Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T12:18:36.588Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Implementing Evidence-Based Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis

Lessons Learned from the Danish Mental Healthcare System

from Part II - The Present

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2022

Meaghan Stacy
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Charlie A. Davidson
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Get access

Summary

The chapter will cover possible ways to ensure universal health access for people with psychosis, primarily through a comparison between the USA and Denmark healthcare systems. The chapter will discuss the utility of employing national clinical treatment guidelines, treatment rights, treatment packages, supervision, and fidelity rating when ensuring high quality treatment for psychosis. Denmark is one of many developed nations whose healthcare and sociopolitical contingencies support a completely different approach to psychosis compared to the USA. Incarceration, barriers to care, and health outcomes in the USA demonstrate an inarguably inadequate approach to psychosis. Based on the same evidence, other nations built imperfect but substantially more effective approaches. By illustrating a Scandinavian approach to psychosis and its successes and pitfalls, we highlight the feasibility of effective support and recovery for people with psychosis, as well as the necessity of long-term investments in citizens’ health and learning from successes and failures.

Type
Chapter
Information
Recovering the US Mental Healthcare System
The Past, Present, and Future of Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis
, pp. 128 - 156
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addington, D., Birchwood, M., Jones, P., Killackey, E., McDaid, D., Melau, M., … Nordentoft, M. (2018). Fidelity scales and performance measures to support implementation and quality assurance for first-episode psychosis services. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(6), 12351242. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12684CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., … Heinssen, R. (2007). North American prodrome longitudinal study: A collaborative multisite approach to prodromal schizophrenia research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(3), 665672. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl075Google Scholar
Addington, J., Cornblatt, B. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., … Heinssen, R. (2011). At clinical high risk for psychosis: Outcome for nonconverters. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(8), 800805. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081191CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, J., Heinssen, R. K., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Marcy, P., Brunette, M. F., … Kane, J. M. (2015). Duration of untreated psychosis in community treatment settings in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 753756. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400124CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, D., Noel, V., Landers, M., & Bond, G. R. (2020). Reliability and Feasibility of the First-Episode Psychosis Services Fidelity Scale–Revised for Remote Assessment. Psychiatric Services, 71(12), 12451251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, J., Penn, D., Woods, S. W., Addington, D., & Perkins, D. O. (2008). Social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 99(1–3), 119124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.001Google Scholar
Addington, J., Stowkowy, J., Liu, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., … & Woods, S. W. (2019). Clinical and functional characteristics of youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis who do not transition to psychosis. Psychological medicine, 49(10), 16701677.Google Scholar
Albert, N., Glenthøj, L., Melau, M., Jensen, H., Hjorthøj, C., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). Course of illness in a sample of patients diagnosed with a schizotypal disorder and treated in a specialized early intervention setting. Findings from the 3.5year follow-up of the OPUS II study. Schizophrenia Research, 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.013Google Scholar
Albert, N., Melau, M., Jensen, H., Emborg, C., Jepsen, J. R. M., Fagerlund, B., … Nordentoft, M. (2017). Five years of specialised early intervention versus two years of specialised early intervention followed by three years of standard treatment for patients with a first-episode psychosis: randomised, superiority, parallel group trial in Denmark (OPUS II). BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 356, i6681. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28082379Google Scholar
Austin, S. F., Mors, O., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., Secher, R. G., Hjorthøj, C. R., Bertelsen, M., … Nordentoft, M. (2015). Long-term trajectories of positive and negative symptoms in first-episode psychosis: A 10 year follow-up study in the OPUS cohort. Schizophrenia Research, 168(1–2), 8491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.021Google Scholar
