Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T15:38:39.891Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Climate of the Levant

Phenomena and Mechanisms

from Part I: - The Evolution of Current Landscapes and Basins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

By
Yochanan Kushnir ,
Uri Dayan ,
Baruch Ziv ,
Efrat Morin  and
Yehouda Enzel
Edited by
Yehouda Enzel  and
Ofer Bar-Yosef
Yehouda Enzel
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Ofer Bar-Yosef
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

This chapter surveys the characteristics of the present-day climate of the Levant and places it in the context of the broader regional and global setting. We focus on the near surface climate to lay the foundation for understanding and constraining the plausible regional climatic changes that have occurred throughout the Quaternary as the Levant responded to changes in the global climate. We describe the relation of the Levant to the seasonal, large-scale Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, which frame the conditions for the region’s seasonal climate characteristics. This is followed by a review of the plethora of circulation systems that determine the characteristic variations of weather, particularly rainfall, in the winter and the transition seasons – fall and spring. We explain the reasons for the region’s dry summers. Short-term variations in the seasonal climate are reviewed. Attention is given to the impacts of climate on the regions hydrology and the spread of aeolian dust.
Type
Chapter
Information
Quaternary of the Levant
Environments, Climate Change, and Humans
 , pp. 31 - 44
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alpert, P. & Shay-El, Y. 1994. The moisture source for the winter cyclones in the eastern Mediterranean. Israel Meteorological Research Papers 5: 20–7.Google Scholar
Alpert, P. & Ziv, B. 1989. The Sharav cyclone: Observations and some theoretical considerations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmos-pheres 94(D15): 18495–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpert, P., Neeman, B.U. & Shay-El, Y. 1990a. Climatological analysis of Mediterranean cyclones using ECMWF data. Tellus 42A: 65–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpert, P., Neeman, B.U. & Shayel, Y. 1990b. Intermonthly variability of cyclone tracks in the Mediterranean. Journal of Climate 3(12): 1474–8.Google Scholar
Alpert, P., Abramski, R. & Neeman, B.U. 1990c. The prevailing summer synoptic system in Israel – subtropical high, not Persian trough. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 39: 93–102.Google Scholar
Alpert, P., Osetinsky, I., Ziv, B. & Shafir, H. 2004a. Semi-objective classification for daily synoptic systems: application to the Eastern Mediterranean climate change. International Journal of Climatology 24(8): 1001–11.Google Scholar
Alpert, P., Osetinsky, I., Ziv, B. & Shafir, H. 2004b. A new seasons defin-ition based on classified daily synoptic systems: An example for the eastern Mediterranean. International Journal of Climatology 24(8): 1013–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoine, D. & Nobileau, D. 2006. Recent increase of Saharan dust transport over the Mediterranean Sea, as revealed from ocean color satellite (SeaWiFS) observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: D12214.Google Scholar
Aviad, Y., Kutiel, H. & Lavee, H. 2013. Empirical models of rain-spells characteristics: A case study of a Mediterranean-arid climatic transect. Journal of Arid Environments 97: 84–91.Google Scholar
Barnston, A. & Livezey, R.E. 1987. Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency circulation patterns. Monthly Weather Review 115: 1083–126.Google Scholar
Battisti, D., Ding, Q. & Roe, G. 2014. Coherent pan-Asian climatic and isotopic response to orbital forcing of tropical insolation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119(21): 11997–2020.Google Scholar
Ben-Gai, T., Bitan, A., Manes, A., Alpert, P. & Kushnir, Y. 2001. Temperature and surface pressure anomalies in Israel and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 69(3–4): 171–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bitan, A. & Saaroni, H. 1992. The horizontal and vertical extension of the Persian Gulf pressure trough. International Journal of Climatology 12(7): 733–47.Google Scholar
