Case Studies

doi:10.1017/9781108885287.007

Archer, Ronald, and Shugart, Matthew S.. 1997. “The Unrealized Potential of Presidential Dominance in Colombia” in Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew (eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 110–159.Google Scholar

Bejarano, Ana María. 2011. Precarious Democracies: Understanding Regime Stability and Change in Colombia and Venezuela. South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar

Bonime-Blanc, Andrea. 1987. Spain’s Transition to Democracy: The Politics of Constitution Making. New York: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Botero, Felipe. 1998. “El Senado que nunca fue: la circunscripción nacional después de tres elecciones” in Elecciones y Democracia en Colombia 1997–1998. Bejarano, Ana María and Dávila, Andrés (eds.) Bogotá: Fundación Social, Departamento de Ciencia Política, Universidad de los Andes, Veeduría Ciudadana a la Elección Presidencial, 285–335.Google Scholar

Brewer-Carías, Allan. 2010a. Dismantling Democracy in Venezuela: The Chavez Authoritarian Experiment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Brewer-Carías, Allan. 2010b. “The 1999 Venezuelan Constitution making Process as an Instrument for Framing the Development of an Authoritarian Political Regime” in Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Miller, Laurel E. (ed.) Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 505–531.Google Scholar

Castiglione, Darío. 2005. “Representation Re-examined: A Conceptual and Theoretical Agenda.” Paper presented at the New School for Social Research Work-in-Progress Series, April, 28 2005. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Cepeda Espinosa, Manuel José. 1993a. Introducción a la Constitución de 1991. Hacia un Nuevo Constitucionalismo. Bogotá: Presidencia de la República, Consejería para el Desarrollo de la Constitución.Google Scholar

Cepeda Espinosa, Manuel José. 1993b. La Constituyente por Dentro. Mitos y Realidades. Bogotá: Presidencia de la República, Consejería para el Desarrollo de la Constitución.Google Scholar

Cepeda Espinosa, Manuel José. 2007. Polémicas Constitucionales. Bogotá: Legis Editores, S.A.Google Scholar

Chambers, Simone. 2004. “Democracy, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Legitimacy.” Constellations 11(2): 153–173.Google Scholar

Combellas, Ricardo. 2010. “La Venezuela de la V República: la Reforma Política y sus Implicaciones Institucionales” in Desafíos de la Gobernabilidad Democrática. Reformas Político-Institucionales y Movimientos Sociales en la Región Andina. Tanaka, Martin and Jacome, Francine (eds.) Lima: Instiuto de Estudios Peruanos, International Development Research Centre, 149–172.Google Scholar

Corrales, Javier and Penfold-Becerra, Michael. 2007. “Venezuela: Crowding Out the Opposition.” Journal of Democracy 18(2): 99–113.Google Scholar

Corrales, Javier. 2018. Fixing Democracy: Why Constitutional Change Often Fails to Enhance Democracy in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dugas, John C. 2001. “The Origin, Impact and Demise of the 1989–1990 Colombian Student Movement: Insights from Social Movement Theory.” Journal of Latin American Studies 33(4): 807–837.Google Scholar

Elkins, Zachary, Ginsburg, Tom, and Melton, James. 2009. The Endurance of National Constitutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Elster, Jon, and Slagstad, Rune. 1988. Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–45.Google Scholar

Figueroa García-Herreros, Nicolás. 2012. “Counter-Hegemonic Constitutionalism: The Case of Colombia.” Constellations 19(2): 235–247.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gargarella, Roberto, and Courtis, Christian. 2009. “El nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano: promesas e interrogantes” in Serie Políticas Sociales. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL – Naciones Unidas, ASDI.Google Scholar

Hart, Vivien. 2003. “Democratic Constitution Making.” Special Report, No. 107, United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar

Hartlyn, Jonathan. 1988. The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hartlyn, Jonathan, and Luna, Juan Pablo. 2009. Constitutional Reform in Contemporary Latin America: A Framework for Analysis. Paper delivered at the meeting of the International Association of Political Science, IPSA, Santiago de Chile, July 12–16.Google Scholar

Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Boston: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Kornblith, Miriam. 1998. Venezuela en los noventa: Las crisis de la democracia. Caracas: UCV and Ediciones IESA.Google Scholar

