Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-tzmfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-01T00:10:32.878Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Performance and conditioning studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

By
César Ávila  and
Rafael Torrubia
Edited by
Philip J. Corr
César Ávila
Affiliation:
Professor, Department of Psychology University of Jaume, Spain
Rafael Torrubia
Affiliation:
Professor, Department of Psychologyal Medicine University of Barcelona, Spain
Philip J. Corr
Affiliation:
University of Wales, Swansea
Get access

Summary

Since 1970, J. A. Gray (1970, 1981, 1982, 1987a) has outlined several aspects of a personality model called Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). This model has generated a great amount of experimental research and has been applied to adult psychopathology (Fowles 1988), psychophysiology (Fowles 1980), child psychopathology (Quay 1988; Nigg 2000, 2001) and disinhibited behaviour (Patterson and Newman 1993). The impression one has thirty years on, however, is that the model still has some grey areas since it was first proposed, which are lacking in detail and in some ways limit its development (see Pickering, Corr, Powell, Kumari, Thornton and Gray 1997).

Theoretical contributions and controversial issues of RST

Considering basically performance and conditioning studies, the aim of the present chapter is to raise some of the model's problematic aspects and to put forward some hypotheses and practical issues in regard to its application to humans. The chapter begins by setting out Gray's model in its initial formulation, and further theoretical contributions (Corr 2002, 2004; Patterson and Newman 1993; Wallace and Newman 1990). We shall then deal with aspects which we consider essential with regard to application to humans, and compile the results of the research work in this field from a new point of view. Owing to the fact that measures of BIS and BAS are based on Gray's classical model (Gray 1982), and that it remains to be seen how the new model by Gray and McNaughton (2000) fits in, the basis of this review will be the classical RST model.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality , pp. 228 - 260
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ávila, C. (1994), Sensitivity to punishment and resistance to extinction: a test of Gray's behavioral inhibition system, Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 845–847CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, C.(1995), Facilitation and inhibition of visual orienting as a function of personality, Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 503–509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, C.(2001), Distinguishing Behavioural Inhibition System–mediated and Behavioural Approach System-mediated disinhibition mechanisms: a comparison of disinhibition models of Gray and Patterson and Newman, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 311–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ávila, C., Barrós, A., Ibáñez, M. I., Ortet, G. and Parcet, M. A. (2003), Set-shifting and sensitivity to reward: a dopamine mechanism for explaining disinhibitory disorders, Cognition and Emotion, 17, 951–959CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ávila, C., Moltó, J., Segarra, P. and Torrubia, R. (1995), Sensitivity to primary or secondary reinforcers: what is the mechanism underlying passive avoidance deficits in extraverts?, Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 373–394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ávila, C. and Parcet, M. A. (1997), Impulsivity and anxiety differences in cognitive inhibition, Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1055–1064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, C. and Parcet, M. A.(2000), The rôle of Gray's impulsivity in anxiety-mediated differences in resistance to extinction, European Journal of Personality, 14, 185–1983.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, C. and Parcet, M. A.(2001), Personality and inhibitory deficits in the stop-signal task: the mediating role of Gray's anxiety and impulsivity, Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 975–986CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, C. and Parcet, M. A.(2002a), Individual differences in reward sensitivity and attentional focus, Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 979–996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, C. and Parcet, M. A.(2002b), The role of attentional anterior network on threat-related attentional biases in anxiety, Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 715–728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ávila, C., Parcet, M. A., Ibañez, M. I. and Ortet, G. (1999), The role of the behavioral inhibition system in the ability to associate aversive stimuli with future rewards, Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 1209–1219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ávila, C. and Torrubia, R. (2004), Personality, expectations and response to multiple choice question examinations in university students: of Gray's hypotheses, European Journal of Personality, 18, 45–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, C. and Torrubia, R.(2006), Personality differences in suppression of behavior as a function of the probability of punishment, Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 249–260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, S. A. and Zuckerman, M. (1992), Sensation seeking and selective attention: focused and divided attention on a dichotic listening task, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 825–831CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T. and Clark, D. A. (1997), An information processing model of anxiety: automatic and strategic processes, Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 49–58CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boddy, J., Carver, A. and Rowley, K. (1986), Effect of positive and negative-reinforcement on performance as a function of introversion–extraversion: some tests of Gray's theory, Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 81–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brebner, J. and Cooper C. (1985), A proposed unified model of extraversion in Spence, J. T. and Izard, C. E. (eds.), Motivation, Emotion and Personality (Amsterdam: North-Holland), pp. 