Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T13:03:15.287Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

19 - Tics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2023

Stephen Hupp
Affiliation:
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Cara L. Santa Maria
Affiliation:
Fielding Graduate University, California
Get access

Summary

This chapter describes pseudoscience and questionable ideas related to Tourette’s disorder and other tic disorders. The chapter opens by discussing controversies related to conceptualization and diagnosis such as an emphasis on swearing as a hallmark symptom. Dubious treatments include complementary and alternative medicine, chiropractic treatments, biofeedback, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. The chapter closes by reviewing research-supported approaches.

Type
Chapter
Information
Pseudoscience in Therapy
A Skeptical Field Guide
, pp. 312 - 327
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1952). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (1st ed.). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Azrin, N. H., & Nunn, R. G. (1973). Habit-reversal: A method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 619628. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(73)90119-8.Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S. M., Buodo, G., Leone, V., & Palomba, D. (2011). Neurofeedback training for Tourette syndrome: An uncontrolled single case study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 26, 281288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-011-9169-7.Google Scholar
Besag, F., Vasey, M. J., Lao, K., Chowhury, U., & Stern, J. S. (2021). Pharmacological treatment for Tourette syndrome in children and adults: What is the quality of the evidence? A systematic review. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35, 10371061. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211032445.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. H., & Leckman, J. F. (2009). Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 6, 497501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002.Google Scholar
Burd, L., & Kerbeshian, J. (1987). Treatment-generated problems associated with behavior modification in Tourette disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neruology, 29, 831833.Google Scholar
Calder-Sprackman, S., Sutherland, S., & Doja, A. (2014). The portrayal of Tourette syndrome in film and television. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 41, 226232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100016620.Google Scholar
Chang, S. W., Piacentini, J., & Walkup, J. T. (2007). Behavioral treatment of Tourette syndrome: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 14, 268273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00086.x.Google Scholar
Coffey, B. J., Biederman, J., Geller, D., Frazier, J., Spencer, T., Doyle, R., Gianini, L., Small, A., Frisone, D. F., Magovcevic, M., Stein, N., & Faraone, S. V. (2004). Reexamining tic persistence and tic-associated impairment in Tourette’s disorder: Findings from a naturalistic follow-up study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 776780. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144696.14555.c4.Google Scholar
Conelea, C. A., Woods, D. W., Zinner, S. H., Budman, C. L., Murphy, T. K., Scahill, L. D., Compton, S. N., & Walkup, J. T. (2013). The impact of Tourette Syndrome in adults: results from the Tourette Syndrome impact survey. Community Mental Health Journal, 49, 110120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-011-9465-y.Google Scholar
Erenberg, G. (1988). Pharmacologic therapy of tics in childhood. Pediatric Annals, 17, 395396, 398, 400402, 404. https://doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19880601-07.Google Scholar
Ferenczi, S. (1921). Psycho-analytical observations on tic. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2, 130.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. D, Zinner, S. H., Müller-Vahl, K. R., Fast, D. K., Burd, L. J., Kano, Y., Rothenberger, A., Roessner, V., Kerbeshian, L., Stern, J. S., Jankovic, J., Loughlin, T., Janik, P., Shady, G., Robertson, M. M., Lang, A. E., Budman, C., Magor, A., Bruun, R., & Berlin Jr., C. M. (2009). Coprophenomena in Tourette syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 51, 218227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03135.x.Google Scholar
Ganos, C., Martino, D., Espay, A.J., Lang, A.E., Bhatia, K.P., & Edwards, M.J. (2019). Tics and functional tic-like movements. Can we tell them apart? Neurology, 93, 750758. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008372.Google Scholar
Grados, M., Huselid, R., & Duque-Serrano, L. (2018). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Tourette syndrome: A historical perspective, its current use and the influence of comorbidities in treatment response. Brain Science, 8, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8070129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyman, I., Liang, H., & Hedderly, T. (2021). COVID-19 related increase in childhood tics and tic-like attacks. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 106, 420421. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-321748.Google Scholar
