Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T17:13:08.852Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2024

Daniel Silverman
Daniel Silverman
Affiliation:
Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Seeing Is Disbelieving
Why People Believe Misinformation in War, and When They Know Better
 , pp. 165 - 180
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aberbach, Joel D., and Rockman, Bert A.. 2002. “Conducting and Coding Elite Interviews.” Political Science & Politics 35(4): 673–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adena, Maja, Enikolopov, Ruben, Petrova, Maria, Santarosa, Veronica, and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina. 2015. “Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 130(4): 1885–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Airwars. 2017. “US-Led Coalition in Iraq & Syria Conflict Data.” Database. Available at https://airwars.org/conflict-data/?belligerent=coalition&country=iraq%2CsyriaGoogle Scholar
Akcinaroglu, Seden, and Tokdemir, Efe. 2020. The Battle for Allegiance: Governments, Terrorist Groups, and Constituencies in Conflict. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, Stuart. 2013. Citizen Witnessing: Revisioning Journalism in Times of Conflict. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Amos, Deborah. 2010. “Confusion, Contradiction, and Irony: The Iraqi Media in 2010.” Joan Shorenstein Center, Discussion Paper #D-58. Available at http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4421401Google Scholar
Ansari, Neha. 2022. “Precise and Popular: Why People in Northwest Pakistan Support Drones.” War on the Rocks. Available at https://warontherocks.com/2022/08/precise-and-popular-why-people-in-northwest-pakistan-support-drones/Google Scholar
Arias, Sabrina B., and Blair, Christopher W.. 2023. “In the Eye of the Storm: Hurricanes, Climate Migration, and Climate Attitudes.” Working Paper. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4440111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arjona, Ana. 2016. Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arraf, Jane. 2016. “How Iraqi Forces Drove ISIS from Ramadi.” Newsweek. Available at www.newsweek.com/2016/03/04/iraqi-forcesfighting-isis-ramadi-fallujah-mosul-430042.htmlGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, Alan, and Hitch, Graham. 1993. “The Recency Effect: Implicit Learning with Explicit Retrieval?” Memory & Cognition 21(2): 146–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badrinathan, Sumitra. 2021. “Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India.” American Political Science Review 115(4): 1325–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balcells, Laia. 2017. Rivalry and Revenge: The Politics of Violence During Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batailler, Cedric, Brannon, Skylar M., Teas, Paul E., and Gawronski, Bertram. 2022. “A Signal Detection Approach to Understanding the Identification of Fake News.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 17(1): 78–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, Vincent, Reese, Michael, and Ruby, Keven. 2021. “Does Insurgent Selective Punishment Deter Collaboration? Evidence from the Drone War in Pakistan.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 66(2): 297–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, Matthew. 2013. “The Iraq Coalition of the Willing and (Politically) Able: Party Systems, the Press, and Public Influence on Foreign Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 57(2): 442–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beah, Ishmael. 2007. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York: Sarah Crichton Books.Google Scholar
Becker, Ernest. 1973. The Denial of Death. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Bellingcat. 2014a. “Revealed: Around 40 Russian Troops from Pskov Died in the Ukraine, Reinforcement Sent In.” Available at www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/08/27/revealed-around-40-russian-troops-from-pskov-died-in-the-ukraine-reinforcement-sent-in/Google Scholar
Bellingcat. 2014b. “Origin of the Separatists’ Buk.” Available at www.bellingcat.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Origin-of-the-Separatists-Buk-A-Bellingcat-Investigation1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Benabou, Roland. 2013. “Groupthink: Collective Delusions in Organizations and Markets.” Review of Economic Studies 80: 429–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlinski, Nicholas, et al. 2021. “The Effects of Unsubstantiated Claims of Voter Fraud on Confidence in Elections.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 10(1): 34–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Eli, Felter, Joseph H., and Shapiro, Jacob N.. 2018. Small Wars, Big Data: The Information Revolution in Modern Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bisgaard-Martin, . 2015. “Bias Will Find a Way: Economic Perceptions, Attributions of Blame, and Partisan-Motivated Reasoning During Crisis.” Journal of Politics 77(3): 849–60.Google Scholar
Blainey, Geoffrey. 1973. The Causes of War. New York: The Free Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blattman, Chris. 2022a. Why We Fight: The Roots of War and the Paths to Peace. New York: Penguin Random House.Google Scholar
