Caffeine is a stimulant that is readily available, safe and effective at maintaining mood and performance on cognitive tasks such as vigilance, learning, and memory under conditions of sleep deprivation. This chapter reviews the limited data in humans that exist for nutritional countermeasures including the amino acids creatine, tyrosine, and taurine, as well as the macronutrient protein, and several flavanoids. In a study conducted, cognitive tests included the random number generation test and short-term memory task. In another study, the role of nitric oxide in the protective effect of curcumin against sleep deprivation-induced behavioral alterations and oxidative damage in mice was assessed. There is some evidence in animals that curcumin exerts protection against the effects of sleep loss. The jet lag diet causes a greater disruption in sleep than the control condition, and does not alleviate any of the performance decrements associated with disturbed sleep.