Campins, J., Genoves, A., Picornell, M.A. & Jansa, A. 2011. Climatology of Mediterranean cyclones using the ERA-40 dataset. International Journal of Climatology 31(11): 1596–614.Google Scholar
Dayan, U. & Abramski, R. 1983. Heavy rain in the Middle East related to unusual jet stream properties. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 64(10): 1138–40.Google Scholar
Dayan, U. & Levy, I. 2005. The influence of seasonal meteorological conditions and atmospheric circulation types on PM10 and visibility in Tel-Aviv, Israel. Journal of Applied Meteorology 44: 606–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayan, U. & Morin, E. 2006. Flash flood-producing rainstorms over the Dead Sea: A review. New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research 401: 53–62.Google Scholar
Dayan, U. & Rodnizki, J. 1999. The temporal behavior of the atmospheric boundary layer in Israel. Journal of Applied Meteorology 38: 830–6.Google Scholar
Dayan, U. & Sharon, D. 1980. Meteorological parameters for discriminating between widespread and spotty storms in the Negev. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 29(4): 253–6.Google Scholar
Dayan, U., Shenhav, R. & Graber, M. 1988. The spatial and temporal behavior of the mixed layer in Israel. Journal of Applied Meteorology 27: 1382–94.Google Scholar
Dayan, U., Heffter, J., Miller, J. & Gutman, G. 1991. Dust intrusion events into the Mediterranean basin. Journal of Applied Meteorology 30: 1185–99.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayan, U., Ziv, B., Margalit, A., Morin, E. & Sharon, D. 2001. A severe autumn storm over the Middle-East: Synoptic and mesoscale convection analysis. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 69(1–2): 103–22.Google Scholar
Dayan, U., Lifshitz-Goldreich, B. & Pick, K. 2002. Spatial and structural variation of the atmospheric boundary layer during summer in Israel: Profiler and Rawinsonde measurements. Journal of Applied Meteor-ology 41: 447–57.Google Scholar
Dayan, U., Ziv, B., Shoob, T. & Enzel, Y. 2007. Suspended dust over southeastern Mediterranean and its relation to atmospheric circulations. International Journal of Climatology 28(7): 915–24.Google Scholar
Dayan, U., Tubi, A. & Levy, I. 2012. On the importance of synoptic classification methods with respect to environmental phenomena. International Journal of Climatology 32(5): 681–94.Google Scholar
Dee, D., Uppala, S., Simmons, A. et al. 2011. The ERA-Interim reana-lysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 137(656): 553–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dünkeloh, A. & Jacobeit, J. 2003. Circulation dynamics of Mediterranean precipitation variability 1948–98. International Journal of Climat-ology 23(15): 1843–66.Google Scholar
Edgell, S. 2006. Arabian Deserts: Nature, Origin and Evolution. Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Enzel, Y., Bookman, R., Sharon, D. et al. 2003. Late Holocene climates of the Near East deduced from Dead Sea level variations and modern regional winter rainfall. Quaternary Research 60(3): 263–73.Google Scholar
Enzel, Y., Amit, R., Dayan, U. et al. 2008. The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts. Global and Planetary Change 60(3–4): 165–92.Google Scholar
Enzel, Y., Amit, R., Grodek, T. et al. 2012. Late Quaternary weathering, erosion, and deposition in Nahal Yael, Israel: An impact of climatic change on an arid watershed? Geological Society of America Bulletin 124(5–6): 705–22.Google Scholar
Evans, J.P., Smith, R.B. & Oglesby, R.J. 2004. Middle East climate simulation and dominant precipitation processes. International Journal of Climatology 24(13): 1671–94.Google Scholar
EXACT – Executive Action Team. 1998. Overview of Middle East Water Resources – Water Resources of Palestinian, Jordanian, and Israeli Interest, compiled by the US Geological Survey for the Executive Action Team. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Flocas, H.A., Simmonds, I., Kouroutzoglou, J. et al. 2010. On cyclonic tracks over the eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Climate 23(19): 5243–57.Google Scholar