Blattman, Chris. 2022b. “Lecture 6: Intangible Incentives & Misperceptions.” Teaching Why We Fight: Undergraduate & Master’s Classes, 2–4 Week Unit Lecture Slides. Available at https://secureservercdn.net/45.40.150.136/af4.cf3.mwp.accessdomain.com/documents/teaching/6.%20Misperceptions.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bohnet, Heidrun, Cottier, Fabien, and Hug, Simon. 2018. “Conflict-Induced IDPs and the Spread of Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(4): 691–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Freeman, John R., Hitt, Matthew P., and Pevehouse, Jon C. W.. 2014. Time-Series Analysis for the Social Sciences. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, Michael. 2013. “The Costs and Consequences of Drone Warfare.” International Affairs 89(1): 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braman, Eileen, and Nelson, Thomas E.. 2007. “Mechanism of Motivated Reasoning? Analogical Perception in Discrimination Disputes.” American Journal of Political Science 51(4): 940–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooking, Emerson T., and Singer, Peter. W.. 2018. LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan. 2005. “The Quality of Terror.” American Journal of Political Science 49(3): 515–30.Google Scholar
Buhaug, Halvard, and Gates, Scott. 2002. “The Geography of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 39(4): 417–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byman, Daniel. 2013. “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice.” Foreign Affairs 92(4): 32–43.Google Scholar
Bytwerk, Randall L. 2004. Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, Troy H., and Kay, Aaron C.. “Solution Aversion: On the Relation Between Ideology and Motivated Disbelief.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107(5): 809–24.Google Scholar
Capps, Ron. 2014. Seriously Not All Right: Five Wars in Ten Years. Tucson, AZ: Schaffner Press.Google Scholar
Carson, Austin. 2015. “Facing Off and Saving Face: Covert Intervention and Escalation Management in the Korean War.” International Organization 70(1): 103–31.Google Scholar
Cioppa, Thomas M. 2009. “Operation Iraqi Freedom Strategic Communication Analysis and Assignment.” Media, War & Conflict 2(1): 25–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Dara Kay. 2016. Rape During Civil War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condra, Luke, and Shapiro, Jacob. 2012. “Who Takes the Blame? The Strategic Effects of Collateral Damage.” American Journal of Political Science 56(1): 167–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corstange, Daniel. 2019. “The Syrian Conflict and Public Opinion Among Syrians in Lebanon.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46(1): 178–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronin, Audrey Kurth. 2013. “Why Drones Fail: When Tactics Drive Strategy.” Foreign Affairs 92(4): 44–54.Google Scholar
Danzger, M. Herbert. 1975. “Validating Conflict Data.” American Sociological Review 40(5): 570–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, Christian, and Ball, Patrick. 2002. “Views to a Kill: Exploring the Implications of Source Selection in the Case of Guatemalan State Terror: 1977–1995.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(3): 427–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, Catherine, Hobolt, Sara B., and Tilley, James. 2018. “Facing Up to the Facts.” Electoral Studies 51: 115–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Alephonsion, Deng, Benson, Ajak, Benjamin, and Bernstein, Judy. 2005. They Poured Fire on Us from the Sky: The True Story of Three Lost Boys from Sudan. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Di Giovanni, Janine. 2016. The Morning They Came for Us: Dispatches from Syria. New York: Liveright Publishing.Google Scholar
Djankov, Simeon, McLiesh, Carlee, Nenova, Tatiana, and Shleifer, Andrei. 2003. “Who Owns the Media?” Journal of Law and Economics 46(2): 341–81.Google Scholar
Driscoll, Jesse, and Maliniak, Daniel. 2016. “Did Georgian Voters Desire Military Escalation in 2008? Experiments and Observations.” The Journal of Politics 78(1): 265–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druckman, James N., and Nelson, Kjersten R.. 2003. “Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens’ Conversations Limit Elite Influence.” American Journal of Political Science 47(4): 729–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druckman, James N., and McGrath, Mary C.. 2019. “The Evidence for Motivated Reasoning in Climate Change Preference Formation.” Nature Climate Change 9: 111–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earhart, David C. 2008. Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Engel, Stefanie, and Ibañez, Ana Maria. 2007. “Displacement due to Violence in Colombia.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 55(2): 335–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fair, C. Christine. 2004. “Militant Recruitment in Pakistan.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 27(6): 489–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fair, C. Christine, and Hamza, Ali. 2016. “From Elite Consumption to Popular Opinion: Framing of the US Drone Program in Pakistani Newspapers.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 27(4): 578–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fair, C. Christine, Kaltenthaler, Karl, and Miller, William. 2014. “Pakistani Opposition to American Drone Strikes.” Political Science Quarterly 129(1): 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazio, Lisa K., et al. 2015. “Knowledge Does Not Protect Against Illusory Truth.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 144(5): 993–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fearon, James D. 1995. “Rationalist Explanations for War.” International Organization 49(3): 379–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, Lauren, Maibach, Edward W., Roser-Renouf, Connie, and Leiserowitz, Anthony. 2011. “Climate on Cable: The Nature and Impact of Global Warming Coverage on Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 17(1): 3–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferber, Robert. 1966. “Item Nonresponse in a Consumer Survey.” Public Opinion Quarterly 30(3): 399–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filson, Darren, and Werner, Suzanne. 