Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:46:06.960Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Insomnia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2023

Stephen Hupp
Affiliation:
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Cara L. Santa Maria
Affiliation:
Fielding Graduate University, California
Get access

Summary

This chapter describes pseudoscience and questionable ideas related to insomnia disorder. The chapter opens by discussing diagnostic and assessment controversies such as the use of retrospective symptom measures. Dubious treatments include supplements, aromatherapy, cannabidiol products, weighted blankets, specialty mattresses, and homeopathy. The chapter closes by reviewing research-supported approaches.

Type
Chapter
Information
Pseudoscience in Therapy
A Skeptical Field Guide
, pp. 142 - 161
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbasi, B., Kimiagar, M., Sadeghniiat, K., Shirazi, M. M., Hedayati, M., & Rashidkhani, B. (2012). The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 17(12), 11611169.Google Scholar
Abuhasira, R., Shbiro, L., & Landschaft, Y. (2018). Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products – Regulations in Europe and North America. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Mousavi, S. N. (2017). The effects of chamomile extract on sleep quality among elderly people: A clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 35, 109114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.09.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akram, U., Ellis, J. G., Myachykov, A., Chapman, A. J., & Barclay, N. L. (2017). Anxiety mediates the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and insomnia disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 8286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.042.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Antonino Vitale, J., Devetag, F., Colnago, S., & La Torre, A. (2019). Effect of mattress on actigraphy-based sleep quality and perceived recovery in top-level athletes: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Biological Rhythm Research, 50(5), 689702. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2018.1490864.Google Scholar
Arendt, J., Skene, D. J., Middleton, B., Lockley, S. W., & Deacon, S. (1997). Efficacy of melatonin treatment in jet lag, shift work, and blindness. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 12(6), 604617. https://doi.org/10.1177/074873049701200616.Google Scholar
Armour, D., & Paton, C. (2004). Melatonin in the treatment of insomnia in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Bulletin, 28(6), 222224. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.28.6.222.Google Scholar
Aurora, R. N., Kristo, D. A., Bista, S. R., Rowley, J. A., Zak, R. S., Casey, K. R., Lamm, C. I., Tracy, S. L., & Rosenberg, R. S. (2012). The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults—An update for 2012: Practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses. Sleep, 35(8), 10391062. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1988.Google Scholar
Baglioni, C., Battagliese, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2011). Insomnia as a predictor of depression: A meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135(1–3), 1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.011.Google Scholar
Baron, K. G., Abbott, S., Jao, N., Manalo, N., & Mullen, R. (2017). Orthosomnia: Are some patients taking the quantified self too far? Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(2), 351354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benca, R. M., Obermeyer, W. H., Thisted, R. A., & Gillin, J. C. (1992). Sleep and psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(8), 651668.Google Scholar
Besag, F. M., Vasey, M. J., Lao, K. S., & Wong, I. C. (2019). Adverse events associated with melatonin for the treatment of primary or secondary sleep disorders: A systematic review. CNS Drugs, 33(12), 11671186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-019-00680-w.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhagavan, C., Kung, S., Doppen, M., John, M., Vakalalabure, I., Oldfield, K., Braithwaite, I., & Newton-Howes, G. (2020). Cannabinoids in the treatment of insomnia disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs, 34(12), 12171228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00773-x.Google Scholar
Bjorvatn, B., & Pallesen, S. (2009). A practical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(1), 4760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Rück, C., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2016). Three-year follow-up of insomnia and hypnotics after controlled internet treatment for insomnia. Sleep, 39(6), 12671274. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broström, A., Strömberg, A., Dahlström, U., & Fridlund, B. (2004). Sleep difficulties, daytime sleepiness, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 19(4), 234242. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005082–200407000–00003.Google Scholar
Brzezinski, A. (1997). Melatonin in humans. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(3), 186195. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5850.Google Scholar
Buckle, P., & Fernandes, A. (1998). Mattress evaluation – Assessment of contact pressure, comfort and discomfort. Applied Ergonomics, 29(1), 3539. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-6870(97)00023-9.Google Scholar
Buscemi, N., Vandermeer, B., Hooton, N., Pandya, R., Tjosvold, L., Hartling, L., Baker, G., Klassen, T. P., & Vohra, S. (2005). The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(12), 11511158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0243.x.Google Scholar
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds 3rd, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4.Google Scholar
Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2012). The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring. Sleep, 35(2), 287302. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1642.Google Scholar
Carney, C. E., Segal, Z. V., Edinger, J. D., & Krystal, A. D. (2007). A comparison of rates of residual insomnia symptoms following pharmacotherapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(2), 254260. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v68n0211.Google Scholar
Chang, S. M., & Chen, C. H. (2016). Effects of an intervention with drinking chamomile tea on sleep quality and depression in sleep disturbed postnatal women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(2), 306315. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12836.Google Scholar
Chesson, A. L., Wise, M., Davila, D., Johnson, S., Littner, M., Anderson, W. M., Hartse, K., & Rafecas, J. (1999). Practice parameters for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep, 22(7), 961968. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/22.7.961.Google Scholar
Chinoy, E. D., Cuellar, J. A., Huwa, K. E., Jameson, J. T., Watson, C. H., Bessman, S. C., Hirsch, D. A., Cooper, A. D., Drummond, S., & Markwald, R. R. (2021). Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography. Sleep, 44(5), zsaa291. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa291.Google Scholar
Cohen, M., Menefee, L. A., Doghramji, K., Anderson, W. R., & Frank, E. D. (2000). Sleep in chronic pain: Problems and treatments. International Review of Psychiatry, 12(2), 115127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260050007435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, K. L., & Relton, C. (2010). Homeopathy for insomnia: A systematic review of research evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(5), 329337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.11.005.Google Scholar
Daley, M., Morin, C. M., LeBlanc, M., Grégoire, J. P., & Savard, J. (2009). The economic burden of insomnia: Direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers. Sleep, 32(1), 5564.Google Scholar
Daurat, A., Benoit, O., & Buguet, A. (2000). Effects of zopiclone on the rest/activity rhythm after a westward flight across five time zones. Psychopharmacology, 149(3), 241245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002139900367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drake, C., & Wright, K. (2011). Shift work, shift-work disorder, and jet lag. In Kryger, M. H., Roth, T., & Dement, W. C. (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th ed. (pp. 784798). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00071-2.Google Scholar
Edinger, J. D., Arnedt, J. T., Bertisch, S. M., Carney, C. E., Harrington, J. J., Lichstein, K. L., Sateia, M. J., Troxel, W. M., Zhou, E. S., Kazmi, U., Heald, J. L., & Martin, J. L. (2021). Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 17(2), 255262. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8986.Google Scholar
Edinger, J. D., Olsen, M. K., Stechuchak, K. M., Means, M. K., Lineberger, M. D., Kirby, A., & Carney, C. E. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with primary insomnia or insomnia associated predominantly with mixed psychiatric disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Sleep, 32(4), 499510. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep/32.4.499.Google Scholar
Edinger, J. D., Wohlgemuth, W. K., Radtke, R. A., Marsh, G. R., & Quillian, R. E. (2001). Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of chronic primary insomnia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(14), 18561864. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.14.1856.Google Scholar
Edinger, J. D., Wyatt, J. K., Stepanski, E. J., Olsen, M. K., Stechuchak, K. M., Carney, C. E., Chiang, A., Crisostomo, M. I., Lineberger, M. D., Means, M. K., Radtke, R. A., Wohlgemuth, W. K., & Krystal, A. D. (2011). Testing the reliability and validity of DSM-IV-TR and ICSD-2 insomnia diagnoses: Results of a multitrait–multimethod analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(10), 9921002.Google Scholar
Edinoff, A. N., Wu, N., Ghaffar, Y. T., Prejean, R., Gremillion, R., Cogburn, M., Chami, A. A., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2021). Zolpidem: Efficacy and side effects for insomnia. Health Psychology Research, 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.24927.Google Scholar
Ellis, J. G., Gehrman, P., Espie, C. A., Riemann, D., & Perlis, M. L. (2012). Acute insomnia: Current conceptualizations and future directions. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16(1), 514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.02.002.Google Scholar
Ernst, E. (2011). Homeopathy for insomnia and sleep-related disorders: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 16(3), 195199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.2011.01083.x.Google Scholar
Eron, K., Kohnert, L., Watters, A., Logan, C., Weisner-Rose, M., & Mehler, P. S. (2020). Weighted blanket use: A systematic review. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.037358.Google Scholar
Fraguas-Sánchez, A. I., & Torres-Suárez, A. I. (2018). Medical use of cannabinoids. Drugs, 78(16), 16651703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-0996-1.Google Scholar
Freemon, F. R. (1982). The effect of chronically administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol upon the polygraphically monitored sleep of normal volunteers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 10(4), 345353.Google Scholar
Garland, S. N., Rowe, H., Repa, L. M., Fowler, K., Zhou, E. S., & Grandner, M. A. (2018). A decade’s difference: 10‐year change in insomnia symptom prevalence in Canada depends on sociodemographics and health status. Sleep Health, 4, 160165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.003.Google Scholar
