This final chapter provides a vision for what international comparative assessments of mathematics and science might provide as we look toward the future. Given the state of such assessments at this point, the questions envisioned here are what else might we be able to learn from such studies and how might they be conducted to provide us with greater and further insights? Specific recommendations are made relative to the timing and focus of future studies, how samples of schools and students are drawn, and the identification and definition of the student populations that are the focus of such studies. Recommendations are discussed in terms of the additional insights that would be possible to inform and to guide further education policy and reform for any participating country.