Himle, M. B., Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J., & Walkup, J. (2006). A brief review of habit reversal training for Tourette syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 21, 719725. https://doi.org/10.1177/08830738060210080101.Google Scholar
Hsu, C, Want, L., & Lin, P. (2018). Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Tourette syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimulation, 11, 11101118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.06.002.Google Scholar
Khalifa, N., & von Knorring, A.L. (2005). Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in a total population of children: Clinical assessment and background. Acta Paediatrica, 94, 16081614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01837.x.Google Scholar
Kompoliti, M. D., Fan, W., & Leurgans, S. (2009). Complementary and alternative medicine use in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Movement Disorders, 24, 19982019. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22724.Google Scholar
Kuhn, K. W., & Cambron, J. (2013). Chiropractic management using a brain-based model of care for a 15-year-old boy with migraine headaches and behavioral and learning difficulties: A case report. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 12, 274280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2013.10.005.Google Scholar
Kurlan, R. (2014). Hypothesis II: Tourette’s syndrome is part of a clinical spectrum that includes normal brain development. Archives of Neurology, 51, 11451150. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1994.00540230083017.Google Scholar
Kushner, H. I. (1999). A cursing brain? The histories of Tourette syndrome. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lajonchere, C., Nortz, M., & Finger, S. (1996). Gilles de la Tourette and the discovery of Tourette syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 53, 567574. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1996.00550060111024.Google Scholar
Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Mantovani, A., Motlagh, M. G., de Alvarenga, P. G., Katsovich, L., Leckman, J. F., & Lisanby, S. H. (2015). Randomized sham controlled double-blind trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adults with severe Tourette syndrome. Brain Stimulation, 8, 574581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.015.Google Scholar
Leckman, J. F., Walker, D. E., & Cohen, D. J. (1993). Premonitory urges in Tourette’s syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 98102. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.1.98.Google Scholar
Leckman, J. F., Zhang, H., Vitale, A., Lahnin, F., Lynch, K., Bondi, C., Kim, Y. S., & Peterson, B. S. (1998). Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: The first two decades. Pediatrics, 102, 1419. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.1.14.Google Scholar
Mantel, B. J., Meyers, A., Tran, Q., Rogers, S., & Jacobson, J. S. (2005). Nutritional supplements and complementary/alternative medicine in Tourette syndrome. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 14, 582589. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2004.14.582.Google Scholar
McGuire, J. F., Piacentini, J., Brennan, E. A., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., Small, B. J., & Storch, E. A. (2014). A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 50, 106112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller-Vahl, K. R., Riemann, L., & Bokemeyer, S. (2014). Tourette patients’ misbelief of a tic rebound is due to overall difficulties in reliable tic rating. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76, 472476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.03.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller-Vahl, K. R., Schneider, U., Prevedel, H., Theloe, K., Kolbe, H., Daldrup, T., & Emrich, H. M. (2003). Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: A 6-week randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 459465. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v64n0417.Google Scholar
Nagai, Y., Cavanna, A., & Critchley, H. D. (2009). Influence of sympathetic autonomic arousal on tics: Implications for a therapeutic behavioural intervention for Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67, 599605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.06.004.Google Scholar
Nagai, Y., Cavanna, A. E., Critchley, H. D., Stern, J. J., Robertson, M. M., & Joyce, E. M. (2014). Biofeedback treatment for Tourette syndrome: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Cognitive & Behavioral Neurology, 27, 1724. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000019.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, J. A., Scharf, J. M., Yu, D., & Pauls, D. L. (2009). The genetics of Tourette syndrome: A review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67, 533545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.06.006.Google Scholar
Peterson, A. L., McGuire, J. F., Wilhelm, S., Piacentini, J., Woods, D. W., Walkup, J. T., Hatch, J. P., Villarreal, R., & Scahill, L. (2016). An empirical examination of symptom substitution associated with behavior therapy for Tourette’s disorder. Behavior Therapy, 47, 2941.Google Scholar