219–227Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E., Broadbent, M. H. and Jones, J. L. (1986), Performance correlates of self-reported cognitive failure and of obsessionality, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 285–299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caccioppo, J. T. and Bernston, G. G. (1994), Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: a critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates, Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401–423CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caccioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L. and Bernston, G. G. (1999), The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: form follows function, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839–855CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C. S. (2004), Negative affects derived from the behavioral approach system, Emotion, 4, 3–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C. S. and White, T. L. (1994), Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Approach System scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caseras, X., Ávila, C. and Torrubia, R. (2003), The measurement of individual differences in behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation systems: a comparison of personality scales, Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 999–1013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellà, J. and Pérez, J. (2004), Sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward and traffic violations, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36, 947–952CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, C. and Lovibond, P. F. (1996), Expectancy bias in trait anxiety, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 637–647CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corr, P. J. (2001), Testing problems in J. A. Gray's personality theory: commentary on Matthews and Gilliland (1999), Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 333–352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corr, P. J.(2002), J. A. Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory: tests of the joint subsystems hypothesis of anxiety and impulsivity, Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 511–532CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corr, P. J.(2004), Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality, Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 28, 317–332CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D. and Gray, J. A. (1995), Personality and reinforcement in associative and instrumental learning, Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 47–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D. and Gray, J. A.(1997), Personality, punishment, and procedural learning: a test of J. A. Gray's anxiety theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 337–344CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corr, P. J., Wilson, G. D., Fotiadou, M., Kumari, V., Gray, N. S., Checkley, S. and Gray, J. A. (1995), Personality and affective modulation of the startle reflex, Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 543–553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (1998), Affective style and affective disorders: perspectives from affective neuroscience, Cognition and Emotion, 12, 307–330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Depue, R. A. and Collins, P. F. (1999), Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491–569CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derryberry, D. (1987), Incentive and feedback effects on target detection: a chronometric analysis of Gray's model of temperament, Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 855–865CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derryberry, D. and Reed, M. A. (1994), Temperament and attention: orienting toward and away from positive and negative signals, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1128–1139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickman, S. J. (1993), Impulsivity and information processing in McCown, W. G., Johnson, J. L. and Shure, M. B. (eds.), The Impulsive Client: Theory, Research, and Treatment (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), pp. 151–184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickman, S. J.(2000), Impulsivity, arousal and attention, Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 563–581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, M. W. (1992), Anxiety: The Cognitive Perspective (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)Google Scholar
Eysenck, M. W. and Derakshan, N. (1997), Cognitive biases for future negative events as a function of trait anxiety and social desirability, Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 597–606CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowles, D. C. (1980), The three arousal model: implications of Gray's two-factor learning theory for heart rate, electrodermal activity, and psychopathy, Psychophysiology, 17, 87–104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowles, D. C.(1987), Application of a behavioral theory of motivation to the concepts of anxiety and impulsivity, Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 417–435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowles, D. C.(1988), Psychophysiology and psychopathology: a motivational approach, Psychophysiology, 25, 373–391CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, E. (1994), Attentional bias in anxiety: a defective inhibition hypothesis, Cognition and Emotion, 8, 165–195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, E.(1996), Selective processing of threatening words in anxiety: the role of awareness, Cognition and Emotion, 10, 449–480CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fullana, M. A., Caseras, X. and Torrubia, R. (2003), Psychometric properties of the personal state questionnaire in a Catalan sample, Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 605–611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorenstein, E. E. and Newman, J. P. (1980), Disinhibitory psychopathology: a new perspective and a model of research, Psychological Review, 87, 301–315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1970), The psychophysiological basis of introversion–extraversion, Behavior Research and Therapy, 8, 249–266CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray J. A. (1981), A critique of Eysenck's theory of personality in Eysenck, H. J. (ed.), A Model of Personality (New York: Springer), pp. 246–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. A.(1982), The Neuropsychology of Anxiety (New York: Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Gray, J. A.(1987a), The Psychology of Fear and Stress (2nd edn, New York: Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Gray J. A. (1987b), The neuropsychology of personality and emotion in Stahl, S. M., Iversen, S. D. and Goodman, E. C. (eds.), Cognitive Neurochemistry (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 171–190Google Scholar