2002. “A Bargaining Model of War and Peace: Anticipating the Onset, Duration, and Outcome of War.” American Journal of Political Science 46(4): 819–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleeson, William. 2004. “Moving Personality Beyond the Person-Situation Debate: The Challenge and the Opportunity of Within-Person Variability.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 13(2): 83–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fownes, Jennifer R., and Allred, Shorna B.. 2019. “Testing the Influence of Recent Weather on Perceptions of Personal Experience with Climate Change and Extreme Weather in New York State.” Weather, Climate, and Society 11(1): 143–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furr, Michael R., and Funder, David C. 2021. “Persons, Situations, and Person-Situation Interactions.” In John, O. P. and Robins, R. W. (eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, pp. 667–685. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Garcıa-Ponce, Omar, and Pasquale, Benjamin. 2015. “How Political Repression Shapes Attitudes Toward the State.” Working Paper. Available at https://omargarciaponce.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/GarciaPonce_and_Pasquale_2014.pdfGoogle Scholar
Garrison, James. 2017. “Popular Mobilization Messaging.” International Center for Counter-Terrorism, Research Paper. Available at https://icct.nl/publication/popular-mobilization-messaging/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gärtner, Lea, and Schoen, Harald. 2021. “Experiencing Climate Change: Revisiting the Role of Local Weather in Affecting Climate Change Awareness and Related Policy Preferences.” Climatic Change 167: 31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartzke, Erik, and Walsh, James Igoe. 2022. “The Drawbacks of Drones: The Effects of UAVs on Escalation and Instability in Pakistan.” Journal of Peace Research 59(4): 463–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelber, Yoav. 2006. Palestine 1948: War, Escape, and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem. Eastbourne, UK: Sussex Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentzkow, Matthew A., and Shapiro, Jesse M.. 2004. “Media, Education, and Anti-Americanism in the Muslim World.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(3): 117–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerner, Deborah J., Schrodt, Philip A., Francisco, Ronald A., and Weddle, Judith L.. 1994. “Machine Coding of Event Data Using Regional and International Sources.” International Studies Quarterly 38(1): 91–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getmansky, Anna, and Zeitzoff, Thomas. 2014. “Terrorism and Voting: The Effect of Rocket Threat on Voting in Israeli Elections.” American Political Science Review 108(3): 588–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Matthew H., and Yair, Omer. 2022. “Expressive Responding and Trump’s Big Lie.” Working Paper. Available at https://m-graham.com/papers/GrahamYair_BigLie.pdfGoogle Scholar
Granger, Clive W. J. 1969. “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods.” Econometrica, 37(3): 424–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, Jeff, Pyszczynski, Tom, and Solomon, Sheldon. 1986. “The Causes and Consequences of a Need for Self-Esteem: A Terror Management Theory.” In Baumeister, R. F. (ed.), Public Self and Private Self, pp. 189–212. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, Ciara M., and Murphy, Gillian. 2021. “Quantifying the Effects of Fake News on Behavior: Evidence from a Study of COVID-19 Misinformation.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 27(4): 773–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Greenhill, Kelly, and Oppenheim, Benjamin. 2017. “Rumor Has It.” International Studies Quarterly 61(3): 660–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guay, Brian, Berinsky, Adam J., Pennycook, Gordon, and Rand, David. 2022. “How to Think about Whether Misinformation Interventions Work.” Online Working Paper. Available at https://psyarxiv.com/gv8qxCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guess, Andrew, et al. 2020. “A Digital Media Literacy Intervention Increases Discernment Between Mainstream and False News in the United States and India.” The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(27): 15536–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hale, Henry E. 2022. “Authoritarian Rallying as Reputational Cascade? Evidence from Putin’s Popularity Surge after Crimea.” American Political Science Review 116(2): 580–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, Martha. 2014. “War Letters: Communication Between Front and Home Front.” International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Available at https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_letters_communication_between_front_and_home_frontGoogle Scholar
Heflick, Nathan A., and Goldenberg, Jamie L.. 2012. “No Atheists in Foxholes: Arguments for (but not Against) Afterlives Buffer Mortality Salience Effects for Atheists.” British Journal of Social Psychology 51(2): 385–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemingway, Ernest, ed. 1942. Men at War: The Best War Stories of All Time. New York: Crown Publishing.Google Scholar
Henry, Vincent E. 2004. Death Work: Police, Trauma, and the Psychology of Survival. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, Robert, Busisiwe, Nkala, Dietrich, Janan, Collins, Alexandra, Closson, Kalysha, Cui, Zishan, and Kanters, Steve et al. 2017. “Conspiracy Beliefs and Knowledge about AIDS Origins among Adolescents in Soweto, South Africa.” PLOS One 12(2): e01650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoover Green, Amelia. 2018. The Commander’s Dilemma: Violence and Restraint in Wartime. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, Heather, and Waismel-Manor, Israel. 2021. “The Macedonian Fake News Industry and the 2016 US Election.” PS: Political Science and Politics 54(1): 19–23.Google Scholar