Baandrup, L., Voldsgaard, I., Cerqueira, C., Riis, J. L., Nordentoft, M. (2012). The National Schizophrenia Database. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 174, 2548.Google ScholarPubMed
Baandrup, L., Cerqueira, C., Haller, L., Korshøj, L., Voldsgaard, I., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). The Danish schizophrenia registry. Clinical Epidemiology, 8, 691695. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S99488CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baandrup, L., Østrup Rasmussen, J., Klokker, L., Austin, S., Bjørnshave, T., Fuglsang Bliksted, V., … Nordentoft, M. (2016). Treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs – A national clinical guideline. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 70(3), 231240. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1074285Google Scholar
Bao, Y., Li, Y., Jeng, P. J., Scodes, J., Papp, M. A., Humensky, J. L., … & Dixon, L. B. (2021). Design of a Payment Decision–Support Tool for Coordinated Specialty Care for Early Psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 72(2), 180185.Google Scholar
Beck, K., Andreou, C., Studerus, E., Heitz, U., Ittig, S., Leanza, L., & Riecher-Rössler, A. (2019). Clinical and functional long-term outcome of patients at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis without transition to psychosis: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 210, 3947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.047Google Scholar
Bello, I., Lee, R., Malinovsky, I., Watkins, L., Nossel, I., Smith, T., … Dixon, L. B. (2017). OnTrackNY: The development of a coordinated specialty care program for individuals experiencing early psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 68(4), 318320. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600512CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertelsen, M., Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., Øhlenschlæger, J., le Quach, P., … Nordentoft, M. (2008). Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first-episode of psychotic illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(7), 762. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.7.762CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birchwood, M., Connor, C., Lester, H., Patterson, P., Freemantle, N., Marshall, M., … Singh, S. P. (2013). Reducing duration of untreated psychosis: Care pathways to early intervention in psychosis services. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203(1), 5864. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.125500CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birchwood, M., McGorry, P., & Jackson, H. (1997). Early intervention in schizophrenia [editorial]. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(2), 25. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.1.2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birchwood, M., Michail, M., Meaden, A., Tarrier, N., Lewis, S., Wykes, T., … Peters, E. (2014). Cognitive behaviour therapy to prevent harmful compliance with command hallucinations (COMMAND): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 1(1), 2333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215–0366(14)70247-0Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. W., Kreyenbuhl, J., Kelly, D. L., Noel, J. M., Boggs, D. L., Fischer, B. A., … Keller, W. (2010). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 7193. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp116Google Scholar
Canady, V. A. (2020). Advocates praise new National Suicide Prevention Lifeline law. Mental Health Weekly, 30(41), 66.Google Scholar
Caplan, B., Zimmet, S. V., Meyer, E. C., Friedman-Yakoobian, M., Monteleone, T., Jude Leung, Y., … Seidman, L. J. (2013). Prevention and Recovery in Early Psychosis (PREP®): Building a public-academic partnership program in Massachusetts, United States. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(2), 171177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.10.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrión, R. E., Auther, A. M., McLaughlin, D., Olsen, R., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., … Cornblatt, B. A. (2019). The global functioning: social and role scales-further validation in a large sample of adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(4), 763772. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby126Google Scholar
Chan, S. K., Chan, S. W. Y., Pang, H. H., Yan, K. K., Hui, C. L. M., Chang, W. C., … Chen, E. Y. H. (2018). Association of an early intervention service for psychosis with suicide rate among patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 75(5), 458464. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0185Google Scholar