Gray, J. A.(1987c), Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: a commentary, Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 493–509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray J. A. (1991), Neural systems, emotion and personality in Madden, J. IV (ed.), Neurobiology of Learning, Emotion and Affect (New York: Raven Press), pp. 273–306Google Scholar
Gray J. A. (1994), Framework for a taxonomy of psychiatric disorder in Goozen, S. H. M., Poll, N. E. and Sergeant, J. A. (eds.), The Emotions: Essays on Emotion Theory (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), pp. 29–59Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. and McNaughton, N. J. (2000), The Neuropsychology of Anxiety (Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications)Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. and Smith, P. T. (1969), An arousal-decision model for partial reinforcement and discrimination learning in Gilbert, R. and Sutherland, N. S. (eds.), Animal Discrimination Learning (New York: Academic Press), pp. 243–272Google Scholar
Gupta, B. S. and Nagpal, M. (1978), Impulsivity/sociability and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning, British Journal of Psychology, 68, 203–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, S. (1990), Personality and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning: a test of Gray's theory, Psychological Studies, 35, 157–162Google Scholar
Gupta, S. and Shukla, A. P. (1989), Verbal operant conditioning as a function of extraversion and reinforcement, British Journal of Psychology, 80, 39–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagopian, L. P. and Ollendick, T. H. (1994), Behavioral inhibition and test anxiety: an empirical investigation of Gray's theory, Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 597–604CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmon-Jones, E. (2003), Anger and the behavioural approach system, Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 995–1005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kambouropoulos, N. and Staiger, P. K. (2004), Personality and responses to appetitive and aversive stimuli: the joint influence of behavioural approach and inhibition systems, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1153–1165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, D. and Kapila, A. (1987), Problem solving as a function of extraversion and masculinity, Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 129–132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M. and Cuthbert, B. N. (1990), Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex, Psychological Review, 97, 377–395CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathews, A. and MacLeod, C. (1994), Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders, Annual Review Psychology, 45, 25–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathews, A., May, J., Mogg, K. and Eysenck, M. W. (1990), Attentional bias in anxiety: selective search or defective filtering?, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 166–173CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathews, A. and Milroy, R. (1994), Processing of emotional meaning in anxiety, Cognition and Emotion, 8, 535–553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathews, A., Richards, A. and Eysenck, M. (1989), Interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 31–34CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthews, G. (1992), Extraversion in Smith, A. and Jones, D. (eds.), Handbook of Human Performance, vol. 3, State and Trait (London: Academic Press), pp. 95–126Google Scholar
McCord, R. R. and Wakefield, J. A. (1981), Arithmetic achievement as a function of introversion–extraversion and teacher-presented reward and punishment, Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 145–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Williams, R. and Mathews, A. (1993), Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 304–311CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, J. P. (1987), Reaction to punishment in extraverts and psychopaths: implications for the impulsive behavior of disinhibited individuals, Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 464–480CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, J. P. and Kosson, D. S. (1986), Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 252–256CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, J. P., Wallace, J. F., Schmitt, W. A. and Arnett, P. A. (1997), Behavioral inhibition system functioning in anxious, impulsive and psychopathic individuals, Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 583–592CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, J. P., Widom, C. S. and Nathan, S. (1985), Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: psychopathy and extraversion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1316–1327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nichols, S. and Newman, J. P. (1986), Effects of punishment on response latency in extraverts, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 624–630CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nigg, J. T. (2000), On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy, Psychological Bulletin, 126, 220–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nigg, J. T.(2001), Is ADHD a disinhibitory behavior?, Psychological Bulletin, 127, 571–598CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1986), The anatomy of emotions in Plutchik, E. and Kellerman, H. (eds.), Emotion: Theory Research and Experience, vol. 3, Biological Foundations (New York: Academic Press), pp. 91–124Google Scholar