Lemaitre Ripoll, Julieta. 2009. El derecho como conjuro. Fetichismo legal, violencia y movimientos sociales. Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores – Universidad de los Andes.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan A.. 2010. “Why Democracy Needs a Level Playing Field.” Journal of Democracy 21(1): 57–68.Google Scholar

López Maya, Margarita. 2006. Del viernes negro al referendo revocatorio. Caracas: Alfadil Ediciones.Google Scholar

Lora, Eduardo, and Scaartascini, Carlos (eds.) 2010. Consecuencias Imprevistas de la Constitucion de 1991: la influencia de la política en las políticas económicas. Bogotá: Alfaomega Colombiana – Fedesarrollo.Google Scholar

Moehler, Devra. 2008. Distrusting Democrats: Outcomes of Participatory Constitution Making. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Negretto, Gabriel. 1999. “Constitution Making and Institutional Design: The Transformation of Presidentialism in Argentina.” Archives Européens de Sociologie XL(2): 193–232.Google Scholar

Negretto, Gabriel. 2009a. “Paradojas de la Reforma Constitucional en América Latina.” Journal of Democracy en Español 1(1): 38–54.Google Scholar

Negretto, Gabriel. 2009b. “Political Parties and Institutional Design: Explaining Constitutional Choice in Latin America.” British Journal of Political Science 31(1): 17–139.Google Scholar

Negretto, Gabriel. 2012. “Replacing and Amending Constitutions: The Logic of Constitutional Change in Latin America.” Law and Society Review 46(4): 749–779.CrossRef Google Scholar

Negretto, Gabriel. 2013. Making Constitutions. Presidents, Parties, and Institutional Choice in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Neuman, Laura, and McCoy, Jennifer. 2001. “Defining the ‘Bolivarian Revolution’: Hugo Chávez’ Venezuela.” Current History 100(643): 80–85.Google Scholar

Nolte, Detlef, and Schilling-Vacaflor, Almut. 2012. New Constitutionalism in Latin America. Promises and Practices. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.Google Scholar

Palacio Rudas, Alfonso. 1994. El Congreso en la Constitucion de 1991: del Edificio Fenix Al Centro de Convenciones. Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores.Google Scholar

Payne, Mark, Zovatto, Daniel, and Diaz, Mercedes Mateo. 2006. Democracies in Development: Politics and Reform in Latin America. Washington D.C.:Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar

Pinzón de Lewin, Patricia. 1991. “Las elecciones de 1990” in Los nuevos retos electorales. Colombia 1990: la antesala del cambio. David, Ruben Sánchez (ed.) Bogotá: CEREC – Universidad de Los Andes, 116–132.Google Scholar

Pizarro, Eduardo, and Bejarano, Ana María. 2007. “Political Reform after 1991: What Still Needs to be Reformed?” in Peace, Democracy, and Human Rights in Colombia. Welna, Christopher and Gallón, Gustavo (eds.) South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 167–201.Google Scholar

Skidmore, Thomas, Smith, Peter, and Green, James. 2010. Modern Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Segura, Renata, and Bejarano, Ana María. 2004. “Ni una asamblea más sin nosotros! Exclusion, Inclusion, and the Politics of Constitution making in the Andes.” Constellations 11(2): 217–236.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 2007. Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Valencia Villa, Hernando. 1989. “De las guerras constitucionales en Colombia. Capitulo LXVIII: un informe sobre la reforma Barco.” In Análisis Político, No. 6: 80–97.Google Scholar

Valencia Villa, Hernando. 2010. Cartas de Batalla: una crítica del constitucionalismo colombiano. Bogotá: Panamericana Editorial.Google Scholar

Widner, Jennifer A. 2013. Constitutions and Consequences: Curbing Executive Abuse of Power. Paper delivered at the LASA-Mellon Foundation workshop “The Gap from Parchment to Practice: Ambivalent Effects of Constitutions in Democratizing Countries,” Washington, DC, May 28–29.Google Scholar

Arato, Andrew. 2009. “Redeeming the Still Redeemable: Post Sovereign Constitution Making.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 22(August): 427–443.Google Scholar

Arato, Andrew. 2011a. “Orbán’s (Counter-)Revolution of the Voting Booth and How It Was Made Possible.” Verfassungsblog, April 16. http://verfassungsblog.de/orbns-counter-revolution-voting-booth.Google Scholar

Arato, Andrew. 2011b. “Constitution Making in Hungary and the 4/5 Rule.” http://www.iconnectblog.com/2011/04/arato-on-constitution-making-in-hungary-and-the-45-rule/Google Scholar

