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5 - Physiological adaptations to seasonality in nocturnal primates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2009

By
Jutta Schmid  and
Peter M. Kappeler
Edited by
Diane K. Brockman  and
Carel P. van Schaik
Jutta Schmid
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Ecology University of Ulm Albert Einstein Allee 11 D-89069 Ulm Germany
Peter M. Kappeler
Affiliation:
Deutsches Primatenzentrum Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
Diane K. Brockman
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Carel P. van Schaik
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
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Summary

Introduction

The current geographic distribution of primates is confined largely to tropical and subtropical regions, where they have colonized a variety of habitats. The majority of primate taxa inhabit tropical forests with little annual fluctuation in environmental conditions. Some species, however, live in habitats characterized by pronounced seasonal fluctuations in climate and or resource availability. These primates tend to live at relatively high latitudes or altitudes, or both. Primates in such seasonal habitats provide an opportunity to identify behavioral and physiological adaptations that enable them to cope with fluctuating environmental conditions. Furthermore, it is interesting to ask whether and how schedules of growth and reproduction are adapted to maximize individual reproductive success under such seasonal conditions, because they may have to be traded off against maintenance requirements during the lean part of the year.

Primates living in seasonal environments exhibit a number of specific behavioral, ecological, and physiological adaptations. For example, during the climatically and or energetically most stressful time of year, they may reduce energy expenditure, e.g. by reducing overall activity, and many have scheduled periods of growth and infant weaning to coincide with seasons of relative abundance. Behavioral and physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation play especially important roles in maintaining homeostasis in seasonally stressed primates. These mechanisms are importantly influenced by circadian activity patterns because diurnal and nocturnal animals are exposed to fundamentally different constraints and options in this respect.

Type
Chapter
Information
Seasonality in Primates
Studies of Living and Extinct Human and Non-Human Primates
 , pp. 129 - 156
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

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