Hyun, Ki Deuk, and Moon, Soo Jung. 2016. “Agenda Setting in the Partisan TV News Context.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 93(3): 509–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). 2009. Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities Under International Humanitarian Law. Geneva: ICRC.Google Scholar
Jessop, Donna C., Albery, Ian P., Rutter, Jean, and Garrod, Heather. 2008. “Understanding the Impact of Mortality-Related Health-Risk Information: A Terror Management Theory Perspective.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34(7): 951–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, Dominic, and Levin, Simon. 2009. “The Tragedy of Cognition: Psychological Biases and Environmental Inaction.” Current Science 97(11): 1593–603.Google Scholar
Johnston, Patrick B., and Sarbahi, Anoop K.. 2016. “The Impact of US Drone Strikes of Terrorism in Pakistan.” International Studies Quarterly 60(2): 203–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolley, Daniel, and Douglas, Karen M.. 2015. “The Social Consequences of Conspiracism: Exposure to Conspiracy Theories Decreases Intentions to Engage in Politics and to Reduce One’s Carbon Footprint.” British Journal of Psychology 105: 35–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Edgar, Woolven, Robin, Durodie, Bill, and Wessely, Simon. 2004. “Civilian Morale During the Second World War: Responses to Air Raids Re-examined.” Social History of Medicine 17(3): 463–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Seth G., James Dobbins, Daniel Byman, Chivvis, Christopher S., Ben Connable, Jeffrey Martini, Robinson, Eric, and Chandler, Nathan. 2017. “Rolling Back the Islamic State.” RAND Research Report. Available at www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1912.htmlCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jong, Jonathon, Halberstadt, Jamin, and Bluemke, Matthias. 2012. “Foxhole Atheism, Revisited: The Effects of Mortality Salience on Explicit and Implicit Religious Belief.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48(5): 983–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Short, Kenneth R. M., ed. 1983. Film & Radio Propaganda in World War II. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Kenrick, Douglas T., and Funder, David C.. 1988. “Profiting from Controversy: Lessons from the Person-Situation Debate.” American Psychologist 43(1): 23–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahan, Dan. 2017. “Misconceptions, Misinformation, and the Logic of Identity-Protective Cognition.” Cultural Cognition Project Working Paper Series No. 164. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2973067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalb, Marvin, and Saivetz, Carol. 2007. “The Israeli-Hezbollah War of 2006: The Media as a Weapon in Asymmetrical Conflict.” International Journal of Press/Politics 12(3): 43–66.Google Scholar
Kallis, Aristotle A. 2005. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave and MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaltenthaler, Karl, Miller, William, and Fair, C. Christine. 2012. “The Drone War: Pakistani Public Opposition to American Drone Strikes in Pakistan.” Working Paper. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2193354Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N., and Kocher, Matthew Adam. 2007. “How ‘Free’ Is Free Riding in Civil Wars?” World Politics 59(2): 177–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kan’ana, Sharif, and Zaytuwi, Nihad. 1987. “Deir Yassin,” Destroyed Palestinian Villages Documentation Project, Monograph No. 4. Ramallah: Bir Zeit University Research and Documentation Center.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Oliver. 2017. Resisting War: How Communities Protect Themselves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerhsaw, Ian. 1987. The Hitler Myth. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khan, Shehryar, and Akhtar, Naheed. 2016. “Operation Zarb-e-Azb: An Analysis of Media Coverage.” Strategic Studies 36(1): 114–27.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O, and Verba, Sidney. 1993. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Gary A. 1998. Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Knightley, Phillip. 1975. From the Crimea to Vietnam: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth-Maker. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Knightley, Phillip. 2004. The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knuppe, Austin. 2024. Surviving the Islamic State: Contention, Cooperation, and Neutrality in Wartime Iraq. New York: Columbia University Press, 2024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koppes, Clayton R., and Black, Gregory D.. 1990. Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits, and Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kose, Talha, Ozcan, Mesut, and Karakoc, Ekrem. 2016. “A Comparative Analysis of Soft Power in the MENA Region: The Impact of Ethnic, Sectarian, and Religious Identity on Soft Power in Iraq and Egypt.” Foreign Policy Analysis 12(3): 354–73.Google Scholar
Kramer, Alan. 2009. Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Krause, Jana. 2018. Resilient Communities: Non-Violence and Civilian Agency in Communal War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunda, Ziva. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin 108(3): 480–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landau, Mark J., Solomon, Sheldon, Pyszczynski, Tom, and Greenberg, Jeff. 2007. “On the Compatibility of Terror Management Theory and Perspective on Human Evolution.” Evolutionary Psychology 5(3): 476–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laughlin, Benjamin. 2018. “Information Cascades and Refugee Crises: Evidence from Kosovo.” Working Paper. Available at www.benjamin-laughlin.com/refugee_cascades.pdfGoogle Scholar