Bartory, Agnes. 2010. “Election Briefing No 51: Europe and the Hungarian Parliamentary Elections of April 2010.” www.sussex.ac.uk/sei/documents/epern-election-briefing-no-51.pdf.Google Scholar

Bánkuti, Miklós et al. 2012. “Opinion on Hungary’s New Constitutional Order: Amicus Brief for the Venice Commission on the Transitional Provisions of the Fundamental Law and the Key Cardinal Laws.” http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/hungary/Amicus_Cardinal_Laws_final.pdf.Google Scholar

Bánkuti, Miklós, Halmai, Gábor, and Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2012. “Disabling the Constitution.” Journal of Democracy 23(3): 138–146.Google Scholar

Brier, Robert. 2006. “The Constitutional Politics of Culture. Symbols, Interests, and Constitution-Drafting in Poland’s Third Republic.” PhD diss., Europa-Universität Viadrian Frankfurt (Oder).Google Scholar

Brodsky, Clava. 2015. “Hungary’s Dangerous Constitution.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. http://jtl.columbia.edu/hungarys-dangerous-constitution.Google Scholar

Brzezinski, Mark F. 1991. “Constitutional Heritage and Renewal: The Case of Poland.” Virginia Law Review 77(1): 49–112.Google Scholar

Brzezinski, Mark F. 1993. “The Emergence of Judicial Review in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland.” American Journal of Comparative Law 41(2): 153–200.Google Scholar

Brzezinski, Mark F., and Garlicki, Leszek. 1995. “Judicial Review in Post-Communist Poland: The Emergence of a Rechtsstaat?” Stanford Journal of International Law 31(1): 13–60.Google Scholar

Comments of Hungarian NGOs on the Draft Report on the Situation of Fundamental Rights: Standards and Practices in Hungary and on the Position of the Hungarian Government. 2013. http://tasz.hu/files/tasz/imce/tavares_gov_ngos_comments_20130523.pdf.Google Scholar

Chruściak, Ryszard, and Wiktor, Osiatyński. 2001. Tworzenie Konstytucji W Polsce W Latach 1989–1997. Warszawa: Instytut Spraw Publicznych.Google Scholar

Eisenstadt, Todd, Carl LeVan, A., and Maboudi, Tofigh. 2017. Constituents Before Assembly: Participation, Deliberation, and Representation in the Crafting of New Constitutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Elkins, Zachary, Ginsburg, Tom, and Melton, James. 2009. The Endurance of National Constitutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Elster, Jon. 2006. “Legislatures As Constituent Assemblies” in The Least Examined Branch the Role of Legislatures in the Constitutional State. Bauman, Richard W. and Kahana, Tsvi (eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 181–197.Google Scholar

Garlicki, Lech, and Garlicki, Zofia A.. 2010. “Constitution Making, Peace Building, and National Reconciliation: The Experience of Poland” in Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making. Miller, Laurel E. (ed.) Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 391–416.Google Scholar

Gortat, Radzisława. 1993. “The Feud within Solidarity’s Offspring.” The Journal of Communist Studies 9(4): 116–124.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gorondi, Pablo. 2006. “Hungary’s Prime Minister in Trouble over Leaked Recording.” Washington Post, September 18. www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/09/18/AR2006091800616.html.Google Scholar

Grzymała-Busse, Anna. 2002. Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Herold, Maik, and Wandan, Solongo. 2014. “Verfassung Jenseits Der Konstituante: Solidarność Und Die Politische Mobilisierung in Polen 1993–1997” in Die Verfassung Des Politischen Festschrift Für Hans Vorländer. Brodocz, André, Herrmann, Dietrich, Schmidt, Rainer, Schulz, Daniel, and Wessel, Julia Schulze (eds.) Berlin: Springer, 271–286.Google Scholar

The Hungarian Helsinki Committee. “Documents Submitted to the EP by the Hungarian Government concerning the Draft Constitution Are Misleading.” www.helsinki.hu/en/documents-submitted-to-the-ep-by-the-hungarian-government-concerning-the-draft-constitution-are-misleading.Google Scholar

Kaminski, Marek, Lissowski, G., and Swistak, P.. 1998. “The Revival of Communism or the Effect of Institutions?: The 1992 Polish Parliamentary Elections.” Public Choice 97(3): 429–449.Google Scholar

