Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Introduction and preface
- 1 Figures of merit and performance analysis of photonic microwave links
- 2 RF subcarrier links in local access networks
- 3 Analog modulation of semiconductor lasers
- 4 LiNbO3 external modulators and their use in high performance analog links
- 5 Broadband traveling wave modulators in LiNb03
- 6 Multiple quantum well electroabsorption modulators for RF photonic links
- 7 Polymer modulators for RF photonics
- 8 Photodiodes for high performance analog links
- 9 Opto-electronic oscillators
- 10 Photonic link techniques for microwave frequency conversion
- 11 Antenna-coupled millimeter-wave electro-optical modulators
- 12 System design and performance of wideband photonic phased array antennas
- Index
- References
9 - Opto-electronic oscillators
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2010
By
Edited by
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Introduction and preface
- 1 Figures of merit and performance analysis of photonic microwave links
- 2 RF subcarrier links in local access networks
- 3 Analog modulation of semiconductor lasers
- 4 LiNbO3 external modulators and their use in high performance analog links
- 5 Broadband traveling wave modulators in LiNb03
- 6 Multiple quantum well electroabsorption modulators for RF photonic links
- 7 Polymer modulators for RF photonics
- 8 Photodiodes for high performance analog links
- 9 Opto-electronic oscillators
- 10 Photonic link techniques for microwave frequency conversion
- 11 Antenna-coupled millimeter-wave electro-optical modulators
- 12 System design and performance of wideband photonic phased array antennas
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
Review of oscillators
Oscillators are devices that convert energy from a continuous source to a periodically varying signal. They represent the physical realization of a fundamental basis of all physics, the harmonic oscillator, and they are perhaps the most widely used devices in modern day society. Today a variety of mechanical (such as the pendulum), electromagnetic (such as LC and cavity based), and atomic (such as maser and laser) oscillators provide a diverse range in the approximation to the realization of the ideal harmonic oscillator. The degree of spectral purity and stability of the output signal of the oscillator is the measure of the accuracy of this approximation, and is fundamentally dependent on the energy storage ability of the oscillator, determined by the resistive loss (generally frequency dependent) of the various elements in the oscillator.
An important type of oscillator widely used today is the electronic oscillator. The first such oscillator was invented by L. De Forest in 1912, shortly after the development of the vacuum tube. In this triode based device known as the “van der Pol oscillator” the flux of electrons emitted by the cathode and flowing to the anode is modulated by the potential on the intervening grid. This potential is derived from the feedback of the current in the anode circuit containing an energy storage element (i.e., the frequency selecting LC filter) to the grid, as shown in Fig. 9.1a.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- RF Photonic Technology in Optical Fiber Links , pp. 255 - 292Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2002
References
J. Marion and W. Hornyak, Physics for Science and Engineering, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 1982, Ch. 15
, “A theory of the amplitude of free and forced triode vibrations,” Radio Review, 7, 701–54, 1920Google Scholar
, “The nonlinear theory of electric oscillations,” Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., 22 (9), 1051–86, 1934Google Scholar
et al., “A highly stabilized GaAsFED oscillator using a dielectric resonator feedback circuit in 9–14 GHz,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-28 (8), 817–24, 1980CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A. Siegman, Microwave Solid State Masers, McGraw-Hill, 1964
A. Siegman, Lasers, University Science Books, Mill Valley, 1986, Ch. 11
A. Ballato, “Piezoelectric resonators,” in Design of Crystal and Other Harmonic Oscillators, ed., B. Parzen, John Wiley and Sons, 1983, pp. 66–122
W L. Smith, “Precision oscillators,” in Precision Frequency Control, Vol. 2, eds. E A. Gerber and A. Ballato, Academic Press, 1985, pp. 45–98
and , “Application of dielectric resonators,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., MTT-29 (8), 754–69, 1981CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , “Millimeter-wave fiber optics systems for personal radio communication,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 40 (12), 2285–93, 1992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
P. Herczfeld and A. Daryoush, “Fiber optic feed network for large aperture phased array antennas,” Microwave J., 160–6, 1987
X S. Yao and L. Maleki, “Field demonstration of X-band photonic antenna remoting in the deep space network,” TDA Progress Report 42–117, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, pp. 29–34, 1994
, , and , “Microwave-optical mixing in LiNbO3 modulators,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 41 (12), 2383–91, 1993CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “A photonic variable RF delay line for phased array antennas,” J. Lightwave Technol., 8, 1824–8, 1990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “A novel 2-D programmable photonic time-delay device for millimeter-wave signal processing applications,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 6 (12), 1463–5, 1994Google Scholar
D. Nortton, S. Johns, and R. Soref, “Tunable wideband microwave transversal filter using high dispersive fiber delay lines,” Proc. 4th Biennial Department of Defense Fiber Optics and Photonics Conference, Mclean, Virginia, 1994, pp. 297–301
B. Moslehi, K. Chau, and J. Goodman, “Fiber-optic signal processors with optical gain and reconfigurable weights,” ibid. pp. 303–9
