Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the 1950s to 1980s. The South African colonial administration's stand towards pastoral communities in northern Namibia changed profoundly. While the focus before was on control and encapsulation, now development and intensification were lead themes. The administration urged a comprehensive borehole-drilling programme upon the population. Within three decades two hundred boreholes were taken into operation. This hydrological revolution grossly changed the environmental infrastructure of the region. As a consequence livestock numbers rapidly increased, mobility patterns changed, and herding practices were altered.