Formenti, P., Schutz, L., Balkanski, Y. et al. 2011. Recent progress in understanding physical and chemical properties of African and Asian mineral dust. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11: 8231–56.Google Scholar
Ganor, E. & Mamane, Y. 1982. Transport of Saharan dust across the eastern Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment 16(3): 581–7.Google Scholar
Goldreich, Y. 2003. The Climate of Israel: Observation, Research and Application. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
Goudie, A.S. & Middleton, N.J. 2001. Saharan dust storms: nature and consequences. Earth-Science Reviews 56: 179–204.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, N., Porat, N., Rhodes, E. & Enzel, Y. 2006. Large floods during late oxygen isotope stage 3, southern Negev desert, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews 25(7): 704–19.Google Scholar
Harpaz, T., Ziv, B., Saaroni, H. & Beja, E. 2014. Extreme summer temperatures in the East Mediterranean – dynamical analysis. International Journal of Climatology 34(3): 849–62.Google Scholar
Hashmonay, R., Dayan, U. & Cohen, A. 1991. Lidar observation of the atmospheric boundary layer in Jerusalem. Journal of Applied Meteorology 30: 1228–36.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatzaki, M., Flocas, H., Asimakopoulos, D. & Maheras, P. 2007. The eastern Mediterranean teleconnection pattern: Identification and definition. International Journal of Climatology 27(6): 727–37.Google Scholar
Hoerling, M., Eischeid, J., Perlwitz, J. et al. 2012. On the Increased Frequency of Mediterranean Drought. Journal of Climate 25(6): 2146–61.Google Scholar
Hoskins, B.J. & Hodges, K.I. 2002. New perspectives on the Northern Hemisphere winter storm tracks. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 59(6): 1041–61.Google Scholar
Hurrell, J.W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G. & Visbeck, M. 2003. An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. In The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, ed. Hurrell, J.W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G. & Visbeck, M., Geophysical Monograph Series 134. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 1–35.Google Scholar
Iskenderian, H. 1995. A 10-year climatology of northern hemisphere tropical cloud plumes and their composite flow pattern. Journal of Climate 8: 1630–7.Google Scholar
Kahana, R., Ziv, B., Enzel, Y. & Dayan, U. 2002. Synoptic climatology of major floods in the Negev Desert, Israel. International Journal of Climatology 22(7): 867–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahana, R., Ziv, B., Dayan, U. & Enzel, Y. 2004. Atmospheric predictors for major foods in the Negev Desert, Israel. International Journal of Climatology 24: 1137–47.Google Scholar
Kalderon-Asael, B., Erel, Y., Sandler, A. & Dayan, U. 2009. Mineral-ogical and chemical characterization of suspended atmospheric par-ticles over the East Mediterranean based on synoptic-scale circulation patterns. Atmospheric Environment 43(25): 3963–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, C., Ting, M.F., Seager, R. & Kushnir, Y. 2012a. Mediterranean precipitation climatology, seasonal cycle, and trend as simulated by CMIP5. Geophysical Research Letters 39: L21703.Google Scholar
Kelley, C., Ting, M.F., Seager, R. & Kushnir, Y. 2012b. The relative contributions of radiative forcing and internal climate variability to the late 20th century winter drying of the Mediterranean region. Climate Dynamics 38(9–10): 2001–15.Google Scholar
Kelley, C.P., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M.A., Seager, R. & Kushnir, Y. 2015. Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 112(11): 3241–46.Google Scholar
Krichak, S.O. & Alpert, P. 1998. Role of large scale moist dynamics in November 1–5, 1994, hazardous Mediterranean weather. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 103(D16): 19453–68.Google Scholar
