The Celtic, insofar as it is applied to Scottish, Irish, Welsh and Cornish identity and culture, is, like traditional Scottish tartans, an invention. Barry Cunliffe describes the word in its current Anglophone usage as an ‘ethnonym’, and dates it to the eighteenth century (2003: 5). Seamus Deane (1997: 77) likewise places ‘Celt’ within scare quotes and suggests it is a late nineteenth- or early twentieth-century term carrying an antimodernist agenda

The ‘Celt’ and the ‘Celtic’ did not simply emerge in the mid-eighteenth century as an aspect of early Romanticism that reflected the growing literary taste for the ancient British past. Their genesis was instead in antiquarianism, racial politics and national identity, and, as such, the terms are not dissimilar to ‘Goths’ and the ‘Gothic’. The Gothic was politically Whiggish, describing a version of historical progress that was predicated on an irrepressible spirit of liberty that expressed itself through rebellion against tyranny and which was encoded in watershed events of English history: the Magna Carta, the Reformation, the Great Rebellion (the British Civil Wars), the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution. The consequence of all this historical turbulence had been to establish a form of government and civic representation that was liberal, Parliamentary and Protestant – and which underwrote eighteenth-century commercial society and the imperial economy.