Psychosocial Treatment and the Schizophrenia Spectrum

doi:10.1017/9781108951760.003

2 - Psychosocial Treatment and the Schizophrenia Spectrum

Roots and Origins

from Part I - The Past

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 March 2022

Will Spaulding ,

Andrea Avila and

Eric Evans

Edited by

Meaghan Stacy and

Charlie A. Davidson

Show author details

Meaghan Stacy: Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Charlie A. Davidson: Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta

Book contents

Get access

Summary

The evolution of psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia has tracked larger historical trends in psychology, behavioral science, and mental health policy over more than a century. At times, the communication of ideas and influences of science, practice and policy has been reciprocal and mutually beneficial. At other times, there is a lack of such reciprocity, sometimes with unfortunate consequences. This chapter reviews and summarizes those ideas and influences in our post-modern era, and identifies key landmarks in the progression toward contemporary psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Keywords

History Bleuler Kraepelin Meehl deinstitutionalization psychiatric rehabilitation involuntary commitment Olmstead forensic Americans with Disabilities Act

Type: Chapter
Information: Recovering the US Mental Healthcare System
The Past, Present, and Future of Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis
, pp. 27 - 51

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108951760.003 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979).Google Scholar

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213, Pub. L. No. 101-336, 104 Stat. 328 (1990)Google Scholar

Arieti, S. (1955). Interpretation of schizophrenia. New York: R. Brunner.Google Scholar

Austin, N., Liberman, R., King, L., & DeRisi, W. (1976). A comparative evaluation of two day hospitals: Goal attainment scaling in behavior therapy vs. milieu therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 253–261.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N. H. (1968). Reinforcer sampling: A technique for increasing the behavior of mental patients. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 13–20. doi:10.1901/jaba. 1968.1–13Google Scholar

Ayllon, T., & Michael, J. (1959). The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer 1. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2(4), 323–334.Google Scholar

Bachrach, L. L. (1978). A conceptual approach to deinstitutionalization. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 29(9), 573–578.Google Scholar

Bachrach, L. L. (1983). An overview of deinstitutionalization. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 1983(17), 5–14. doi:10.1002/yd.23319831703CrossRef Google Scholar

Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., & Gediman, H. (1973). Ego functions in schizophrenics, neurotics, and normals. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Benner, K. (2018, November). Sessions, in last-minute act, sharply limits use of consent decrees to curb olice abuses. The New York Times.Google Scholar

Bettelheim, B., & Sylvester, E. (1948). A therapeutic milieu. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 18(2), 191–206. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1948.tb05078.xGoogle Scholar

Von Bertalanffy, L. (1950). An outline of general system theory. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1, 134–165. doi:10.1093/bjps/I.2.134Google Scholar

Bond, G., Dincin, J., Setze, P., & Witheridge, T. (1984). The effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation: A summary of research at Thresholds. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 7, 6–22.CrossRef Google Scholar

Braginsky, B. M., Braginsky, D. D., & Ring, K. (1969). Methods of madness: The mental hospital as last resort. New York: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston.Google Scholar

Brenner, H., Roder, V., Hodel, B., Kienzle, N., Reed, D., & Liberman, R. (1994). Integrated psychological therapy for schizophrenic patients. Toronto: Hogrefe & Huber.Google Scholar

Cannon, T. D., & Mednick, S. A. (1993). The schizophrenia high-risk project in Copenhagen: Three decades of progress. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87 (370), 33–47. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb05359.x. PMID 8452053Google Scholar

Cerreto, M. C. (2001). Olmstead: The Brown v. Board of Education for Disability Rights – Promises, limits, and issues. Loyola Journal of Public Interest Law, 3, 47.Google Scholar

Croog, S. H. (1956). Patient government—Some aspects of participation and social background on two psychiatric wards. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 19, 203–207.Google Scholar

Dain, N., & Carlson, E. T. (1960). Milieu therapy in the nineteenth century: Patient care at the Friend’s Asylum, Frankford, Pennsylvania, 1817–1861. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 131, 277–290. doi:10.1097/00005053-196010000-00001Google Scholar

Deutsch, A. (1948). The shame of the states. New York: Harcourt Brace World.Google Scholar

Donaldson v. O’Connor 493 F.2d 507 (1974).Google Scholar

Fairweather, G., Sanders, D., Maynard, H., & Cressler, D. (1969). Community life for the mentally ill: An alternative to institutional care. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar

Faris, R., & Dunham, H. (1939). Mental disorders in urban areas: An ecological study of Schizophrenia and other psychoses. Oxford, England: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Fisher, S. H., & Beard, J. H. (1962). Fountain house: A psychiatric rehabilitation program. Current Psychiatric Therapies, 2, 211–218.Google Scholar

Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1948). Notes on the development of treatment of schizophrenics by psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 11(3), 263–273.Google Scholar

Fuller, D.A., Sinclair, E., Geller, J., Quanbeck, C., & Snook, J. (2016). Going, going, gone: Trends and consequences of eliminating state psychiatric beds. Treatment Advocacy Center: Arlington, VA.Google Scholar