Krichak, S.O. & Alpert, P. 2005a. Signatures of the NAO in the atmospheric circulation during wet winter months over the Mediterranean region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 82(1–2): 27–39.Google Scholar
Krichak, S.O. & Alpert, P. 2005b. Decadal trends in the east Atlantic–west Russia pattern and Mediterranean precipitation. International Journal of Climatology 25(2): 183–92.Google Scholar
Krichak, S.O., Alpert, P. & Krishnamurti, T.N. 1997. Red Sea trough/cyclone development – numerical investigation. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 63(3–4): 159–69.Google Scholar
Krichak, S.O., Kishcha, P. & Alpert, P. 2002. Decadal trends of main Eurasian oscillations and the eastern Mediterranean precipitation. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 72(3–4): 209–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kushnir, Y. & Stein, M. 2010. North Atlantic influence on 19th–20th century rainfall in the Dead Sea watershed, teleconnections with the Sahel, and implication for Holocene climate fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews 29(27–28): 3843–60.Google Scholar
Kushnir, Y. & Wallace, J.M. 1989. Low-frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter – geographical-distribution, structure and time-scale dependence. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 46(20): 3122–42.Google Scholar
Laurent, B., Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Léon, J.F. & Mahowald, N.M. 2008. Modeling mineral dust emissions from the Sahara desert using new surface properties and soil database. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: D14218.Google Scholar
Lelieveld, J., Hadjinicolaou, P., Kostopoulou, E. et al. 2012. Climate change and impacts in the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Climatic Change 114(3–4): 667–87.Google Scholar
Mariotti, A. & Dell'Aquila, A. 2012. Decadal climate variability in the Mediterranean region: Roles of large-scale forcings and regional processes. Climate Dynamics 38(5–6): 1129–45.Google Scholar
Mariotti, A., Zeng, N. & Lau, K.M. 2002. Euro-Mediterranean rainfall and ENSO – a seasonally varying relationship. Geophysical Research Letters 29(12): L21811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariotti, A., Ballabrera-Poy, J. & Zeng, N. 2005. Tropical influence on Euro-Asian autumn rainfall variability. Climate Dynamics 24(5): 511–21.Google Scholar
Mariotti, A., Zeng, N., Yoon, J.-H. et al. 2010. Mediterranean water cycle changes: transition to drier 21st century conditions in observations and CMIP3 simulations. Environmental Research Letters 3(4): 044001.Google Scholar
McGuirk, J.P., Thompson, A.H. & Smith, N.R. 1987. Moisture bursts over the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Monthly Weather Review 115: 787–98.Google Scholar
McGuirk, J.P., Thompson, A.H. & Schaefer, J.R. 1988. An eastern Pacific tropical plume. Monthly Weather Review 116: 2505–21.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morin, E., Jacoby, Y., Navon, S. & Bet-Halachmi, E. 2009. Towards flash-flood prediction in the dry Dead Sea region utilizing radar rainfall information. Advances in Water Resources 32(7): 1066–76.Google Scholar
Morrill, C., Overpeck, J.T. & Cole, J.E. 2003. A synthesis of abrupt changes in the Asian summer monsoon since the last deglaciation. The Holocene 13(4): 465–76.Google Scholar
Overpeck, J., Anderson, D., Trumbore, S. & Prell, W. 1996. The southwest Indian monsoon over the last 18 000 years. Climate Dynamics 12(3): 213–25.Google Scholar
Pease, P., Tchakerian, V. & Tindale, N. 1998. Aerosols over the Arabian Sea: Geochemistry and source areas for aeolian desert dust. Journal of Arid Environments 39: 477–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedgley, D. 1972. Desert depression over north-east Africa. Meteorological Magazine 101: 228–43.Google Scholar
Peleg, N., Morin, E., Gvirtzman, H. & Enzel, Y. 2012. Rainfall, spring discharge and past human occupancy in the eastern Mediterranean. Climatic Change 112(3–4): 769–89.Google Scholar
Peleg, N., Shamir, E., Georgakakos, K. & Morin, E. 2015. A framework for assessing hydrological regime sensitivity to climate change in a convective rainfall environment: A case study of two medium-sized eastern Mediterranean catchments, Israel. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19(1): 567–81.Google Scholar
