There is increasing acceptance that both prescriptive jurisdiction and the application of customary law can serve to bind entities other than States or international organisations. A third approach is to consider de facto authorities – those that do not represent a recognised State but which exercise effective control over a significant populace – as having some of the human rights obligations incumbent on States. At the least, armed groups are bound by jus cogens human rights norms, including the prohibition on arbitrary deprivation of life and on enforced disappearance.