Gelfand, D. M., Gelfand, S., & Dobson, W. R. (1967). Unprogrammed reinforcement of patients’ behavior in a mental hospital. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5(3), 201–207.Google Scholar

Gerhardt, S. (1968). The evolution of a patient government. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 19(10), 329–330.Google Scholar

Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Gottesman, I. I., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (2001). Family and twin strategies as a head start in defining prodomes and endophenotypes for hypothetical early-interventions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 51(1), 93–102. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00245-6Google Scholar

Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Keshavan, M. S., Kohler, C., & Walker, E. (2017). Prevention of schizophrenia. In Evans, D. L., Foa, E. B., Gur, R. E., Hendin, H., O’Brien, C. P., Romer, D., Seligman, M. E. P., & Walsh, B. T. (Eds.), Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders: What we know and what we don’t know: A research agenda for improving the mental health of our youth., 2nd ed. (pp. 157–180). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Halderman v. Pennhurst State School & Hospital, 446 F. Supp. 1295, 1306 (E.D. Pa. 1977)Google Scholar

Harrison, A. (2019). Mind fixers: Psychiatry’s troubled search for the biology of mental illness. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Heller v. Doe by Doe, 509 U.S. 312 (1993)Google Scholar

Hogarty, G., Anderson, C., Reiss, D., Kornblith, S., Greenewald, D., Javno, C., & Madonia, M. (1986). Family psycho-education, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy: I. One-year effects of a controlled study on relapse and expressed emotion. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 633–642.Google Scholar

Hogarty, G., Kornblith, S., Greenwald, D., & DiBarry, A. (1995). Personal therapy: A disorder-relevant psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21(3), 379–393.Google Scholar

Hogarty, G. E., & Flesher, S. (1999). Practice principles of cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(4), 693708.Google Scholar

Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. (1958). Social class and mental illness. New York: Wiley.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hyde, R. W., & Solomon, H. C. (1950). Patient government: A new form of group therapy. Digest of Neurology & Psychiatry, 18, 207–218.Google Scholar

Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972)Google Scholar

Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health. (1961). Action for mental health: Final report of the Joint Commission on Mental illness and Health. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Jones, M. (1953). The therapeutic community. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Jones, M. (1975). Community care for chronic mental patients: The need for a reassessment. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 26(2), 94–98.Google Scholar

Kane, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Mueser, K. T., Penn, D. L., Rosenheck, R. A., … & Heinssen, R. K. (2016). Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis: 2-year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(4), 362–372.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kaplan, R. (1974). The cross-over phenomenon: Three studies of the effect of training and information on process schizophrenic reaction time. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar

Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997)Google Scholar

Kern, R., Horan, W., Glynn, S., Reddy, L., Holden, J., Granholm, E., … & Spaulding, W. (2014). Psychosocial rehabilitation and psychotherapy approaches. In Janicak, P., Marder, S., Tandon, R. and Goldman, M. (eds.) Schizophrenia: Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment (Chapter 14). New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Kim, K., Becker-Cohen, M., & Serakos, M. (2015). The Processing and treatment of mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: A scan of practice and background analysis. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Research Report.Google Scholar

Klein, D. (1980). Psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia, or psychosocial help for people with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6(1), 122–130.Google Scholar

Klerman, G. (1977). Better but not well: Social and ethical issues in the deinstitutionalization of the mentall ill. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 3, 617–631.Google Scholar

Klerman, G. (1978). The evolution of a scientific nosology. In Shershow, J. (Ed.), Schizophrenia: Research and practice (pp. 99–121). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Kurtz, M. M. (2015). Schizophrenia and its treatment: Where is the progress? Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar

Lake v. Cameron, 364 F.2d 657 (1966)Google Scholar

Laing, R. (1960). The divided self. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F.Supp. 1078 (1972)Google Scholar

Lindsley, O. R. (1956). Operant conditioning methods applied to research in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatric Research Reports, 5, 118–139.Google Scholar

Manasse, G. O., & des Jardins, L. (1983). Highlights of a survey of patient governments and councils in VA medical centers. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 34(2), 168–169.Google Scholar

Marmor, J., & Pumpian-Mindlin, E. (1950). Toward an integrative conception of mental disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 111, 19–29. doi:10.1097/00005053-195011110-00002Google Scholar

May, P. R. A., & Tuma, A. H. (1965). Treatment of schizophrenia: An experimental study of five treatment methods. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 111(475), 503–510. doi:10.1192/bjp.111.475.503Google Scholar

Medalia, A., Aluma, M., Tryon, W., & Merriam, A. E. (1998). Effectiveness of attention training in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 147–152. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033306Google Scholar

Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy and schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827–838.Google Scholar

Meichenbaum, D. (1969). The effects of instructions and reinforcement on thinking and language behavior of schizophrenics. Behavior Research and Therapy, 7, 101–114.Google Scholar

Melton, G. B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N. G., Slobogin, C., Otto, R. K., Mossman, D., & Condie, L. O. (2017). Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers. Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA: Guilford Publications.Google Scholar