Price, C., Stone, L., Huppert, A., Rajagopalan, B. & Alpert, P. 1998. A possible link between El Nino and precipitation in Israel. Geophysical Research Letters 25(21): 3963–6.Google Scholar
Repapis, C., Zerefos, C. & Tritakis, B. 1977. On the Etesians over the Aegean. Praktika Academy of Athens 52: 572–606.Google Scholar
Robock, A. 2000. Volcanic eruptions and climate. Reviews of Geophysics 38(2): 191–219.Google Scholar
Rodwell, M.J. & Hoskins, B.J. 1996. Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 122(534): 1385–404.Google Scholar
Rodwell, M.J. & Hoskins, B.J. 2001. Subtropical anticyclones and summer monsoons. Journal of Climate 14(15): 3192–211.Google Scholar
Romem, M., Ziv, B. & Saaroni, H. 2007. Scenarios in the development of Mediterranean cyclones. Advances in Geosciences 12: 59–65.Google Scholar
Rubin, S., Ziv, B. & Paldor, N. 2007. Tropical plumes over eastern North Africa as a source of rain in the Middle-East. Monthly Weather Review 135: 4135–48.Google Scholar
Saaroni, H., Ziv, B., Bitan, A. & Alpert, P. 1998. Easterly wind storms over Israel. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 59(1–2): 61–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saaroni, H., Ziv, B., Edelson, J. & Alpert, P. 2003. Long-term variations in summer temperatures over the eastern Mediterranean. Geophysical Research Letters 30(18): 1946.Google Scholar
Saaroni, H., Halfon, N., Ziv, B., Alpert, P. & Kutiel, H. 2010. Links between the rainfall regime in Israel and location and intensity of Cyprus lows. International Journal of Climatology 30(7): 1014–25.Google Scholar
Saaroni, H., Ziv, B., Lempert, J., Gazit, Y. & Morin, E. 2014. Prolonged dry spells in the Levant region: climatologic-synoptic analysis. International Journal of Climatology 35(9): 2223–36. doi:10.1002/joc.4143.Google Scholar
Schilman, B., Bar-Matthews, M., Almogi-Labin, A. & Luz, B. 2001. Global climate instability reflected by eastern Mediterranean marine records during the late Holocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 176(1–4): 157–76.Google Scholar
Schneider, U., Becker, A., Finger, P. et al. 2014. GPCC's new land surface precipitation climatology based on quality-controlled in situ data and its role in quantifying the global water cycle. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 115(1–2): 15–40.Google Scholar
Seager, R., Liu, H.B., Henderson, N. et al. 2014. Causes of increasing aridification of the Mediterranean region in response to rising greenhouse gases. Journal of Climate 27(12): 4655–76.Google Scholar
Shao, Y.P., Wyrwoll, K.H., Chappell, A. et al. 2011. Dust cycle: an emer-ging core theme in Earth system science. Aeolian Research 2: 181–204.Google Scholar
Sharon, D. & Kutiel, H. 1986. The distribution of rainfall intensity in Israel, its regional and seasonal-variations and its climatological evaluation. Journal of Climatology 6(3): 277–91.Google Scholar
Shay-El, Y. & Alpert, P. 1991. A diagnostic study of winter diabatic heating in the Mediterranean in relation to cyclones. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 117: 715–47. doi: 10.1256/smsqj.50003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheffer, N., Dafny, E., Gvirtzman, H. et al. 2010. Hydrometeorological daily recharge assessment model (DREAM) for the Western Mountain Aquifer, Israel: Model application and effects of temporal patterns. Water Resources Research 46(5): W05510.Google Scholar
Shohami, D., Dayan, U., Morin, E. 2011. Warming and drying of the eastern Mediterranean: Additional evidence from trend analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmosphere 116: D22101.Google Scholar
Simpson, I.R., Seager, R., Shaw, T.A. & Ting, M.F. 2015. Mediterranean summer climate and the importance of Middle East topography. Journal of Climate 28(5): 1977–96.Google Scholar
Thompson, D.W.J. & Wallace, J.M. 1998. The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophysical Research Letters 25(9): 1297–300.Google Scholar