Kis, János. 2012. “Introduction: From the 1989 Constitution to the 2011 Fundamental Law” in Constitution for a Disunited Nation: On Hungary’s 2011 Fundamental Law. Tóth, Gábor Attila (ed.) Budapest: Central European University Press, 1–24.Google Scholar

Krzaklewski, Marian. 1997. Speech given in the National Assembly on February 25, available at www.niedziela.pl/zaw/archiwalne_strony_www/n10/n10_krza.htm.Google Scholar

Lembcke, Oliver W., and Boulanger, Christian. 2012. “Between Revolution and Constitution: The Role of the Hungarian Constitutional Court” in Constitution for a Disunited Nation: On Hungary’s 2011 Fundamental Law. Tóth, Gábor Attila (ed.) Budapest: Central European University Press, 269–301.Google Scholar

Millard, Frances. 1993. “The 1993 Polish Parliamentary Election.” Representation 32(117): 15–18.Google Scholar

Millard, Frances. 1994. The Anatomy of New Poland: Post-Communist Politics in Its First Phase. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Negretto, Gabriel L. 2017. “Constitution Making in Comparative Perspective” in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Thompson, William R. (ed.). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Negretto, Gabriel L. 2018. “Democratic Constitution-Making Bodies: The Perils of a Partisan Convention,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 16(1): 254–279.Google Scholar

Osiatyński, Wiktor. 1992. “A Bill of Rights for Poland.” East European Constitutional Review 1(3): 29–32.Google Scholar

Osiatyński, Wiktor. 1994. “Poland’s Constitutional Ordeal.” East European Constitutional Review 3(2): 42–45.Google Scholar

Sanford, George. 2002. Democractic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Google Scholar

Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2011. “Hungary’s Constitutional Revolution.” The New York Times, December 19, 2011. http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/hungarys-constitutional-revolution.Google Scholar

Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2013. “Guest Post: Hungary, the Public Relations Offensive.” The New York Times, April 8, 2013. https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/guest-post-hungary-the-public-relations-offensive/.Google Scholar

Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2014. “Constitutional Coups and Judicial Review: How Transnational Institutions Can Strengthen Peak Courts at Times of Crisis (with Special Reference to Hungary).” Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 23(1): 51–117.Google Scholar

Szczerbiak, Aleks. 2004. “The Polish Centre-Right’s (Last?) Best Hope: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity Electoral Action.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20(3): 55–79.Google Scholar

Szikinger, István. 2001. “Hungary’s Pliable Constitution” in Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Volume I: Institutional Engineering. Zielonka, Jan (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 406–430.Google Scholar

Szilágyi, Anna, and Bozóki, András. 2015. “Playing It Again in Post-Communism: The Revolutionary Rhetoric of Viktor Orbán in Hungary.” Advances in the History of Rhetoric 18(1): 153–166.Google Scholar

Tóth, Gábor Attila (ed.). 2012. Constitution for a Disunited Nation: On Hungary’s 2011 Fundamental Law. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar

Wandan, Solongo. 2014. Making New Rights: Constitutional Agenda-Setting in the Transitions of Poland (1989–1997) and South Africa (1990–1994 [1996]). PhD diss. The New School for Social Research.Google Scholar

Wandan, Solongo. 2015. “Nothing Out of the Ordinary: Constitution Making As Representative Politics.” Constellations 221(1): 44–58.Google Scholar

Wasilewski, Jacek, and Wnuk-Lipinski, Edmund. 1995. “Poland: Winding Road from the Communist to the Post-Solidarity Elite.” Theory and Society 24(July): 669–696.Google Scholar

Wyrzykowski, Miroslaw. 2001. “Legitimacy: The Price of a Delayed Constitution in Poland” in Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe, Vol. 1: Institutional Engineering. Zielonka, Jan (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Arato, Andrew. 2009. Constitution Making under Occupation: The Politics of Imposed Revolution in Iraq. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Chambers, Paul. 2002. “Good Governance, Political Stability and Constitutionalism in Thailand.” Bangkok: King Prajadhipok’s Institute Occasional Paper (August 10, 2002).Google Scholar

Crouch, Melissa, and Ginsburg, Tom. 2016. “Between Endurance and Change in Southeast Asia: Military and Constitutional Reform in Myanmar and Thailand” in Annual Review of Constitution-Making. Stockholm: International IDEA, 67–84.Google Scholar