Patterson, C. M., Kosson, D. S. and Newman, J. P. (1987), Reaction to punishment, reflectivity, and passive avoidance learning in extraverts, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 565–575CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, C. M. and Newman, J. P. (1993), Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: toward a psychological mechanism for syndromes of disinhibition, Psychological Review, 100, 716–736CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce-McCall, D. P. and Newman, J. P. (1986), Expectation of success following non-contingent punishment in introverts and extraverts, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 439–466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, A. D. (1997), The conceptual nervous system and personality: from Pavlov to neural networks, European Psychologist, 2, 139–163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, A. D., Corr, P. J., Powell, J. H., Kumari, V., Thornton, J. C. and Gray, J. A. (1997), Individual differences in reactions to reinforcing stimuli are neither black nor white: to what extent are they Gray? in Nyborg, H. (ed.), The Scientific Study of Personality: Tribute to Hans J. Eysenck at Eighty (London: Elsevier Sciences), pp. 36–67Google Scholar
Pickering, A. D., Diaz, A. and Gray, J. A. (1995), Personality and reinforcement: an exploration using a maze-learning task, Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 541–558CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, A. D. and Gray, J. A. (2001), Dopamine, appetitive reinforcement, and the neuropsychology of human learning: an individual differences approach in Eliasz, A. and Angleitner, A. (eds.), Advances in Individual Differences Research (Lengerich, Germany: PABST Science Publishers), pp. 113–149Google Scholar
Powell, J. H., Al-Adawi, S., Morgan, J. and Greenwood, R. J. (1996), Motivational deficits after brain injury: effects of bromocriptine in 11 patients, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 60, 416–421CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poy, R., Eixarch, M. C. and Ávila, A. (2004), On the relationship between attention and personality: covert visual orienting of attention in anxiety and impulsivity, Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1471–1481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quay, H. C. (1988), The behavioral reward and inhibition system in childhood behavior disorder in Bloomingdale, L. M. (ed.), Attention Deficit Disorder, vol. 3, New Research in Attention, Treatment, and Psychopharmacology (Elmsford: Pergamon Press), pp 176–186Google Scholar
Redgrave, P., Prescott, T. J. and Gurney, K. (1999), Is short-latency dopamine response too short to signal reward error?, Trends in Neuroscience, 22, 146–151CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, A. and French, C. C. (1992), An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45A, 503–525CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins, T. W. and Everitt, B. J. (1995), Arousal systems and attention in Gazzaniga, M. S., The Cognitive Neurosciences (Cambridge: MIT Press), pp. 703–720Google Scholar
Segarra, P., Moltó, J. and Torrubia, R. (2000), Passive avoidance learning in extraverted females, Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 239–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seunath, O. M. (1975), Personality, reinforcement and learning, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41, 459–463CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, R. A. (1978), Probability of punishment and suppression of behavior in psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 330–350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smillie, L. D. and Jackson, C. (2005), The appetitive motivation scale and other Behavioural Approach System measures in the prediction of approach and active avoidance, Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 981–994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrubia, R. (1983), Personalitat, ansietat i susceptibilitat al càstig: aplicació de la teoria de Gray als humans (unpublished Master thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)Google Scholar
Torrubia, R., Ávila C., Moltó, J. and Grande I. (1995), Testing for stress and happiness: the rôle of the behavioral inhibition system in Spielberger, C. D., Sarason, I. G., Brebner, J., Greenglass, E., Langani, P. and O'Roark, A. M. (eds.), Stress and Emotion: Anxiety, Anger, and Curiosity (Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis), vol. 15, pp. 189–211Google Scholar
Wallace, J. F. and Newman, J. P. (1990), Differential effects of reward and punishment cues on response speed in anxious and impulsive individuals, Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 999–1009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C. and Mathews, A. (1998), Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders (Chichester: Wiley)Google Scholar
Zinbarg, R. E. and Mohlman, J. (1998), Individual differences in the acquisition of affectively valenced associations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1024–1040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Performance and conditioning studies
    • By César Ávila, Professor, Department of Psychology University of Jaume, Spain, Rafael Torrubia, Professor, Department of Psychologyal Medicine University of Barcelona, Spain
  • Edited by Philip J. Corr, University of Wales, Swansea
  • Book: The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality
  • Online publication: 31 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819384.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Performance and conditioning studies
    • By César Ávila, Professor, Department of Psychology University of Jaume, Spain, Rafael Torrubia, Professor, Department of Psychologyal Medicine University of Barcelona, Spain
  • Edited by Philip J. Corr, University of Wales, Swansea
  • Book: The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality
  • Online publication: 31 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819384.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Performance and conditioning studies
    • By César Ávila, Professor, Department of Psychology University of Jaume, Spain, Rafael Torrubia, Professor, Department of Psychologyal Medicine University of Barcelona, Spain
  • Edited by Philip J. Corr, University of Wales, Swansea
  • Book: The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality
  • Online publication: 31 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819384.008
Available formats
×