Leach, John. 1994. Survival Psychology. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, John. 2004. “Why People ‘Freeze’ in an Emergency: Temporal and Cognitive Constraints on Survival Response.” Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 75(6): 530–42.Google Scholar
Lelkes, Yphtach, Sood, Gaurav, and Iyengar, Shanto. 2016. “The Hostile Audience: The Effect of Access to Broadband Internet on Partisan Affect.” American Journal of Political Science 61(1): 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, Dov. 2023. “How Low Can You Go: The Effects of Low Credibility False Flag Incidents on International and Domestic Approval for Interstate Wars.” Paper Presented at the 2023 Meeting of the American Political Science Association.Google Scholar
Lifton, Robert J. 1991. Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liosky, Joanne M., and Henrichsen, Jennifer. 2009. “Don’t Shoot the Messenger: Prospects for Protecting Journalists in Conflict Situations.” Media, War & Conflict 2(2): 129–48.Google Scholar
Lister, Charles R. 2016. The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Evolution of an Insurgency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lucas, Caleb. “Mere Puffery or Convincing Claims? Rebels News and Civilian Perceptions of Group Strength.” International Studies Quarterly, in press.Google Scholar
Lyall, Jason. 2009. “Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from Chechnya.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(3): 331–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyall, Jason. 2010. “Are Coethnics More Effective Counterinsurgents? Evidence from the Second Chechen War.” American Political Science Review 104(1): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyall, Jason. 2019. “Civilian Casualties, Humanitarian Aid, and Insurgent Violence in Civil Wars.” International Organization 73(4): 901–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyall, Jason, Blair, Graeme, and Imai, Kosuke. 2013. “Explaining Support for Combatants during Wartime: A Survey Experiment in Afghanistan.” American Political Science Review 107 (4): 679–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansour, Renad, and Jabar, Faleh A.. 2017. “The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq’s Future.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Middle East Center. Available at https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CMEC_63_Mansour_PMF_Final_Web.pdfGoogle Scholar
Marlin, Randal. 2002. Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion. Peterborough, Ont.; Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press.Google Scholar
Matanock, Aila M., and Garbiras-Diaz, Natalia. 2018. “Considering Concessions: A Survey Experiment on the Colombian Peace Process.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 35(6): 637–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, Daniel W., Mitchell, Terence R., and Beach, Lee Roy. 1979. “The Contingency Model for the Selection of Decision Strategies: An Empirical Test of the Effects of Significance, Accountability, and Reversibility.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 24: 228–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John D., and McPhail, Clark and Smith, Jackie. 1996. “Images of Protest: Dimensions of Selection Bias in Media Coverage of Washington Demonstrations, 1982 and 1991.” American Sociological Review 61(3): 478–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Joanne M., Saunders, Kyle L., and Farhart, Christina E.. 2016. “Conspiracy Endorsement as Motivated Reasoning: The Moderating Roles of Political Knowledge and Trust.” American Journal of Political Science 60(4): 824–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milliff, Aidan. “Making Sense, Making Choices: How Civilians Choose Survival Strategies During Violence.” American Political Science Review, in press.Google Scholar
Milton, Joyce. 1989. The Yellow Kids: Foreign Correspondents in the Heyday of Yellow Journalism. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Morris, Benny. 2005. “The Historiography of Deir Yassin.” The Journal of Israeli History 24(1): 79–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, Jonathon S. 2005. “The Fox News Factor.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 10(3): 56–79.Google Scholar
Mueller, Carol. 1997. “International Press Coverage of East German Protest Events, 1989.” American Sociological Review 62(5): 820–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarette, Carlos D., and Fessler, Daniel M. T.. 2005. “Normative Bias and Adaptive Challenges: A Relational Approach to Coalitional Psychology and a Critique of Terror Management Theory.” Evolutionary Psychology 3: 297–325.Google Scholar
New America Foundation. N.D. Drone Wars Database. Available at http://natsec.newamerica.netGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, Maria. 2019. “An Ethics of (Not) Showing: Citizen Witnessing, Journalism, and Visualizations of a Terror Attack.” Journalism Practice 14(3): 259–76.Google Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan, and Reifler, Jason. 2010. “When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions.” Political Behavior 32(2): 303–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan. 2021. “Why the Backfire Effect Does Not Explain the Durability of Political Misperceptions.” The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(15): 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oberg, Magnus, and Sollenberg, Margareta. 2011. “Gathering Conflict Information Using News Resources.” In Hoglund, Kristine and Oberg, Magnus (ed.), Understanding Peace Research: Methods and Challenges, 47–73. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Oliver, J. Eric, and Wood, Thomas J.. 2014. “Conspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style(s) of Mass Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science 58(4): 952–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orwell, George. 1943. Looking Back on the Spanish War. London, UK: New Road.Google Scholar