Chang, W. C., Chan, G. H. K., Jim, O. T. T., Lau, E. S. K., Hui, C. L. M., Chan, S. K. W., … Chen, E. Y. H. (2015). Optimal duration of an early intervention programme for first-episode psychosis: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), 492500. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.150144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, W. C., Kit Wa Chan, S., Yu Hai Chen, E., Wing Yan Kwong, V., Sin Kei Lau, E., Sau Man Wong, C., … Chan, S. K. W. (2017). Sustainability of treatment effect of a 3-year early intervention programme for first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 211(1), 3744. Retrieved from http://10.0.4.168/bjp.bp.117.198929%0Ahttp://ezproxy.usherbrooke.ca/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=124325612&site=ehost-liveCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, T. N., Wallstrøm, I. G., Stenager, E., Bojesen, A. B., Gluud, C., Nordentoft, M., & Eplov, L. F. (2019). Effects of individual placement and support supplemented with cognitive remediation and work-focused social skills training for people with severe mental illness. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correll, C. U., Galling, B., Pawar, A., Krivko, A., Bonetto, C., Ruggeri, M., … Kane, J. M. (2018). Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 75(6), 555565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623Google Scholar
Cotter, J., Lin, A., Drake, R. J., Thompson, A., Nelson, B., McGorry, P., … Yung, A. R. (2017). Long-term employment among people at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 184(2017), 2631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.033Google Scholar
Craig, T. K. J., Garety, P., Power, P., Rahaman, N., Colbert, S., Fornells-Ambrojo, M., & Dunn, G. (2004). The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. British Medical Journal, 329(7474), 10671070. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38246.594873.7CGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. K., Rus-Calafell, M., Ward, T., Leff, J. P., Huckvale, M., Howarth, E., … Garety, P. A. (2018). AVATAR therapy for auditory verbal hallucinations in people with psychosis: A single-blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(1), 3140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215–0366(17)30427-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csillag, C., Nordentoft, M., Mizuno, M., McDaid, D., Arango, C., Smith, J., … Jones, P. B. (2018). Early intervention in psychosis: From clinical intervention to health system implementation. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(4), 757764. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12514Google Scholar
De Wit, S., Schothorst, P. F., Oranje, B., Ziermans, T. B., Durston, S., & Kahn, R. S. (2014). Adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Long-term outcome of individuals who recover from their at-risk state. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(6), 865873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.02.008Google Scholar
Dixon, L. (2017). What it will take to make coordinated specialty care available to anyone experiencing early schizophrenia. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 74(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2665Google Scholar
Dixon, L. B., Goldman, H. H., Bennett, M. E., Wang, Y., McNamara, K. A., Mendon, S. J., … Essock, S. M. (2015). Implementing coordinated specialty care for early psychosis: The RAISE connection program. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 691698. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400281Google Scholar
Dixon, L. B., Goldman, H. H., Srihari, V. H., & Kane, J. M. (2018). Transforming the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States: The RAISE Initiative. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 237258. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084934Google Scholar
Fett, A.-K. J. K. J., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M.-G. de G., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 573588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001Google Scholar
Frank, R. G., Goldman, H. H., & Hogan, M. (2003). Medicaid And mental health: Be careful what you ask for. Health Affairs, 22(1), 101113. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.22.1.101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P., Byrne, M., Badger, S., Valmaggia, L. R., & McGuire, P. K. (2013). Outreach and support in South London (OASIS), 2001–2011: Ten years of early diagnosis and treatment for young individuals at high clinical risk for psychosis. European Psychiatry, 28(5), 315326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.08.002Google Scholar
Gafoor, R., Nitsch, D., McCrone, P., Craig, T. K. J., Garety, P. A., Power, P., & McGuire, P. (2010). Effect of early intervention on 5-year outcome in non-affective psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(5), 372376. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066050CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, H. H., & Karakus, M. C. (2014). Do not turn out the lights on the public mental health system when the ACA is fully implemented. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 41(4), 429433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414–014-9394-yGoogle Scholar
Goldman, H. H., Karakus, M., Frey, W., & Beronio, K. (2013). Financing first-episode psychosis services in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 64(6), 506508. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300106Google Scholar
Green, M. F. (1996). What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(3), 321330. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.3.321Google Scholar
