Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T09:59:15.260Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Understanding Marsh Dynamics

Modeling Approaches

from Part II - Marsh Dynamics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 June 2021

Duncan M. FitzGerald
Affiliation:
Boston University
Zoe J. Hughes
Affiliation:
Boston University
Get access

Summary

Salt marshes have received considerable scientific attention in recent years due to a combination of factors. Salt marshes host important ecosystems and store large quantities of carbon in their soils (Fagherazzi et al. 2004; Mudd et al. 2009). Currently salt marshes are endangered by accelerated sea-level rise triggered by global warming (Kirwan et al. 2010). A sharp reduction in sediment supply caused by the damming of rivers is also jeopardizing marsh survival along many coasts (Weston 2014). As a result, there is a need to determine the fate of marshlands in different settings in order to inform government and local communities and implement protection strategies. To this end, numerical models are playing an increasingly important role, because they can easily provide future scenarios of marsh conditions under different forcings. However, the evolution of salt marshes as a function of sea-level rise and sediment supply is relatively complex, because of feedbacks among hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and vegetation (Fagherazzi et al. 2012). As a result, marshes are continuously adjusting to a changing environment, in ways often difficult to predict. This intrinsic complexity has generated a flurry of numerical models, each emphasizing a different aspect of salt marsh evolution. It is thus becoming more and more accepted by the scientific community that a comprehensive model of salt marsh evolution is not feasible, given the number and variety of physical and biological processes at play. A detailed approach, based on the description of all possible processes acting at different spatial and temporal scales, has been slowly replaced by a more practical approach, in which separate models are built to address key important processes or to capture specific dynamics.