Piacentini, J. C., Woods, D. W., Scahill, L. D., Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A., Chang, S., Ginsburg, G. S., Deckersbach, T., Dziura, J., Levi-Pearl, S., & Walkup, J. T. (2010). Behavior therapy for children with Tourette Syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303, 19291937. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.607.Google Scholar
Pringsheim, T., Ganos, C., McGuire, J.F., Hedderly, T., Woods, D., Gilbert, D.L, Piacentini, J., Dale, R. C., & Martino, D. (2021). Rapid onset functional tic-like behaviors in young females during the COVID-19 pandemic. Movement Disorders, 36, 27072713. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pringsheim, T., Okun, M.S., Müller-Vahl, K., Martino, D., Jankovic, J., Cavanna, A.E., Woods, D. W., Robinson, M., Jarvie, E., Roessner, V., Oskoui, M., Holler-Managan, Y., & Piacentini, J. (2019). Practice guideline recommendations summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology, 92, 896906. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007466.Google Scholar
Rath, J. J., Tavy, D. L., Wertenbroek, A. A., van Woerkom, T. C., & de Bruijn, S. F. (2010). Botulinum toxin type A in simple motor tics: short-term and long-term treatment effects. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 16, 478481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.11.011.Google Scholar
Rizzo, R., Gulisano, M., Cali, P. V., & Curatolo, P. (2012). Long term clinical course of Tourette syndrome. Brain and Development, 34, 667673.Google Scholar
Robakis, D. (2017). How much do we know about adult-onset primary tics? Prevalence, epidemiology, and clinical features. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements, 7, 441. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8SQ95ND.Google Scholar
Robertson, M. M. (2008). The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Part 1: The epidemiological and prevalence studies. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65, 461472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.03.006.Google Scholar
Schrock, L. E., Mink, J. W., Woods, D. W., Porta, M., Servello, D., Visser-Vandewalle, V., Silburn, P. A., Foltynie, T., Walker, H. C., Shahed-Jimenez, J., Savica, R., Klassen, B. T., Machado, A. G., Foote, K. D., Zhang, J.-G., Hu, W., Ackermans, L., Temel, Y., Mari, Z., … Okun, M. S. (2014). Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation: A review and updated recommendations. Movement Disorders, 30, 448471.Google Scholar
Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. (1968). Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome with Haloperidol. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 345350. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.114.508.345.Google Scholar
Storch, E. A., Lack, C. W., Simons, L. E., Goodman, W. K., Murphy, T. K., & Geffken, G. R. (2007). A measure of functional impairment in youth with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 950959. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm0034.Google Scholar
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J., Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., Katsovich, L., Dziura, J., Walkup, J. T., & Scahill, L. (2017). Moderators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome. Neurology, 14, 10291036. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verdellen, C. W. J., Keijsers, G. P., Cath, D. C., & Hoogduin, C. A. L. (2004). Exposure and response prevention versus habit reversal in Tourette’s syndrome: A controlled study. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 42, 501511. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00154-2.Google Scholar
Walkup, J. T., Ferrao, Y., Lackman, J. F., Stein, D. J., & Singer, H. (2010). Tic disorders: Some key issues for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 600610. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20711.Google Scholar
Weisman, H., Qureshi, I. A., Leckman, J. F., Scahill, L., & Bloch, M. H. (2013). Systematic review: Pharmacological treatment of tic disorders – Efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 11621171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.008.Google Scholar
Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., Piacentini, J., Woods, D. W., Deckersbach, T., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Chang, S., Liu, H., Dziura, J., Walkup, J. T., & Scahill, L. (2012). Randomized trial of behavior therapy for adults with Tourette syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 795803. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1528.Google Scholar
Woods, D. W., Conelea, C. A., & Walther, M. R. (2007). Barriers to dissemination: Exploring the criticisms of behavior therapy for tics. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 14, 279282.Google Scholar
Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J. C., Chang, S. W., Deckersbach, T., Ginsburg, G. S., Peterson, A. L., Scahill, L. D., Walkup, J. T., & Wilhelm, S. (2008). Managing Tourette Syndrome: A behavioral intervention for children and adults: Therapist guide. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×