. ‘Roma and the virtuous breast’, MAAR 59/60: 1–49.Google Scholar
Kantiréa, M. 2007. Les dieux et les dieux augustes: le culte impérial en Grèce sous les Julio-claudiens et les Flaviens: études épigraphiques et archéologiques. Meletemata (Kentron Hellenikes kai Romaikes Archaiotetos) 50 (Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation).Google Scholar
Kent, J. H. 1966. Corinth: Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 8, Part 3: The Inscriptions 1926–1950 (Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens).Google Scholar
Koortbojian, M. 2013. The Divinization of Caesar and Augustus: Precedents, Consequences, and Implications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Kraus, T. 1979. ‘Zum Mars Ultor-Relief in Algier’, in Kopcke, G. and Moore, M. B. (eds.), Studies in Classical Art and Archaeology: A Tribute to Peter Heinrich von Blanckenhagen (Locust Valley: J. J. Augustin): 239–45.Google Scholar
Laird, M. 2015. Civic Monuments and the Augustales in Roman Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Le Glay, M. 1985. ‘Les premiers temps de Carthage romaine: pour une révise des dates’, BCTH 19B: 235–48.Google Scholar
Le Glay, M. 1990a. ‘Évergétisme et vie religieuse dans l’Afrique romaine’, in L’Afrique dans l’Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.C.–IVe siècle ap. J.C.). Publications de l’École française de Rome 134 (Rome: École française de Rome), 77–88.Google Scholar
Le Glay, M. 1990b. ‘La place des affranchis dans la vie municipale et dans la vie religieuse’, MEFRA 102: 621–38.Google Scholar
Long, L. 1999. ‘Carte archéologique: Camargue et Rhône’, Bilan scientifique – Département des recherches archéologiques subaquatiques et sous-marines: 41–6.Google Scholar
Lott, J. B. 2004. The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Lott, J. B. 2014/15. ‘The earliest Augustan gods outside Rome’, CJ 110: 129–58.Google Scholar
Manders, E. 2012. Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, ad 193–284. Impact of Empire 15. (Leiden: Brill).Google Scholar
Mannsperger, D. 1974. ‘ROM.ET.AVG. Die Selbstdarstellung des Kaisertums in der römischen Reichsprägung’, ANRW II.1: 919–96.Google Scholar
McCarty, M. 2011. ‘Representations and the “meaning” of ritual change: the case of Hadrumetum’, in Chaniotis, A. (ed.), Ritual Dynamics in the Ancient Mediterranean: Agency, Emotion, Gender, Representation. Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien 49 (Stuttgart: Steiner), 197–228.Google Scholar
McIntyre, G. 2016. A Family of Gods: The Worship of the Imperial Family in the Latin West (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).Google Scholar
Mellor, R. 1981. ‘The goddess Roma’, ANRW II.17.2: 950–1030.Google Scholar
Millis, B. W. 2014. ‘The local magistrates and elite of Roman Corinth’, in Friesen, S. J., James, S., and Schowalter, D. (eds.), Corinth in Contrast: Studies in Inequality (Leiden: Brill), 38–53.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 1988. Elections, Magistrates, and Municipal Élite: Studies in Pompeian Epigraphy (Rome: Bretschneider).Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 2005. ‘Freedmen and decurions: epitaphs and social history in imperial Italy’, JRS 95: 38–63.Google Scholar
Naerebout, F. G. 2008. ‘Global Romans? Is globalisation a concept that is going to help us understand the Roman empire?’, Talanta 38/9: 149–70.Google Scholar
Newby, Z. 2016. Greek Myths in Roman Art and Culture: Imagery, Values and Identity in Italy, 50 bce–ad 250 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Noreña, C. 2011. Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. 2002. ‘Il fenomeno del marmo nel mondo romano’, in De Nuccio, M. and Ungaro, L. (eds.), I marmi colorati della Roma imperiale (Venice: Marsilio), 3–67.Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. 2004. ‘La diffusione del marmo lunense nelle province occidentali’, in Romallo, S. F. (ed.), La decóracion arquitectónica en las ciudades romanas de occidente (Murcia: Universidad), 421–43.Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. 2013. ‘Il marmo lunense nei programmi architettonici e statuari dell’Occidente romano’, in Garcia-Entero, V. (ed), El marmor en Hispania: explotación, uso y difusión en época romana (Madrid: UNED), 17–48.Google Scholar
Petersen, L. H. 2006. The Freedman in Roman Art and Art History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Picard, C. 1984. ‘Demeter et Kore à Carthage: problèmes d’iconographie’, Kokalos 28–9 [1982/3]: 187–94.Google Scholar