Type
Chapter
Information
Salt Marshes
Function, Dynamics, and Stresses
, pp. 278 - 299
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alizad, K., Hagen, S. C., Morris, J. T., Bacopoulos, P., Bilskie, M. V., Weishampel, J. F., and Medeiros, S. C. 2016. A coupled, two-dimensional hydrodynamic-marsh model with biological feedback. Ecological Modelling, 327: 2943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J. R. L. 1990. Salt-marsh growth and stratification: A numerical model with special reference to the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain. Marine Geology 95: 7796.Google Scholar
Baptist, M. J., Babovic, V., Uthurburu, J. R., Keijzer, M., Uittenbogaard, R. E., Mynett, A., and Verwey, A. 2007. On inducing equations for vegetation resistance. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 45: 435450.Google Scholar
Bertness, M. D. 1991. Zonation of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora in New England salt marshEcology72: 138148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahoon, D. R., French, J. R., Spencer, T., Reed, D., and Möller, I. 2000. Vertical accretion versus elevational adjustment in UK saltmarshes: An evaluation of alternative methodologies. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 175: 223238.Google Scholar
Cahoon, D. R., Hensel, P. F., Spencer, T., Reed, D. J., McKee, K. L., and Saintilan, N. 2006. Coastal wetland vulnerability to relative sea-level rise: Wetland elevation trends and process controls. In Wetlands and Natural Resource Management. In: Verhoeven, J. T. A., Beltman, ., Bobbink, R., and Whigham, D. F., eds, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 271292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castagno, K. A., Jiménez-Robles, A. M., Donnelly, J. P., Wiberg, P. L., Fenster, M. S. and Fagherazzi, S., 2018. Intense storms increase the stability of tidal baysGeophysical Research Letters, 45: 54915500.Google Scholar
Chen, C., Liu, H., and Beardsley, R. 2003. An unstructured grid, finitevolume, three-dimensional, primitive equations ocean model: Application to coastal ocean and estuaries, Journal of Atmospheric Oceanic Technology, 20: 159186.Google Scholar
Chen, C., Qi, J., Li, C., Beardsley, R. C., Lin, H., Walker, R., and Gates, K., 2008. Complexity of the flooding/drying process in an estuarine tidal‐creek salt‐marsh system: An application of FVCOM. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113(C7).Google Scholar
Christiansen, T., Wiberg, P. L., and Milligan, T. G. 2000. Flow and sediment transport on a tidal salt marsh surface. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 50: 315331.Google Scholar
Chu-Agor, M. L., Muñoz-Carpena, R., Kiker, G., Emanuelsson, A. and Linkov, I., 2011. Exploring vulnerability of coastal habitats to sea level rise through global sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Environmental Modelling & Software, 26: 593604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craft, C., Clough, J., Ehman, J., Joye, S., Park, R., Pennings, S., Guo, H. and Machmuller, M., 2009. Forecasting the effects of accelerated sea‐level rise on tidal marsh ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7: 7378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Alpaos, A., Lanzoni, S., Marani, M., Fagherazzi, S. and Rinaldo, A., 2005. Tidal network ontogeny: Channel initiation and early developmentJournal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface110(F2).Google Scholar
D’Alpaos, A., Lanzoni, S., Marani, M., and Rinaldo, A. 2007. Landscape evolution in tidal embayments: Modeling the interplay of erosion, sedimentation, and vegetation dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 112 (F1). Wiley Online Library.Google Scholar
D’Alpaos, A., and Marani, M. 2016. Reading the signatures of biologic–geomorphic feedbacks in salt-marsh landscapes. Advances in Water Resources, 93: 265275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einstein, H. A., and Krone, R. B. 1962. Experiments to determine modes of cohesive sediment transport in salt water, Journal of Geophysical Research, 67: 14511461.Google Scholar
Fagherazzi, S., Kirwan, M. L., Mudd, S. M., Guntenspergen, G. R., Temmerman, S., D'Alpaos, A., Koppel, J., et al. 2012. Numerical models of salt marsh evolution: Ecological, geomorphic, and climatic factors. Reviews of Geophysics, 50(1): 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagherazzi, S., Marani, M., and Blum, L.K. (eds) 2004. The Ecogeomorphology of Tidal Marshes, Vol. 59, Coastal and Estuarine Studies. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, J. R. 1993. Numerical simulation of vertical marsh growth and adjustment to accelerated sea-level rise, North Norfolk, U.K. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18: : 6381.Google Scholar
Goldenfeld, N., and Kadanoff, L. P. 1999. Simple lessons from complexity. Science, 284: 8789.Google Scholar
Kirwan, M. L., Guntenspergen, G. R., D’Alpaos, A., Morris, J. T., Mudd, S. M., and Temmerman, S. 2010. Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level. Geophysical Research Letters, 37: 15.Google Scholar
Kirwan, M. L., and Murray, A. B. 2007. A coupled geomorphic and ecological model of tidal marsh evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104: 6118–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirwan, M. L., and Temmerman, S. 2009. Coastal marsh response to historical and future sea-level acceleration. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28: 1801–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirwan, M. L., Walters, D. C., Reay, W. G., and Carr, J. A. 2016. Sea level driven marsh expansion in a coupled model of marsh erosion and migration. Geophysical Research Letters, 43: 43664373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonardi, N., and Fagherazzi, S. 2014. How waves shape salt marshes. Geology, 42: 887890.Google Scholar
Leonardi, N., and Fagherazzi, S. 2015. Effect of local variability in erosional resistance on large‐scale morphodynamic response of salt marshes to wind waves and extreme events. Geophysical Research Letters, 42: 58725879.Google Scholar
Leonardi, N., Ganju, N. K., and Fagherazzi, S. 2016. A linear relationship between wave power and erosion determines salt-marsh resilience to violent storms and hurricanes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113: 6468.Google Scholar
Lesser, G., Roelvink, J., Van Kester, J., and Stelling, G. 2004. Development and validation of a three-dimensional morphological model. Coastal Engineering, 51: 883915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenzo-Trueba, J., and Ashton, A. D. 2014. Rollover, drowning, and discontinuous retreat: Distinct modes of barrier response to sea-level rise arising from a simple morphodynamic model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 119: 779801.Google Scholar
Lorenzo-Trueba, J., and Mariotti, G. 2017. Chasing boundaries and cascade effects in a coupled barrier-marsh-lagoon system. Geomorphology, 290: 153163.Google Scholar
Luettich, R. A., Westerink, J. J., and Scheffner, N. W. 1992. ADCIRC: An advanced three-dimensional circulation model for shelves, coasts, and estuaries. I: Theory and methodology of ADCIRC-2DD1 and ADCIRC-3DL. In: Technical Rep. No. DRP-92-6. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.Google Scholar