B. Moslehi, K. Chau, and J. Goodman Lightwave Electronics Corp., “Introduction to diode-pumped solid state lasers,” Technical Information No. 1, 1993
and , “High frequency optical subcarrier generator,” Electron. Lett. 30 (18), 1525–6, 1994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Opto-electronic oscillator,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 13, (8), 1725–35, 1996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and and , “Opto-electronic oscillator for photonic systems”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 32 (7), 1141–9, 1996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
M. Rodwell, J E. Bowers, R. Pullela, K. Gilboney, J. Pusl, and D. Nguyen, “Electronic and optoelectronic components for fiber transmission at bandwidths approaching 100 GHz,” in The LEOS Summer Topical Meetings, 1995 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Piscataway, NJ. IEEE catalog number 95 TH8031), RF Optoelectronics pp. 21–2
, , and , “75 GHz broadband Ti:LiNbO3 optical modulator with ridge structure,” Electron. Lett. 30, (12), 949–51, 1994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Nonlinear electrooptic oscillator using an integrated interferometer,” Opt. Commun., 37, 169–74, 1980CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Dynamics of electrooptic bistable devices with delayed feedback,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-18 (12), 2009–15, 1982CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Integrated optical oscillators and their applications to optical communication systems,” Opt. Commun., 36, (3), 186–8, 1981CrossRefGoogle Scholar
H M. Gibbs, F A. Hopf, D L. Kaplan, M W. Derstine, R L. Shoemaker, “Periodic oscillation and chaos in optical bistability: possible guided wave all optical square-wave oscillators,” Proc. SPIE, 317, Integrated Optics and Millimeter and Microwave Integrated Circuits, pp. 297–304
, , , and , “Transient response of hybrid bistable optical devices,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 34, (6), 374–6, 1979CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “High-frequency electro-optic oscillator using an integrated interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, (1), 6–8, 1982CrossRefGoogle Scholar
T. Aida and P. Davis, “Applicability of bifurcation to chaos: Experimental demonstration of methods for switching among multistable modes in a nonlinear resonator,” in OSA Proc. Nonlinear Dynamics in Optical Systems, eds. N B. Abraham, E. Garmire, and P. Mandel, Vol. 7, pp. 540–4, Optical Society of America, 1990
M F. Lewis, “Some aspects of saw oscillators,” Proc. 1973 Ultrasonics Symposium, IEEE, 1973, pp. 344–7
and , “Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards,” Proc. IEEE, 54, (2), 136–54, 1966Google Scholar
A. Yariv, Introduction to Optical Electronics, 2nd Edn., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1976, Ch. 10
X S. Yao and L. Maleki, “Influence of an externally modulated photonic link on a microwave communications system,” The Telecommunication and Data Acquisition Progress Report 42–117, Vol. January–March, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, pp 16–28 (May 15, 1994), obtainable at http://tmo.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report
, “Novel RF oscillator using optical components,” Electron. Lett. 28, (1), 31–2, 1992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Intensity noise in diode-pumped single-frequency Nd:YAG lasers and its control by electronic feedback,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2, (4), 244–5, 1990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewlett-Packard Co., “Phase noise characterization of microwave oscillators – Frequency discriminator method,” Product note 11729C-2
E N. Ivannov, M E. Tobar, and R. A. Woode, “Advanced phase noise suppression technique for next generation of ultra low noise microwave oscillator,” Proc. 1995IEEEInternational Frequency Control Symposium, pp. 314–20, 1995
J. Dick and D. Santiago, “Microwave frequency discriminator with a cryogenic sapphire resonator for ultra-low phase noise,” Proc. 6th European Frequency and Time Forum, held at ESTEC, Noordwijk, NJ, 17–19 March 1992, pp. 35–39
and , “A high speed photonic clock and carrier regenerator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 8, (5), 688–90, 1996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
X. S. Yao, L. Maleki, and J. Dick, “Opto-electronic oscillator incorporating carrier suppression noise reduction technique,” 1999 IEEE Frequency Control Symposium, France, 1999
, , and , “Multiloop opto-electronic oscillator,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 36 (1), 79–84, 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
X. S. Yao, “Optical resonator based opto-electronic oscillators,” New Technology Report, #NPO-20547, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, 1999
, , , “High-Q microsphere cavity for laser stabilization and optoelectronic microwave oscillator”, Proc. SPIE, 3611, 190–8, 1999CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , “Pigtailing the high-Q microsphere cavity: a simple fiber coupler for optical whispering-gallery modes,” Opt. Lett., 24, (11), 723–5, 1999CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and , “Monolithic colliding-pulse mode-locked quantum well lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 28 (10), 2176–85, 1992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
M. C. Wu, T K. Chen, T. Tanbun-Ek, and R A. Logan, Monolithic CPM Diode Lasers, Springer Series on Chemical Physics, Vol. 55, Ultrafast Phenomena VIII, eds. J L. Martin, A. Migus, G A. Mourou, and A G. Zewail, pp. 211–5, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1993
and , “Dual microwave and optical oscillator,” Opt. Lett., 22, (24), 1867–9, 1997CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and , “Recent results with coupled optoelectronic oscillator,” Proc. SPIE, 3463, 237-45, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15
- Cited by