Osmundsen, Mathias, Bor, Alexander, Vahlstrup, Peter Bjerregaard, Bechmann, Anja, and Petersen, Michael Bang. 2021. “Partisan Polarization is the Primary Psychological Motivation Behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter.” American Political Science Review 115(3): 999–1015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otto, Sabine. 2013. “Coding One-Sided Violence from Media Reports.” Cooperation and Conflict 48(4): 556–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pak Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS). N.D. PIPS Security Database. Available at www.pakpips.comGoogle Scholar
Paoline III, Eugene A. 2003. “Taking Stock: Toward a Richer Understanding of Police Culture.” Journal of Criminal Justice 31: 199–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker-Stephen, Evan. 2013. “Tides of Disagreement: How Reality Facilitates (and Inhibits) Partisan Public Opinion.” Journal of Politics 75(4): 1077–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearlman, Wendy. 2016. “Narratives of Fear in Syria.” Perspectives on Politics 14(1): 21–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peffley, Mark, Hurwitz, Jon, and Sniderman, Paul M.. 1997. “Racial Stereotypes and Whites’ Political Views of Blacks in the Context of Welfare and Crime.” American Journal of Political Science 41(1): 30–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peffley, Mark, Hutchinson, Marc. L, and Shamir, Michal. 2022. “Terrorism and Political Tolerance Toward ‘Fellow Travelers.’” Journal of Conflict Resolution 66(7–8): 1208–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, Gordon, and Rand, David G.. 2019. “Lazy, Not Biased: Susceptibility to Partisan Fake News is Better Explained by Lack of Reasoning than by Motivated Reasoning.” Cognition 188: 39–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennycook, Gordon, and Rand, David G.. 2021. “The Psychology of Fake News.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 25(5): 388–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennycook, Gordon, Cannon, Tyrone D., and Rand, David G.. 2018. “Prior Exposure Increases Perceived Accuracy of Fake News.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147(12): 1865–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Petersen, Michael Bang, Osmundsen, Mathias, and Arceneaux, Kevin. 2023. “The ‘Need for Chaos’ and Motivations to Share Hostile Political Rumors.” American Political Science Review 117(4): 1486–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petraeus, David H., and Amos, James F.. 2009. U.S. Army U.S. Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual. ed. McClure, John C.. Kissimmee, FL: Signalman Publishing.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. N.D. Global Attitudes Project Public Opinion Datasets (Pakistan). Available at www.pewglobal.org/category/datasets/Google Scholar
Plaw, Avery, and Fricker, Matthew. 2012. “Tracking the Predators: Evaluating the US Drone Campaign in Pakistan.” International Studies Perspectives 13(4): 344–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponsonby, Arthur. 1928. Falsehood in War-Time: Containing an Assortment of Lies Circulated Throughout the Nations During the Great War. London, UK: Garland Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Popkin, Samuel. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, Ethan, and Wood, Thomas J.. 2022. “Political Misinformation and Factual Corrections on the Facebook News Feed: Experimental Evidence.” Journal of Politics 84(3): 1812–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, Ethan, Velez, Yamil, and Wood, Thomas J.. 2022. “Factual Corrections Eliminate False Beliefs about COVID-19 Vaccines.” Public Opinion Quarterly 86(3): 762–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posen, Barry. 2013. “Pull Back: The Case for a Less Activist Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs 92(1):116–28.Google Scholar
Powers, Shawn, and O’Loughlin, Ben. 2015. “The Syrian Data Glut: Rethinking the Role of Information in Conflict.” Media, War & Conflict 8(2): 172–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qazi, Shehzad. 2011. “Rebels of the Frontier: Origins, Organization, and Recruitment of the Pakistani Taliban.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 22(4): 574–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radnitz, Scott. 2021. Revealing Schemes: The Politics of Conspiracy in Russia and the Post-Soviet Region. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathje, Steve, Roozenbeek, Jon, Bavel, Jay J. Van, and Linden, Sander van der. 2023. “Accuracy and Social Motivations Shape Judgements of (Mis)information.” Nature Human Behaviour 7: 892–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redlawsk, David P., Civettini, Andrew J. W., and Emmerson, Karen M.. 2010. “The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever ‘Get It’?” Political Psychology 31(4): 563–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reese, Michael J., Ruby, Keven G., and Pape, Robert A.. 2017. “Days of Action or Restraint? How the Islamic Calendar Impacts Violence.” American Political Science Review 111(3): 439–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revkin, Mara R. 2021. “Competitive Governance and Displacement Decisions Under Rebel Rule: Evidence from the Islamic State in Iraq.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 65(1): 46–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rincker, Meg, Aslam, Ghazia, and Ali Isani, Mujtaba. 2016. “Crossed My Mind, But Ruled It Out: Political Ambition and Gender in the Pakistani Lawyers’ Movement 2007–2009.” International Political Science Review 38(3): 246–63.Google Scholar