Engel, David. 1975. “Law and Kingship in Thailand during the Reign of King Chulalongkorn.” Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia. Vol. 9. Center for South & Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.Google Scholar

Ginsburg, Tom. 2009. “Constitutional Afterlife: The Continuing Impact of Thailand’s Post-Political Constitution.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 7(1): 83–105.Google Scholar

Ginsburg, Tom, and Huq, Aziz. 2016. “Assessing Constitutional Performance” in Assessing Constitutional Performance. Ginsburg, Tom and Huq, Aziz (eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–26.Google Scholar

Handley, Paul. 2006. The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand’s Bhumibol Adulyadej. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Harding, Andrew. 2001. “May There Be Virtue: ‘New Asian Constitutionalism’ in Thailand.” Australian Journal of Asian Law 3(3): 236–269.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen. 2006. “Party Fabrication: Constitutional Reform and the Rise of Thai Rak Thai,” Journal of East Asian Studies 6(3): 381–407.Google Scholar

Ivarsson, Søren (ed.) 2010. Saying the Unsayable: Monarchy and Democracy in Thailand. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar

McCargo, Duncan. 2002. Reforming Thai Politics. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar

McCargo, Duncan. 2007. “A Hollow Crown: Review of Paul Handley’s The King Never Smiles.” New Left Review 43: 135–144.Google Scholar

McDorman, Ted L. 1998. “Constitutional Change and Continuity in Thailand in the Aftermath of the 1991 Coup” in Asia-Pacific Legal Development. Johnson, Douglas A. and Ferguson, Gerry (eds.) Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar

Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua. 2003. Kings, Country and Constitutions: Thailand’s Political Development 1932–2000. London: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar

Sopranzetti, Claudio. 2016. “Thailand’s Relapse: The Implications of the May 2014 Coup.” Journal of Asian Studies 75(2): 299–316.Google Scholar

Tamada, Yoshifumi. 2008. Myths and Realities: The Democratization of Thai Politics. Kyoto: Trans-Pacific Press.Google Scholar

Uwanno, Borwornsak, and Burns, Wayne D.. N.d. “The Thai Constitution of 1997: Sources and Process.” Thailand Law Forum. www.thailawforum.com/articles/constburns1.html.Google Scholar

Abbiate, Tania, Bӧckenfӧrde, Markus, and Federico, Veronica. 2018. “Introduction” in Public Participation in African Constitutionalism. Abbiate, Tania, Bӧckenfӧrde, Markus, and Federico, Veronica (eds.) Oxford: Routledge, 1–10.Google Scholar

Andreassen, Bård Anders, and Tostensen, Arne. 2006. “Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution” Chr Michelsen Institute Working Paper WP: 13. www.cmi.no/publications/publication/?2368=of-oranges-and-bananas.Google Scholar

Annan, Kofi, and Griffiths, Martin. 2009. “The Prisoner of Peace – An Interview with Kofi A. Annan.” Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/6F9DC0AD3921DFA7C12575890033E862-Full_Report.pdf.Google Scholar

Cheeseman, Nic. 2008. “The Kenyan Elections of 2007: An Introduction.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2: 166–184.Google Scholar

Cheeseman, Nic. 2018. “The Covert Reasons behind Kenyatta-Odinga Ceasefire.” The Nation. March 18, 2018: Nairobi. www.nation.co.ke/oped/opinion/The-covert-reasons-behind-Uhuru-Odinga-ceasefire/440808-4345728-qwip9x/index.html.Google Scholar

Cheeseman, Nic, and Murray, Christina. 2017. “Power-Sharing in Kenya: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea” in Power-Sharing: Empirical and Normative Challenges. McCulloch, Allison and McGarry, John (eds.) London: Routledge, 36–62.Google Scholar

Cheeseman, Nic, Lynch, Gabrielle, and Willis, Justin. 2014. “Democracy and Its Discontents: Understanding Kenya’s 2013 Elections.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8: 2–24.Google Scholar

Cheeseman, Nic, Lynch, Gabrielle, and Willis, Justin. 2016. “Decentralisation in Kenya: The Governance of Governors.” Journal of Modern African Studies 54: 1–35.Google Scholar

Cheeseman, Nic, Kanyinga, Karuti, Lynch, Gabrielle, Ruteere, Mutuma, and Willis, Justin. 2019. “Kenya’s 2017 Elections: Winner-Takes-All Politics As Usual?” Journal of Eastern African Studies 13: 215–234.Google Scholar