Torfstein, A., Goldstein, S.L., Kushnir, Y. et al. 2015. Dead Sea drawdown and monsoonal impacts in the Levant during the last interglacial. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 412: 235–44.Google Scholar
Törnros, T. & Menzel, L. 2014. Addressing drought conditions under current and future climates in the Jordan River region. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18(1): 305–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trigo, I.F., Davies, T.D. & Bigg, G.R. 1999. Objective climatology of cyclones in the Mediterranean region. Journal of Climate 12(6): 1685–96.Google Scholar
Trigo, I.F., Bigg, G.R. & Davies, T.D. 2002. Climatology of cyclogenesis mechanisms in the Mediterranean. Monthly Weather Review 130(3): 549–69.Google Scholar
Tsvieli, Y. & Zangvil, A. 2005. Synoptic climatological analysis of ‘wet'and ‘dry’ Red Sea troughs over Israel. International Journal of Climat-ology 25(15): 1997–2015.Google Scholar
Tubi, A. & Dayan, U. 2014. Tropical plumes over the Middle-East: climat-ology and synoptic conditions. Atmospheric Research 145–146: 168–81.Google Scholar
de Vries, A., Tyrlis, E., Edry, D. et al. 2013. Extreme precipitation events in the Middle East: Dynamics of the Active Red Sea Trough. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118(13): 7087–108.Google Scholar
Wallace, J.M. & Gutzler, D.S. 1981. Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Monthly Weather Review 109(4): 784–812.Google Scholar
Wallace, J.M., Lim, G.H. & Blackmon, M.L. 1988. Relationship between cyclone tracks, anticyclone tracks and baroclinic wave-guides. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 45(3): 439–62.Google Scholar
Washington, R., Todd, M., Middleton, N.J. & Goudie, A.S. 2003. Dust-storm source areas determined by the total ozone monitoring spectrometer and surface observations. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93: 297–313.Google Scholar
Winstanley, D. 1972. Sharav. Weather 27(4): 146–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woollings, T., Lockwood, M., Masato, G., Bell, C. & Gray, L. 2010. Enhanced signature of solar variability in Eurasian winter climate. Geophysical Research Letters 37(20): L20805.Google Scholar
Xoplaki, E., Gonzalez-Rouco, J.F., Gyalistras, D. et al. 2003. Interannual summer air temperature variability over Greece and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and Mediterranean SSTs 1950–1999. Climate Dynamics 20(5): 537–54.Google Scholar
Zappa, G., Hawcroft, M.K., Shaffrey, L., Black, E. & Brayshaw, D.J. 2015. Extratropical cyclones and the projected decline of winter Mediterranean precipitation in the CMIP5 models. Climate Dynamics doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2426-8.Google Scholar
Ziv, B. 2001. A subtropical rainstorm associated with a tropical plume over Africa and the Middle-East. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 69: 91–102.Google Scholar
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H. & Alpert, P. 2004. The factors governing the summer regime of the eastern Mediterranean. International Journal of Climatology 24(14): 1859–71.Google Scholar
Ziv, B., Dayan, U. & Sharon, D. 2005a. A mid-winter, tropical extreme flood-producing storm in southern Israel: Synoptic scale analysis. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 88(1–2): 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H. Baharad, A., Yekutieli, D. & Alpert, P. 2005b. Indications for aggravation in summer heat conditions over the Mediterranean basin. Geophysical Research Letters 32(12): L12706.Google Scholar
Ziv, B., Dayan, U., Kushnir, Y., Roth, C. & Enzel, Y. 2006. Regional and global atmospheric patterns governing rainfall in the southern Le-vant. International Journal of Climatology 26(1): 55–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H., Romem, M. et al. 2010. Analysis of conveyor belts in winter Mediterranean cyclones. Theoretical and Applied Climat-ology 99(3–4): 441–55.Google Scholar
Ziv, B., Harpaz, T. Saaroni, H. & Blender, R. 2015. A new methodology for identifying daughter cyclogenesis: Application for the Mediterranean basin. International Journal of Climatology 35(13): 3847–61.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×