Robinson, Sarita, and Bridges, Nikola. 2011. “Survival – Mind and Brain.” The Psychologist 24: 30–33.Google Scholar
Roozenbeek, Jon, et al. 2020. “Susceptibility to Misinformation About COVID-19 Around the World.” Royal Society Open Science 7: 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, Lee, and Nisbett, Richard E.. 1991. The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Rossino, Alexander 2003. Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Rowling, J. K. 2003. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Rozenas, Arturas, and Stukal, Denis. 2019. “How Autocrats Manipulate Economic News: Evidence from Russia’s State-Controlled Television.” Journal of Politics 81(3): 982–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, Camille D., et al. 2020. “Monetizing Disinformation in the Attention Economy: The Case of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).” European Management Journal 38: 7–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schon, Justin. 2020. Surviving the War in Syria: Survival Strategies in a Time of Conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutte, Sebastian. 2015. “Geography, Outcome, and Casualties: A Unified Model of Insurgency.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(6): 1101–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sexton, Renard, and Zürcher, Christoph. 2023. “Aid, Attitudes, and Insurgency: Evidence from Development Projects in Northern Afghanistan.” American Journal of Political Science, Early View. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12778Google Scholar
Shah, Aqil. 2018. “Do US drone Strikes Cause Blowback? Evidence from Pakistan and Beyond.” International Security 42(4): 47–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, Jacob N., and Fair, C. Christine. 2010. “Understanding Support for Islamist Militancy in Pakistan.” International Security 34(3): 79–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, Jake N. 2013. The Terrorist’s Dilemma: Managing Violent Covert Organizations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sharkey, Patrick. 2010. “The Acute Effect of Local Homicides on Children’s Cognitive Performance.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(26): 11733–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheets, Penelope, Rowling, Charles M., and Jones, Timothy M.. 2015. “The View from Above (and Below): A Comparison of American, British, and Arab News Coverage of US Drones.” Media, War & Conflict 8(3): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, Daniel. 2019. “What Shapes Civilian Beliefs about Violent Events? Experimental Evidence from Pakistan” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63(9): 1460–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, Daniel. 2020. “Too Late to Apologize? Collateral Damage, Post-Harm Compensation, and Insurgent Violence in Iraq.” International Organization 74(4): 853–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, Daniel, Kaltenthaler, Karl, and Dagher, Munqith. 2021. “Seeing is Disbelieving: The Depths and Limits of Factual Misinformation in War.” International Studies Quarterly 65(3): 798–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Crispin, and Knights, Michael. 2023. “Remaking Iraq: How Iranian-Backed Militias Captured the Country.” Just Security. Available at www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/Google Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N., Stecula, Dominik A., and Wlezien, Christopher. 2015. “It’s (Change in) the (Future) Economy, Stupid: Economic Indicators, the Media, and Public Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science 59(2): 457–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
South Asia Terrorism Portal. N.D. “Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in Pakistan, 2003-2016.” Available at www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/database/casualties.htmGoogle Scholar
Stack, Megan K. 2010. Every Man in this Village in a Liar: An Education in War. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Stevens, Tim. 2013. “Book Review: Neville Bolt, The Violent Image: Insurgent Propaganda and the New Revolutionaries.” Media, War & Conflict 6(1): 93–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, Greg L., and Barrick, Murray R.. 2004. “Four Lessons Learned from the Person-Situation Debate: A Review and Research Agenda.” In Schneider, B. and Smith, D. B. (eds.), Personality and Organizations, pp. 61–85. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Stout, Michael J. 2011. “The Effectiveness of Nazi Propaganda During World War II.” Master’s Thesis, Eastern Michigan University. Available at https://commons.emich.edu/theses/314/Google Scholar
Stratfor. 2009. “Special Report: U.S.-NATO, Facing the Reality of Risk in Pakistan (with STRATFOR Interactive Map).” Online Report. Available at https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/special-report-us-nato-facing-reality-risk-pakistan-stratfor-interactive-mapGoogle Scholar