Grob, G. N. (1994). The mad among us: A history of the care of America’s mentally ill. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Grob, G. N. (2006). The dilemma of federal mental health policy: radical reform or incremental change? Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hastrup, L. H., Kronborg, C., Bertelsen, M., Jeppesen, P., Jorgensen, P., Petersen, L., … Nordentoft, M. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of early intervention in first-episode psychosis: Economic evaluation of a randomised controlled trial (the OPUS study). British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(1), 3541. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112300Google Scholar
Heinssen, R.K., Goldstein, A.B., & Azrin, S. T. (2014). Evidence-based treatment for first-episode psychosis: Components of coordinated specialty care.Google Scholar
Hogan, M. F., & Goldman, M. L. (2020). New Opportunities to Improve Mental Health Crisis Systems. Psychiatric Services, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000114.Google Scholar
Humensky, J. L., Dixon, L. B., & Essock, S. M. (2013). State mental health policy: an interactive tool to estimate costs and resources for a first-episode psychosis initiative in New York State. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 64(9), 832834. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=psyc10&AN=2013-32461-014%0Ahttp://twuniversal.twu.edu/openurl/TXWU/twu_services_page?sid=OVID:psycdb&id=pmid:&id=doi:10.1176%2Fappi.ps.201300186&issn=1075-2730&isbn=&volume=64&issue=9&spGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., Abel, M.-B., Øhlenschlæger, J., Christensen, T. Ø., … Nordentoft, M. (2005). Integrated treatment of first-episode psychosis: Effect of treatment on family burden. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(S48), s85s90. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.48.s85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., Abel, M.-B., Øhlenschlæger, J., Christensen, T. Ø., … Nordentoft, M. (2008). The association between pre-morbid adjustment, duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 38(8), 11571166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003449Google Scholar
Kane, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Mueser, K. T., Penn, D. L., Rosenheck, R. A., … & Heinssen, R. K. (2016). Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis: 2-year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(4), 362372.Google Scholar
Kane, J. M., Schooler, N. R., Marcy, P., Correll, C. U., Brunette, M. F., Mueser, K. T., … Robinson, D. G. (2015). The RAISE early treatment program for first-episode psychosis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(3), 240246. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.14m09289Google Scholar
Kreyenbuhl, J., Buchanan, R. W., Dickerson, F. B., & Dixon, L. B. (2010). The schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 94103. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp130Google Scholar
Kühl, J. O. G., Laursen, T. M., Thorup, A., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). The incidence of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Denmark in the period 2000–2012. A register-based study. Schizophrenia Research, 176(2–3), 533539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehman, A. F., Kreyenbuhl, J., Buchanan, R. W., Dickerson, F. B., Dixon, L. B., Goldberg, R., … Steinwachs, D. M. (2004). The schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2003. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(2), 193217. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007071Google Scholar
Lehman, A. F., & Steinwachs, D. M. (1998). Translating research into practice: the schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033302Google Scholar
Lin, A., Wood, S. J., Nelson, B., Beavan, A., McGorry, P., & Yung, A. R. (2015). Outcomes of nontransitioned cases in a sample at ultra-high risk for psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(3), 249258. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13030418Google Scholar
Loebel, A. D., Lieberman, J. A., Alvir, J. M. J., Mayerhoff, D. I., Geisler, S. H., & Szymanski, S. R. (1992). Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(9), 11831188. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.9.1183Google ScholarPubMed
Lucksted, A., Essock, S. M., Stevenson, J., Mendon, S. J., Nossel, I. R., Goldman, H. H., … Dixon, L. B. (2015). Client views of engagement in the RAISE connection program for early psychosis recovery. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 699704. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400475Google Scholar
Lucksted, A., Stevenson, J., Nossel, I., Drapalski, A., Piscitelli, S., & Dixon, L. B. (2018). Family member engagement with early psychosis specialty care. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(5), 922927. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12403Google Scholar
Madsen, T., Karstoft, K.-I., Secher, R. G., Austin, S. F., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). Trajectories of suicidal ideation in patients with first-episode psychosis: Secondary analysis of data from the OPUS trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(5), 443450. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215–0366(15)00518-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malla, A., Joober, R., Iyer, S., Norman, R., Schmitz, N., Brown, T., … Abadi, S. (2017). Comparing three-year extension of early intervention service to regular care following two years of early intervention service in first-episode psychosis: A randomized single blind clinical trial. World Psychiatry, 16(3), 278286. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20456Google Scholar
Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., Drake, R., Jones, P., & Croudace, T. (2005). Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(9), 975983. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.975Google Scholar
McFarlane, W. R. (2002). Multifamilygroups in the treatment of severe psychiatric disorders. New York/London: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
McGlashan, T. H., & Johannessen, J. O. (1996). Early detection and intervention with schizophrenia: Rationale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(2), 201222. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8782282CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGorry, P. D. (2015). Early intervention in psychosis: Obvious, effective, overdue. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(5), 310318. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000284Google Scholar
Melau, M., Albert, N., & Nordentoft, M. (2018). Programme fidelity of specialized early intervention in Denmark. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(3), 627632.Google Scholar
Melle, I., Johannesen, J. O., Friis, S., Haahr, U., Joa, I., Larsen, T. K., … McGlashan, T. (2006). Early detection of the first-episode of schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(5), 800804. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.800Google Scholar
National Institue for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2014). Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults:Pprevention and management.Google Scholar
Nielsen, C. M., Hjorthøj, C., Killaspy, H., & Nordentoft, M. (2021). The effect of flexible assertive community treatment in Denmark: A quasi-experimental controlled study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(1), 2735.Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M., Jørgensen, P., Gall, E. M., Krarup, G., & Martinussen, M. (2002). Integreret Indsats for Unge Med Psykose. Erfaringer fra OPUS Projektet, Copenhagen. Hans Reitzel.Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M., Melau, M., Iversen, T., & Kjær, S. (2009). Psykose hos Unge – Symptomer, Behandling og Fremtid. Erfaringer fra OPUS, København. Psykiatrifondens Forlag.Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M., Jeppesen, P., Abel, M., Kassow, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., … Jørgensen, P. (2002). OPUS study: Suicidal behaviour, suicidal ideation and hopelessness among patients with first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(S43), s98s106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.43.s98Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M., Pedersen, M. G., Pedersen, C. B., Blinkenberg, S., & Mortensen, P. B. (2012). The new asylums in the community: Severely ill psychiatric patients living in psychiatric supported housing facilities. A Danish register-based study of prognostic factors, use of psychiatric services, and mortality. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(8), 12511261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127–011-0432-2Google Scholar
North, C. S., Simic, Z., & Burruss, J. (2019). Design, implementation, and assessment of a public comprehensive specialty care program for early psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 25(2), 91102.Google Scholar
Nossel, I., Wall, M. M., Scodes, J., Marino, L. A., Zilkha, S., Bello, I., … Dixon, L. (2018). Results of a coordinated specialty care program for early psychosis and predictors of outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 69(8), 863870. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700436Google Scholar
Penttilä, M., Jääskeläinen, E., Hirvonen, N., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2014). Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(2), 8894. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.127753Google Scholar
Petersen, L., Jeppesen, P., Thorup, A., Abel, M.-B., Øhlenschlaeger, J., Christensen, T. Ø., … Nordentoft, M. (2005). A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 331(7517), 602. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38565.415000.E01Google Scholar
PhenX Toolkit, Version 22.1. (2018, J. 18). (n.d.). Early Psychosis Translational Research Specialty Collection.Google Scholar
Phillips, L. J., Leicester, S. B., O’Dwyer, L. E., Francey, S. M., Koutsogiannis, J., Abdel-Baki, A., … McGorry, P. D. (2002). The PACE Clinic: Identification and management of young people at “ultra” high risk of psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8(5), 255269. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15985888Google Scholar