Chege, Michael. 2008. “Kenya: Back from the Brink?” Journal of Democracy 19: 125–139.Google Scholar

Cohen, Roger. 2008. “How Kofi Annan Rescued Kenya.” New York Review of Books. www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/08/14/how-kofi-annan-rescued-kenya/.Google Scholar

Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013. “Kenya Passes Draconian Media Laws.” December 2, 2013. https://cpj.org/2013/12/kenya-parliament-passes-draconian-media-laws.php.Google Scholar

Cottrell, Jill, and Ghai, Yash Pal. 2004. “The Role of Constitution-Building Processes in Democratization: Case Study Kenya.” www.constitutionnet.org/vl/item/role-constitution-building-processes-democratization-case-studies.Google Scholar

Cottrell, Jill, and Ghai, Yash Pal. 2007. “Constitution Making and Democratization in Kenya (2000–2005).” Democratization 14: 1–25.Google Scholar

Freedom House. 2016. “Freedom in the World: Kenya.” https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/kenya.Google Scholar

Ghai, Yash Pal. 2010. “The Chimera of Constitutionalism: State, Economy and Society in Africa” in Law and (in)Equality: Contemporary Perspectives. Deva, Swati (ed.) Lucknow: Eastern Book Co, 313–331.Google Scholar

Juma, Laurence, and Okpaluba, Chuks. 2012. “Judicial Intervention in Kenya’s Constitutional Review Process.” Washington University Global Studies Law Review 11(2): 287–364.Google Scholar

Juma, Monica Kathina. 2009. “African Mediation of the Kenyan Post 2007 Election Crisis.” Journal of African Studies 27(3): 407–430.Google Scholar

Kirkby, Coel, and Murray, Christina. 2016. “Constitution-Making in Anglophone Africa: We the People?” in Growing Democracy in Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy. Ndulo, Muna and Gazibo, Mamoudou (eds.) Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 86–113.Google Scholar

Lindenmayer, Elisabeth, and Kay, Josie Lianna. 2009. A Choice for Peace? The Story of Forty-One Days of Mediation in Kenya. New York: International Peace Institute. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/KenyaMediation_IPI2009.pdf.Google Scholar

Macharia, Rose W., and Ghai, Yash. 2018. “The Role of Participation in the Two Kenyan Constitution-Building Processes of 2000–2005 and 2010: Lessons Learnt?” in Public Participation in African Constitutionalism. Abbiate, Tania, Bӧckenfӧrde, Markus, and Federico, Veronica (eds.) Oxford: Routledge, 86–99.Google Scholar

Mueller, Susanne D. 2008. “The Political Economy of Kenya’s Crisis.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2: 185–210.Google Scholar

Mueller, Susanne D. 2011. “Dying to Win: Elections, Political Violence, and Institutional Decay in Kenya.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29(1): 99–117.Google Scholar

Mukuna, John, and Mbao, Melvin L. M.. 2014. “Constitution-Making Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: Lessons from Kenya.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5: 727–733.Google Scholar

Murray, Christina. 2013. “Kenya’s 2010 Constitution.” Neue Folge Band Jahrbuch des offentlichen Rechts 61: 747–788.Google Scholar

Mutua, Makau. 2008. Kenya’s Quest for Democracy: Taming Leviathan. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Mutunga, Willy. 1999. Constitution-Making from the Middle: Civil Society and Transition Politics in Kenya, 1992–1997. Nairobi and Harare: Sareat/MWENGO.Google Scholar

Ndi, David. 2018. “Highway Robbery and Sex Toys: Plunder by the Numbers.” The East African Review, March 31, 2018. https://theeastafricanreview.info/op-eds/2018/03/31/highway-robbery-and-sex-toys-plunder-by-the-numbers.Google Scholar

Odinga, Raila. 2013. “Speech at Promulgation of Constitution.” Nairobi. www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2010/08/full-speech-by-kenya-pm/.Google Scholar

Office of the AU Panel of Eminent Personalities. 2014. “Back from the Brink: The 2008 Mediation Process and Reforms in Kenya.” www.kofiannanfoundation.org/mediation-and-crisis-resolution/back-from-the-brink-the-2008-mediation-process-and-reforms-in-kenya/.Google Scholar