Pitts, M. and Versluys, M. J. (eds.) 2015. Globalisation and the Roman World: Perspectives and Opportunities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Poinssot, L. 1913–16. ‘Inscriptions de Thugga découvertes en 1910–1913’, NouvArch 21: 1–227.Google Scholar
Poinssot, L. 1919. ‘Les fouilles de Dougga en 1919 et le quartier du forum’, NouvArch 22: 133–98.Google Scholar
Poinssot, L. 1929. L’autel de la Gens Augusta à Carthage. Notes et documents publiés par la Direction des antiquités et arts 10 (Paris; Tunis: Protectorat français; Gouvernement tunisien).Google Scholar
Pollini, J. 2012. From Republic to Empire: Rhetoric, Religion, and Power in the Visual Culture of Ancient Rome (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press).Google Scholar
Price, S. R. F. 1984. Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Purcell, N. 1995. ‘On the sacking of Carthage and Corinth’, in Innes, D., Hine, H., and Pelling, C. (eds.), Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 133–48.Google Scholar
Rakob, F. 2000. ‘The making of Augustan Carthage’, in Fentress, E. (ed.), Romanization and the City: Creation, Transformations, and Failures. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 38 (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology), 73–82.Google Scholar
Rice, C., Wilson, A., and Schörle, K. 2012. ‘Roman ports and Mediterranean connectivity’, in Keay, S. (ed.), Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 21 (London: British School at Rome), 367–92.Google Scholar
Richardson, L. 1988. Pompeii: An Architectural History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).Google Scholar
Rives, J. B. 1995. Religion and Authority in Roman Carthage from Augustus to Constantine (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Rives, J. B. 2001. ‘Imperial cult and native tradition in Roman North Africa’, CJ 96: 425–36.Google Scholar
Rose, C. B. 1997. Dynastic Commemoration and Imperial Portraiture in the Julio-Claudian Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Rowe, G. 2002. Princes and Political Cultures: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).Google Scholar
Ruffing, K. 2016. ‘Driving forces for specialization: market, location factors, productivity improvements’, in Wilson, A. and Flohr, M. (eds.), Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Roman World (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 115–31.Google Scholar
Russell, A. 2016. The Politics of Public Space in Republican Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Russell, B. 2012. ‘Shipwrecks and stone cargoes: some observations’, in Gutiérrez Garcia-Moreno, A., Lapuente Mercadal, P., and Rodà de Lllanza, I. (eds.), Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone: Proceedings of the IX Association for the Study of Marbles and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) Conference (Tarragona 2009) (Tarragona: Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica), 533–9.Google Scholar
Russell, B. 2014. The Economics of the Roman Stone Trade (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Ryberg, I. S. 1955. Rites of the State Religion in Roman Art (Rome: American Academy in Rome).Google Scholar
Saastamoinen, A. 2000. ‘Some remarks on the development of the style of Roman building inscriptions in Roman North Africa’, AfrRom 13: 1684–94.Google Scholar
Saastamoinen, A. 2008a. The Phraseology and Structure of Latin Building Inscriptions in Roman North Africa. PhD Diss: Helsinki.Google Scholar
Saastamoinen, A. 2008b. ‘Some observations on the authorship of building inscriptions’, AfrRom 17: 237–52.Google Scholar
Saint-Amans, S. 2004. Topographie religieuse de Thugga (Dougga) (Bordeaux: Ausonius).Google Scholar
Saumagne, C. 1924. ‘Notes de topographie Carthaginoise: la colline Saint-Louis’, BCTH 5B: 177–93, 629–47.Google Scholar
Saumagne, C. 1979. ‘Le métroon de Carthage et ses abords’, manuscript published posthumously by Ennabli, A., Deneauve, J., Gros, P., and Lancel, S., in Lancel, S. (ed.), Byrsa I: Mission archéologique française à Carthage; Rapports préliminaires des fouilles (1974–1976) (Rome: École française de Rome), 283–310.Google Scholar
Sauron, G. 1991. ‘L’espace sacrificiel dans les civilisations méditerranéennes de l’Antiquité’, in L’espace sacrificiel dans les civilizations méditerranéennes de l’Antiquité. Actes du colloque, Maison de l’Orient, Lyon 4–7 juin 1988 (Paris: De Boccard): 205–16.Google Scholar