Sunstein, Cass. 2003. “Terrorism and Probability Neglect.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 26(2–3): 121–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swami, Viren, Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas, and Furnham, Adrian. 2010. “Unanswered Questions: A Preliminary Investigation of Personality and Individual Difference Predictors of 9/11 Conspiracist Beliefs.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 24(6): 749–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taber, Charles S., and Lodge, Milton. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 50(3): 755–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taj, Farhat. 2010 “The Year of the Drone Misinformation.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 21(3): 529–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tandoc, Edson, Lim, Zheng Wei, and Ling, Richard. 2018. “Defining ‘Fake News’: A Typology of Scholarly Definitions.” Digital Journalism 6(3): 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tellez, Juan Fernando. 2019. “Worlds Apart: Conflict Exposure and Preferences for Peace.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63(4): 1053–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2018. “Elite Domination of Public Doubts about Climate Change (Not Evolution).” Political Communication 35(2): 306–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tetlock, Philip E. 1983. “Accountability and the Perseverance of First Impressions.” Social Psychology Quarterly 46: 285–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The BFRS Political Violence in Pakistan Dataset. N.D. Available at https://esoc.princeton.edu/data/bfrs-political-violence-pakistan-datasetGoogle Scholar
The Bureau of Investigative Journalism (BIJ). 2017. Covert US Drone Warfare Investigation. Available at www.thebureauinvestigates.com/category/-projects/drones/drones-pakistan/Google Scholar
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). 2014. “The Failed Crusade.” Dabiq Magazine. Available at http://clarionproject.org/docs/islamic-state-isis-magazine-Issue-4-the-failed-crusade.pdfGoogle Scholar
The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS). 1947. The Effects of Strategic Bombing on German Morale. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Thompson, Mark. 1999. Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. Luton, UK: University of Luton Press.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica, and Zhukov, Yuri. 2015. “Islamists and Nationalists: Rebel Motivation and Counterinsurgency in Russia’s North Caucasus.” American Political Science Review 109(2): 222–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tugwell, Maurice. 1986. “Terrorism and Propaganda.” Journal of Conflict Studies 6(2): 5–15.Google Scholar
Uscinski, Joseph E., and Parent, Joseph M.. 2014. American Conspiracy Theories. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vraga, Emily and Bode, Leticia. 2020. “Defining Misinformation and Understanding its Bounded Nature: Using Expertise and Evidence for Describing Misinformation.” Political Communication 37(1): 136–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vultee, Fred. 2009. “The Second Casualty: Effects of Interstate Conflict and Civil War on Press Freedom.” Media, War & Conflict 2(2): 111–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, James Igoe. 2013. The Effectiveness of Drone Strikes in Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Campaigns. Carlisle, PA: US Army War College Press.Google Scholar
Webster, Steven W., and Albertson, Bethany. 2022. “Emotion and Politics: Noncognitive Psychological Biases in Public Opinion.” Annual Review of Political Science 25: 401–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 2015. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 2019. Authoritarian Apprehensions: Ideology, Judgment, and Mourning in Syria. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidmann, Nils B. 2015. “On the Accuracy of Media-Based Conflict Event Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(6): 1129–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Jeremy. 2006. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, Jessica-Chen. 2013. “Authoritarian Signaling, Mass Audiences, and Nationalist Protest in China.” International Organization 67(1): 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitson, Jennifer A., and Galinsky, Adam D.. 2008. “Lacking Control Increases Illusory Pattern Perception.” Science 322(5898): 115–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williamson, Vanessa. 2018. “Public Ignorance or Elitist Jargon? Reconsidering Americans’ Overestimates of Government Waste and Foreign Aid.” American Politics Research 47(1): 152–73.Google Scholar
Wood, Thomas, and Porter, Ethan. 2019. “The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence.” Political Behavior 41(1): 135–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Thomas J., and Oliver, J. Eric. 2014. “Conspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style of Mass Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science 58(4): 952–66.Google Scholar
Yanagizawa-Drott, David. 2014. “Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(4): 1947–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Lauren. 2015. “Preying on the Poor: The Impact of Repressive Violence on Citizen Behavior.” Working Paper. Available at www.laurenelyssayoung.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Young-Intimidation-of-the-Poor-Dec-2015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Yusuf, Huma. 2011. “Conspiracy Fever: The US, Pakistan and its Media.” Survival 53(4): 95–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeitzoff, Thomas. 2017. “How Social Media is Changing Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 6(9): 1970–91.Google Scholar
Zhukov, Yuri. 2017. “External Resources and Indiscriminate Violence.” World Politics 69(1): 54–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhukov, Yuri M., and Baum, Matthew A.. 2016. “Reporting Bias and Information Warfare.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Atlanta, GA, March 16–19.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Daniel Silverman, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
  • Book: Seeing Is Disbelieving
  • Online publication: 31 August 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Daniel Silverman, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
  • Book: Seeing Is Disbelieving
  • Online publication: 31 August 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Daniel Silverman, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
  • Book: Seeing Is Disbelieving
  • Online publication: 31 August 2024
Available formats
×