Pot-kolder, R. M., Geraets, C. N., Veling, W., van Beilen, M., Staring, A. B., Gijsman, H. J., … & van der Gaag, M. (2018). Virtual-reality-based cognitive behavioural therapy versus waiting list control for paranoid ideation and social avoidance in patients with psychotic disorders: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(3), 217226.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Correll, C. U., John, M., Kurian, B. T., Marcy, P., … Kane, J. M. (2018). Psychopharmacological treatment in the RAISE-ETP study: Outcomes of a manual and computer decision support system based intervention. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(2), 169179. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16080919Google Scholar
Rosenheck, R., Leslie, D., Sint, K., Lin, H., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., … Kane, J. M. (2016). Cost-effectiveness of comprehensive, integrated care for first-episode psychosis in the NIMH RAISE Early Treatment Program. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(4), 896906. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv224Google Scholar
Ruggeri, M., Bonetto, C., Lasalvia, A., De Girolamo, G., Fioritti, A., Rucci, P., … & Tansella, M. (2012). A multi-element psychosocial intervention for early psychosis (GET UP PIANO TRIAL) conducted in a catchment area of 10 million inhabitants: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13(1), 116.Google Scholar
Ruggeri, M., Lasalvia, A., Santonastaso, P., Pileggi, F., Leuci, E., Miceli, M., … Bonetto, C. (2017). Family burden, emotional distress and service satisfaction in first-episode psychosis. Data from the GET UP trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00721Google Scholar
Secher, R. G., Hjorthøj, C. R., Austin, S. F., Thorup, A., Jeppesen, P., Mors, O., & Nordentoft, M. (2015). Ten-year follow-up of the OPUS specialized early intervention trial for patients with a first-episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(3), 617626. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu155Google Scholar
Smith, T., Myers, R., Sederer, L., & Berezin, J. (2016). How value-based payment arrangements should measure behavioral health. Health Affairs Blog. Retrieved from: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20161129.057660/full/Google Scholar
Smith, T. E, & Dixon, L. B. (2020). Early intervention in psychosis: From science to services. In Goldman, H. H., Frank, R.G., & Morrissey, J. P. (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of American Mental Health Policy (pp. 297–330). Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Smith, T. E., Kurk, M., Sawhney, R., Bao, Y., Nossel, I., Cohen, D. E., & Dixon, L. B. (2019). Estimated staff time effort, costs, and Medicaid revenues for coordinated specialty care clinics serving clients with first-episode psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 70(5), 425427.Google Scholar
Squires, D. A. (2012). Explaining high health care spending in the United States: An international comparison of supply, utilization, prices, and quality. Issue brief (Commonwealth Fund), 10, 114.Google Scholar
Srihari, V. H., Shah, J., & Keshavan, M. S. (2012). Is early intervention for psychosis feasible and effective? Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(3), 613631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.06.004Google Scholar
Srihari, V. H., Tek, C., Kucukgoncu, S., Phutane, V. H., Breitborde, N. J., Pollard, J., … & Woods, S. W. (2015). First-episode services for psychotic disorders in the US public sector: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 705712.Google Scholar
Tessler, R.C., & Goldman, H. H. (1982). The Chronically Mentally Ill: Assessing Community Support Programs. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger/Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Thoegersen, M. H., Morthorst, B. R., & Nordentoft, M. (2019). Assertive community treatment versus standard treatment for severely mentally ill patients in Denmark: A quasi-experimental trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 73(2), 149158. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1576765Google Scholar
Turner, D. T., van der Gaag, M., Karyotaki, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2014). Psychological interventions for psychosis: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(5), 523538. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13081159Google Scholar
Uzenoff, S. R., Penn, D. L., Graham, K. A., Saade, S., Smith, B. B., & Perkins, D. O. (2012). Evaluation of a multi-element treatment center for early psychosis in the United States. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(10), 16071615.Google Scholar
Westfall, M. B., Kohler, C. G., Hurford, I., Abegunde, C., Agosti, D., Brinen, A., … Calkins, M. E. (2020). Pennsylvania coordinated specialty care programs for first‐episode psychosis: 6‐and 12‐month outcomes. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 15(5), 13951408.Google Scholar
Wykes, T., Huddy, V., Cellard, C., McGurk, S. R., & Czobor, P. (2011). A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: Methodology and effect sizes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(5), 472485. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855Google Scholar
Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., Francey, S. M., Nelson, B., Baker, K., Phillips, L. J., … Amminger, G. P. (2007). PACE: A specialised service for young people at risk of psychotic disorders. The Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7 Suppl), 4346. https://doi.org/yun10343_fm [pii]Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×