Saumagne, C. 1994. Quis deum? L’expression plastique des idéologies politiques et religieuses à Rome. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 285 (Rome: École française de Rome).Google Scholar
Sauron, G. 2000. L’Histoire végétalisée: ornament et politique à Rome (Paris: Picard).Google Scholar
Scheid, J. 2005. Quand faire, c’est croire (Paris: Aubier).Google Scholar
Scheid, J. 2007. ‘Le sens des rites: l’exemple romain’, in Bonnet, C. and Scheid, J. (eds.), Rites et croyances dans les religions du monde romain: huit exposés suivis de discussions. Entretiens Hardt 53 (Geneva: Fondation Hardt), 39–63.Google Scholar
Schmidt-Colinet, A. 2009. ‘“Musterbücher” statt “Meisterforschung”: zum Verständnis antiker Werkstattstrukturen und Produktionsprozesse’, JRA 22: 787–92.Google Scholar
Schörner, G. 2006. ‘Opferritual und Opferdarstellung im römischen Kleinasien: ein Testfall für das Zentrum-Peripherie-Modell’, in Erdkamp, P., Hekster, O., de Kleijn, G., Mols, S. T. A. M., and de Blois, L. (eds.), The Impact of Imperial Rome on Religions, Ritual and Religious Life in the Roman Empire (Leiden: Brill), 138–49.Google Scholar
Schörner, G. 2009. ‘Bild und Vorbild: Nordafrika – Rom – Kleinasien’, in Cancik, H. and Rüpke, J. (eds.), Die Religion des Imperium Romanum: Koine und Konfrontationen (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck), 249–71.Google Scholar
Scott, S. and Webster, J. (eds.) 2003. Roman Imperialism and Provincial Art (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Sebaï, L. L. 2005. La colline de Byrsa à l’époque romaine: étude épigraphique et état de la question. Karthago: Revue d’archéologie méditerranéenne 26 (Paris: CEAM).Google Scholar
Sebaï, M. 2005. ‘La romanisation en Afrique, retour sur un débat. La résistance africaine: une approche libératrice?’ Afrique et Histoire 3: 39–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setälä, P. 1977. Private domini in Roman Brick Stamps of the Empire: A Historical and Prosopographical Study of Landowners in the District of Rome (Helsinki: Institutum Romanum Finlandiae).Google Scholar
Settis, S. 1988. ‘Die Ara Pacis’, in Heilmeyer, W. D., La Rocca, E., and Martin, H. G. (eds.), Kaiser Augustus und die Verlorene Republik: Eine Ausstellung im Martin-Gropius-Bau Berlin 7. Juni–14. August 1988 (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern), 400–26.Google Scholar
Settis, S. 2008. ‘Il contributo del papiro alla storia dell’arte antica’, in Gallazzi, C., Krämer, B., and Settis, S. (eds.), Il papiro di Artemidoro (Milan: LED, Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto), 576–616.Google Scholar
Severy, B. 2000. ‘Family and state in the early imperial monarchy: the Senatus Consultum de Pisone Patre, Tabula Siarensis, and Tabula Hebana’, CP 95: 318–37.Google Scholar
Simon, E. 1978. ‘Apollo in Rom’, JDAI 93: 202–27.Google Scholar
Simon, E. 1986. Augustus: Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende (Munich: Hirmer).Google Scholar
Smadja, E. 1980. ‘Remarques sur les débuts du culte impérial en Afrique sous le regne d’Auguste’, in Religions, pouvoir, rapports sociaux. Collection de l’Institut des sciences et techniques de l’antiquité 32. Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 237 (Paris: Les Belles Lettres), 151–69.Google Scholar
Smith, R. R. R. 2013. The Marble Reliefs from the Julio-Claudian Sebasteion. Aphrodisias 6 (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern).Google Scholar
Solin, H. 1982. Die griechischen Personennamen in Rom, II. CIL Auctarium (New York: De Gruyter).Google Scholar
Solin, H. 1996. Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. Ein Namenbuch I-III. Forschungen zur antiken Sklaverei, Beiheft 2 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner).Google Scholar
Spaeth, B. S. 1994. ‘The goddess Ceres in the Ara Pacis Augustae and the Carthage relief’, AJA 98: 65–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spawforth, A. J. 1994. ‘Corinth, Argos, and the imperial cult: Pseudo-Julian, Letters 198’, Hesperia 63: 211–32.Google Scholar
Spawforth, A. J. 1996. ‘Roman Corinth: the formation of a colonial elite’, in Rizakis, A. D. (ed.), Roman Onomastics in the Greek East: Social and Political Aspects (Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation), 167–82.Google Scholar
Stauffer, A. 2008. Antike Musterblätter: Wirkkartons aus dem spätantiken und frühbyzantischen Ägypten (Wiesbaden: Reichert).Google Scholar