Marani, M., D’Alpaos, A., Lanzoni, S., Carniello, L., and Rinaldo, A. 2007. Biologically-controlled multiple equilibria of tidal landforms and the fate of the Venice Lagoon. Geophysical Research Letters, 34: L11402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marani, M., Lio, C. D., and D’Alpaos, A. 2013. Vegetation engineers marsh morphology through multiple competing stable states. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110: 32593263.Google Scholar
Mariotti, G., and Carr, J. 2014. Dual role of salt marsh retreat: Long-term loss and short-term resilience. Water Resources Research, 50: 29632974.Google Scholar
Mariotti, G., and Fagherazzi, S. 2010. A numerical model for the coupled long-term evolution of salt marshes and tidal flats. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface,. 115: F01004.Google Scholar
Mariotti, G. and Fagherazzi, S. 2013. Critical width of tidal flats triggers marsh collapse in the absence of sea-level rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110: 53535356.Google Scholar
Mehta, A. J. 1984. Characterization of cohesive sediment properties and transport processes in estuaries. In: Mehta, A. J., ed., Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics, Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies, vol. 14, Springer, New York, pp. 290315.Google Scholar
Mendez, F. J. and Losada, I. J. 2004. An empirical model to estimate the propagation of random breaking and nonbreaking waves over vegetation fieldsCoastal Engineering51: 103118.Google Scholar
Morris, J. T., Sundareshwar, P. V., Nietch, C. T., Kjerfve, B., and Cahoon, D. R. 2002. Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level, Ecology, 83: 28692877.Google Scholar
Mudd, S. M., Fagherazzi, S., Morris, J. T., and Furbish, D. J. 2004. Flow, sedimentation, and biomass production on a vegetated salt marsh in South Carolina: Toward a predictive model of marsh morphologic and ecologic evolution. In: Fagherazzi, S., Marani, M., and Blum, L. K., eds., The Ecogeomorphology of Salt Marshes, Coastal Estuarine Studies, vol. 59, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 165188.Google Scholar
Mudd, S. M., Howell, S. M. and Morris, J. T. 2009. Impact of dynamic feedbacks between sedimentation, sea-level rise, and biomass production on near-surface marsh stratigraphy and carbon accumulation. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 82: 377389.Google Scholar
Murray, A. B. 2003. Contrasting the goals, strategies, and predictions associated with simplified numerical models and detailed simulations. In: Wilcock, P. R. and Iverson, R. M., eds, Prediction in Geomorphology, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, pp. 151165.Google Scholar
Murray, A. B., Gasparini, N. M., Goldstein, E. B., and van der Wegen, M. 2016. Uncertainty quantification in modeling earth surface processes: More applicable for some types of models than for others. Computers & Geosciences, 90: 616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nardin, W. and Edmonds, D. A. 2014. Optimum vegetation height and density for inorganic sedimentation in deltaic marshes. Nature Geoscience, 7: 722726.Google Scholar
Nardin, W., Edmonds, D. A., and Fagherazzi, S. 2016. Influence of vegetation on spatial patterns of sediment deposition in deltaic islands during floodAdvances in Water Resources93: 236248.Google Scholar
Nardin, W., Larsen, L., Fagherazzi, S., and Wiberg, P., 2018. Tradeoffs among hydrodynamics, sediment fluxes and vegetation community in the Virginia Coast Reserve, USAEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 210: 98108.Google Scholar
Nepf, H. M., 1999. Drag, turbulence, and diffusion in flow through emergent vegetationWater Resources Research35: 479489.Google Scholar
Neumeier, U., 2005. Quantification of vertical density variations of salt-marsh vegetationEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science63: 489496.Google Scholar
Priestas, A. M., Mariotti, G., Leonardi, N., and Fagherazzi, S., 2015. Coupled wave energy and erosion dynamics along a salt marsh boundary, Hog Island Bay, Virginia, USA. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 3: 10411065.Google Scholar
Rahmstorf, S. 2007. A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science, 315: 368370.Google Scholar
Ratliff, K. M., Braswell, A. E., and Marani, M. 2015. Spatial response of coastal marshes to increased atmospheric CO2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 1558015584.Google Scholar
Redfield, A. C. 1965. Ontogeny of a salt marsh estuary. Science 147: 5055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rinaldo, A., Fagherazzi, S., Lanzoni, S., Marani, M., and Dietrich, W. E. 1999. Tidal networks: 2. Watershed delineation and comparative network morphologyWater Resources Research35: 39053917.Google Scholar
Rodi, W., 1980. Turbulence Models and Their Application in Hydraulics. International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research, Delft.Google Scholar
Schwimmer, R. A., 2001. Rates and processes of marsh shoreline erosion in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware, USAJournal of Coastal Research, 17: 672683.Google Scholar
Stolper, D., List, J. H., and Thieler, E. R. 2005. Simulating the evolution of coastal morphology and stratigraphy with a new morphological-behaviour model (GEOMBEST). Marine Geology, 218: 1736.Google Scholar
Tambroni, N., and Seminara, G. 2012. A one-dimensional eco-geomorphic model of marsh response to sea level rise: Wind effects, dynamics of the marsh border and equilibrium. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 117: F03026.Google Scholar
Temmerman, S., Bouma, T. J., Govers, G., Wang, Z. B., De Vries, M. B., and Herman, P. M. J. 2005. Impact of vegetation on flow routing and sedimentation patterns: Three‐dimensional modeling for a tidal marsh. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 110: F04019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temmerman, S., Bouma, T. J., Van de Koppel, J., Van der Wal, D., De Vries, M. B. and Herman, P. M. J. 2007. Vegetation causes channel erosion in a tidal landscape. Geology, 35: 631634.Google Scholar
Temmerman, S., Govers, G., Meire, P., and Wartel, S. 2003. Modelling long-term tidal marsh growth under changing tidal conditions and suspended sediment concentrations, Scheldt estuary, Belgium. Marine Geology 193: 151169.Google Scholar
Temmerman, S., Govers, G., Meire, P., and Wartel, S. 2004. Simulating the long-term development of levee–basin topography on tidal marshes. Geomorphology, 63: 3955.Google Scholar
Walters, D., Moore, L. J., Duran Vinent, O., Fagherazzi, S., and Mariotti, G. 2014. Interactions between barrier islands and backbarrier marshes affect island system response to sea level rise: Insights from a coupled model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 119: F003091.Google Scholar
Weston, N. B. 2014. Declining sediments and rising seas: An unfortunate convergence for tidal wetlandsEstuaries and Coasts37: 123.Google Scholar
Zhao, L., Chen, C., Vallino, J., Hopkinson, C., Beardsley, R. C., Lin, H., and Lerczak, J., 2010. Wetland‐estuarine‐shelf interactions in the Plum Island Sound and Merrimack River in the Massachusetts coast. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 115: C10039.Google Scholar
Zong, L. and Nepf, H., 2010. Flow and deposition in and around a finite patch of vegetationGeomorphology116: 363372.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×