Moreno, J. L. (1969). Psychodrama volume 3: Action therapy and principles of practice. New York: Beacon House.Google Scholar

Mosher, L. (1999). Soteria and other alternatives to acute psychiatric hospitalization: A personal and professional review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 142–149.Google Scholar

Murray, E. J., & Cohen, M. (1959). Mental illness, milieu therapy, and social organization in ward groups. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(1), 48–54. doi:10.1037/h0049173Google Scholar

New York State Ass’n for Retarded Children, Inc. v. Rockefeller, 357 F. Supp. 752, 764 (1975)Google Scholar

O’Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975)Google Scholar

Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel Zimring, 527 U.S. 581 (1999)Google Scholar

Pasamanick, B. (1962). Review of Action for mental health: Final report of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 32(3), 539–550. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1962.tb00305.xGoogle Scholar

Paul, G. L., & Lentz, R. J. (1977). Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients: Milieu vs. social learning programs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Pinals, D.A., & Fuller, D. (2017). Beyond beds: The vital role of a full continuum of psychiatric care. Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center:Google Scholar

Prigatano, G. P., Fordyce, D. J., Zeiner, H. K., Roueche, J. R., Pepping, M., & Wood, B. C. (1984). Neuropsychological rehabilitation after closed head injury in young adults. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 47(5), 505–513. doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.5.505Google Scholar

Redl, F. (1959). The concept of a ‘therapeutic milieu’. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 29(4), 721–736. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1959.tb00243.Google Scholar

Roder, V., & Medalia, A. (Eds.). (2010). Neurocognition and social cognition in schizophrenia patients: Basic concepts and treatment. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar

Rogers, C. (Ed.). (1967). The therapeutic relationship and its impact: A study of psychotherapy with schizophrenics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Rouse v. Cameron, 373 F.2d 451 (1966)Google Scholar

Smith, D. S., & Hawthorne, M. E. (1949). Psychiatric rehabilitation: A follow-up study of 200 cases. Naval Medical Bulletin, 49, 655–669.Google Scholar

Spaulding, W., Montague, E., Avila, A., & Sullivan, M. (2016). The idea of recovery. In Singh, N., Barber, J. & Van Sant, S. (Eds.), Handbook of recovery in inpatient psychiatry (pp. 3–38). New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Spaulding, W., Reed, D., Sullivan, M., Richardson, C., & Weiler, M. (1999). Effects of cognitive treatment in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(4), 657–676.Google Scholar

Spaulding, W., & Sullivan, M. (2016). Treatment of cognition in the schizophenia spectrum: The context of psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(suppl.1), s53–s61.Google Scholar

Spaulding, W., & Sullivan, M. (2017). Psychotherapy and the schizophrenia spectrum. In Consoli, A., Beutler, L. & Bongar, B. (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychotherapy: Theory and Practice (2nd edition) (Chapter 25). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Spaulding, W., Sullivan, M., & Poland, J. (2003). Treatment and rehabilitation of severe mental illness. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Specht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 604 (1967)Google Scholar

Stein, L. I., & Test, M. A. (1985). The evolution of the Training in Community Living model. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 26, 7–16. doi:10.1002/yd.23319852603CrossRef Google Scholar

Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. W W Norton & Co.Google Scholar

Szaz, T. (1961). The myth of mental illness. New York, NY, USA: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Tarasenko, M., Sullivan, M., Ritchie, A. J., & Spaulding, W. D. (2013). Effects of eliminating psychiatric rehabilitation from the secure levels of a mental-health service system. Psychological Services, 10, 442–451.Google Scholar

Teplin, L. A. (2000). Keeping the peace: Police discretion and mentally ill persons. National Institute of Justice Journal, 244, 8–15.Google Scholar

Torrey, E. F., Entsminger, K., Geller, J., Stanley, J., & Jaffe, D. J. (2015). The shortage of public hospital beds for mentally ill persons. Montana, 303(20.9), 6–9.Google Scholar

Torrey, E., Fuller, D., Geller, J., Jacobs, C., & Ragosta, K. (2012). No Room at the inn: Trends and consequences of closing public psychiatric hospitals 2005–2010. Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center:Google Scholar

Unattributed Editorial. (1974). Community treatment—A broken promise? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1(10), 4–5. doi:10.1093/schbul/1.10.4Google Scholar

U.S. Surgeon General. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville MD: National Institutes of Health, DHHS. Retrieved from http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/NNBBHS Google Scholar

Watson, A., Luchins, D., Hanrahan, P., Heyman, M., & Lurigio, A. (2000). Mental health court: Promises and limitations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 28, 476–482.Google Scholar

Winick, D. (Ed.) (1991). Essays in therapeutic jurisprudence, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar

Wright, B. A. (1960). Physical disability—A psychological approach (Training in social skills, pp. 274–287). New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Wyatt v. Stickney, 344 F.Supp. 387 (1972)Google Scholar

Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307 (1982)Google Scholar

Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 103–126.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Book contents

2 - Psychosocial Treatment and the Schizophrenia Spectrum

Summary

Keywords

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive