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Les gens de mer et l'Etat: la mobilisation navale en Europe

from Développement maritime et maîtrise organisationnelle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2017

André Zysberg
Affiliation:
University of Caen
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Summary

RÉSUMÉ. La question de la mobilisation navale est l'une des clefs permettant de comprendre les succès ou les échecs rencontrés dans les plans d'opérations maritimes. La course aux armements navals, le développement de l'artillerie, la nécessité de flottes permanentes demandèrent un nombre toujours croissant de marins. Fini le temps des volontaires qui, à peu près partout, prévalurent jusqu'au XIVe siècle, la mobilisation des gens de mer devient une affaire d'Etat, l'affaire des Etats. Les procédés diffèrent d'un Etat à un autre, mais une leçon d'ensemble semble bien se dégager : plus un pays dispose d'une flotte de commerce conséquente, plus il peut aisément mobiliser. Le plus bel exemple est, à cet égard, celui des Provinces-Unies, qui purent ainsi puiser dans un vivier de 45 000 à 50 000 gens de mer, soit presqu'autant qu'en France pour une population dix fois moindre… Une leçon qui vaut sans doute pour aujourd'hui.

ABSTRACT. The question of naval mobilization is one of the keys to understanding the successes and failures encountered by maritime operational plans. The race to naval weapons, development of artillery, and need for permanent fleets required an increasing number of sailors. Up until the 14th century, voluntary inscription was the case mostly everywhere; then mobilization of seamen became a matter for the state or for any state in general. The procedures differ from one state to another but a general rule seems to emerge: the bigger the country's merchant fleet, the more easily it could mobilize. The best example in this respect is that of the United Provinces that could call on a reserve of 45,000 to 50,000 seamen, which is almost as many as in France for a population ten times smaller… A rule that holds true even today.

C'est le peuple qui fait marcher les vaisseaux et donne à la cité sa puissance.

(Pseudo Xénophon, vers 378 av. J.-C., La République des Athéniens,trad. P. Chambry)

Depuis l'âge des galères jusqu'à l'avènement des sous-marins nucléaires, une marine de guerre ne devient opérationnelle que lorsque ses responsables parviennent à former ses équipages, car les problèmes humains furent toujours plus ardus à résoudre que des questions techniques. Les historiens des conflits navals ont longtemps sous-estimé ce point de vue.

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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