Steinby, M. 1993. L’organizzazione produttiva dei laterizi: un modello interpretativo per l’instrumentum in genere?’ in Harris, W. V. (ed.), The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of Instrumentum Domesticum. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 6 (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology), 139–43.Google Scholar
Stemmer, K. 1978. Untersuchungen zur Typologie, Chronologie, und Ikonographie von Panzerstatuen (Berlin: Gebrüder Mann).Google Scholar
Sterrett-Krause, A. E. 2012. The Impacts of Private Donations in the Civic Landscapes of Roman Africa Proconsularis. PhD Diss: Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Strong, D. and Strong, R. 1992. Roman Art, 3rd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Taylor, L. R. 1961. ‘Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome’, AJPh 82: 113–32.Google Scholar
Torelli, M. 1982. Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).Google Scholar
Treggiari, S. 1969. Roman Freedmen during the Late Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Van Andringa, W. 2009. Quotidien des dieux et des hommes: la vie religieuse dans les cités du Vésuve à l’Époque Romaine. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 337 (Rome: École française de Rome).Google Scholar
Van Andringa, W. 2011. ‘Architecture et archéologie d’un lieu de culte romain: le temple de Fortune Auguste à Pompéi’, in Quantin, F. (ed.), Archéologie des religions antiques: contributions à l’étude des sanctuaires et de la piété en Méditerranée (Grèce, Italie, Sicile, Espagne) (Pau: Presses de l’Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour), 141–50.Google Scholar
Van Andringa, W. 2012. ‘Statues in the temples of Pompeii: combinations of gods, local definition of cults and the memory of the city’, in Dignas, B. and Smith, B. (eds.), Historical and Religious Memory in the Ancient World (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 83–115.Google Scholar
Van Andringa, W. 2015. ‘“M. Tullius … aedem Fortunae August(ae) solo et peq(unia) sua”: private foundation and public cult in a Roman colony’, in Ando, C. and Rüpke, J. (eds.), Public and Private in Ancient Mediterranean Law and Religion, University of Erfurt 3–5 July 2013 (Erfurt: De Gruyter), 99–113.Google Scholar
Vermeule, C. C. 1959. The Goddess Roma in the Art of the Roman Empire (Cambridge, MA: Sprink).Google Scholar
Versluys, M. J. 2014. ‘Understanding objects in motion: an archaeological dialogue on Romanization’, Archaeological Dialogues 21: 1–64.Google Scholar
Walker, S. 1988. ‘From west to east: evidence for a shift in the balance of trade in white marbles’, in Herz, N. and Waelkens, M. (eds.), Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, and Trade. Nato ASI Series 153 (Dordrecht: Springer), 187–96.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 2008. Rome’s Cultural Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Weaver, P. R. C. 1972. Familia Caesaris: A Social Study of the Emperor’s Freedmen and Slaves (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Weaver, P. R. C. 1998. ‘Imperial slaves and freedmen in the brick industry’, ZPE 122: 238–46.Google Scholar
Webster, J. 2001. ‘Creolizing the Roman Provinces’, AJA 105: 209–25.Google Scholar
Weinstock, S. 1960. ‘Pax and the Ara Pacis’, JRS 50: 44–58.Google Scholar
West, A. B. 1931. Corinth: Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 8, Part 2: Latin Inscriptions 1896–1926 (Cambridge, MA: American School of Classical Studies at Athens).Google Scholar
Wightman, E. M. 1980. ‘The plan of Roman Carthage: practicalities and politics’, in Pedley, J. G. (ed.), New Light on Ancient Carthage (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), 29–46.Google Scholar
Witcher, R. E. 2014. ‘Globalisation and Roman cultural heritage’, In Pitts, M. and Versluys, M. J. (eds.), Globalisation and the Roman World: World History, Connectivity and Material Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 198–222.Google Scholar
Zanker, P. 1970–1. ‘Über die Werkstätten augusteischer Larenaltäre und damit zusammenhängende Probleme der Interpretation’, BCAR 82: 147–55.Google Scholar
Zanker, P. 1988. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).Google Scholar
Zanker, P. 1999. Pompeii: Public and Private Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Zevi, F. and Valeri, C. 2008. ‘Cariatidi e clipei: Il foro di Pozzuoli’, in La Rocca, E., León, P., and Parisi Presicce, C. (eds.), Le due patrie acquisite: Studi di archeologia dedicati a Walter Trillmich (Rome: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider), 443–64.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×