Peralta, Eyder. 2018. “As Government Ignores Court Order, Kenya’s Media Blackout Continues.” National Public Radio. February 2, 2018. www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/02/02/582649991/as-government-ignores-court-order-kenyas-media-blackout-goes-into-4th-day.Google Scholar

Saati, Abrak. 2015. The Participation Myth: Outcomes of Participatory Constitution Building Processes on Democracy. Umea: Umea University.Google Scholar

Throup, David W. 2008. “The Count.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2: 290–304.Google Scholar

Wheatley, Jonathan. 2013. “Conclusion” in Patterns of Constitutional Design: The Role of Citizens and Elites in Constitution-Making. Wheatley, Jonathan and Mendez, Fernando (eds.) Farnham: Ashgate, 161–164.Google Scholar

Whitaker, Beth Elise, and Giersch, Jason. 2009. “Voting on a Constitution: Implications for Democracy in Kenya.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27: 1–20.Google Scholar

1963 Constitution of Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer.Google Scholar

Alice Waithera Mwaura & 12 others v Committee of Experts & 2 others. 2010. Interim Independent Constitutional Dispute Resolution Court at K.I.C.C. Nairobi, Constitutional Petition No. 7 of 2010.Google Scholar

Andrew Omtata Okoiti & 5 others v Attorney General and 2 others. 2010. Interim Independent Constitutional Dispute Resolution Court at K.I.C.C. Nairobi, Constitutional Petition No. 3 of 2010.Google Scholar

Committee of Experts on Constitutional Review. 2009. “Harmonized Draft Constitution of Kenya Published on 17th November, 2009 by the Committee of Experts on Constitutional Review Pursuant to Section 32(1)(a)(i) of the Constitution of Kenya Review Act, 2008.” Nairobi, Kenya: Committee of Experts.Google Scholar

Committee of Experts on Constitutional Review. 2010. “Final Report of the Committee of Experts on Constitutional Review.” Nairobi, Kenya: Committee of Experts.Google Scholar

Constitution of Kenya Review Act, Act 13 of 1997, as amended by Act 6 of 1998, Act 5 of 2000 and Act 2 of 2001. (Review Act, 1997).Google Scholar

Constitution of Kenya Review Act, Act 9 of 2008, as amended by Act 6 of 2009 and Act 9 of 2009. (Review Act, 2008).Google Scholar

Constitution of Kenya Review Commission. 2002. The People’s Choice: The Report of the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission (Short Version). Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar

Jesse Kamau & Others v. The Attorney General & Another. 2004. Nairobi High Court Misc. Application No. 890 of 2004.Google Scholar

Joseph Kimani & 2 others v Attorney General & 2 others. 2010. Interim Independent Constitutional Dispute Resolution Court at K.I.C.C. Nairobi, Constitutional Petition No. 3 of 2010.Google Scholar

Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation. 2008. Annotated Agenda and Timetable. Nairobi, Kenya. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/KE_080101_Annotated%20Agenda%20for%20the%20Kenya%20Dialogue%20and%20Reconciliation.pdf.Google Scholar

Kesavananda Bharathi Sripandanagalavaru v State of Kerala [1973] Supp. India SCR 1.Google Scholar

Mary Arivisa Mwami & another v Interim Independent Electoral Commission & 3 others. 2010. Interim Independent Constitutional Dispute Resolution Court at K.I.C.C. Nairobi, Constitutional Petition No. 7 of 2010.Google Scholar

Mwau & 2 others v Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & 3 others. 2017. Supreme Court, Nairobi, Presidential Election Petition 2 & 4 of 2017: November 20, 2017.Google Scholar

Njoya and Others v Attorney-General and others [2004] LLR 4788 (HCK).Google Scholar

Njuguna Michael Kung’u, Gacuru wa Karenge & Nichasius Mugo v The Republic, Attorney General and CKRC, Kenya High Court Misc. Application No. 309 of 2004.Google Scholar

Raila Amolo Odinga & another v Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & 4 others & Attorney General & another. 2017. Supreme Court, Nairobi, Presidential Election Petition 1 of 2017: September 20, 2017.Google Scholar

Report of the Committee of Eminent Persons. 2006. Nairobi: Government Printer. (Kiplagat Report).Google Scholar

Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Post-Election Violence. 2008. Nairobi: Government Printer. (Waki Report).Google Scholar

Report of the Independent Review Commission on the General Elections Held in Kenya on 27 December, 2007. 2008. Nairobi: Nairobi: Government Printer. (Kriegler Report).Google Scholar