Gellis, L. A., & Lichstein, K. L. (2009). Sleep hygiene practices of good and poor sleepers in the United States: An internet-based study. Behavior Therapy, 40(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2008.02.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gringras, P., Green, D., Wright, B., Rush, C., Sparrowhawk, M., Pratt, K., Allgar, V., Hooke, N., Moore, D., Zaiwalla, Z., & Wiggs, L. (2014). Weighted blankets and sleep in autistic children – A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 134(2), 298306. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-4285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guadagna, S., Barattini, D. F., Rosu, S., & Ferini-Strambi, L. (2020). Plant extracts for sleep disturbances: A systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 3792390. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3792390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartmann, J. A., Carney, C. E., Lachowski, A., & Edinger, J. D. (2015). Exploring the construct of subjective sleep quality in patients with insomnia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(6), 768773. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.14m09066.Google Scholar
Herxheimer, A., & Petrie, K. J. (2002). Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD001520. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001520.Google Scholar
Hirvonen, J., Goodwin, R. S., Li, C. T., Terry, G. E., Zoghbi, S. S., Morse, C., Pike, V. W., Volkow, N. D., Huestis, M. A., & Innis, R. (2012). Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(6), 642649. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.82.Google Scholar
Hornyak, M., Feige, B., Riemann, D., & Voderholzer, U. (2006). Periodic leg movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder: Prevalence, clinical significance and treatment. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(3), 169177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.12.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, A. J., Turner, A. P., Alschuler, K. N., Atkins, D. C., Beier, M., Amtmann, D., & Ehde, D. M. (2018). Association between sleep problems and perceived cognitive dysfunction over 12 months in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 16(1), 7991. https://doi.org/1080/15402002.2016.1173553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, G. D., Pace-Schott, E. F., Stickgold, R., & Otto, M. W. (2004). Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: A randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(17), 18881896. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.17.1888.Google Scholar
Katz, D. A., & McHorney, C. A. (1998). Clinical correlates of insomnia in patients with chronic illness. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(10), 10991107. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.10.1099.Google Scholar
Katz, D. A., & McHorney, C. A. (2002). The relationship between insomnia and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic illness. Journal of Family Practice, 51(3), 229234.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (2003). Methodology: What it is and why it is so important. In Kazdin, A. E. (Ed.), Methodological issues & strategies in clinical research (pp. 522). American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Kent, J. B., Tanabe, K. O., Muthusubramanian, A., Statuta, S. M., & MacKnight, J. M. (2020). Complementary and alternative medicine prescribing practices among sports medicine providers. Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine, 26(5), 2832.Google Scholar
Khan, R., Naveed, S., Mian, N., Fida, A., Raafey, M. A., & Aedma, K. K. (2020). The therapeutic role of cannabidiol in mental health: A systematic review. Journal of Cannabis Research, 2(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-019-0012-y.Google Scholar
Lacedonia, D., Carpagnano, G. E., Sabato, R., Storto, M. M. L., Palmiotti, G. A., Capozzi, V., Barbaro, M. P. F., & Gallo, C. (2016). Characterization of obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSA) population by means of cluster analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 25(6), 724730. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12429.Google Scholar
Leach, M. J., & Page, A. T. (2015). Herbal medicine for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 24, 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.12.003.Google Scholar
Lin, P. C., Lee, P. H., Tseng, S. J., Lin, Y. M., Chen, S. R., & Hou, W. H. (2019). Effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 45, 156166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.06.006.Google Scholar
Lovato, N., Lack, L., & Kennaway, D. J. (2016). Comparing and contrasting therapeutic effects of cognitive-behavior therapy for older adults suffering from insomnia with short and long objective sleep duration. Sleep Medicine, 22, 412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.04.001.Google Scholar
Low, T. L., Choo, F. N., & Tan, S. M. (2020). The efficacy of melatonin and melatonin agonists in insomnia – An umbrella review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 121, 1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.022.Google Scholar
Lu, B. S., & Zee, P. C. (2006). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Chest, 130(6), 19151923. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.6.1915.Google Scholar
Lurie, A. (2011). Obstructive sleep apnea in adults: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and rreatment options. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults, 46, 142. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327660.Google Scholar
Mah, J., & Pitre, T. (2021). Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: A systematic review & meta-analysis. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z.Google Scholar
Maurer, L. F., Espie, C. A., & Kyle, S. D. (2018). How does sleep restriction therapy for insomnia work? A systematic review of mechanistic evidence and the introduction of the Triple-R model. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 42, 127138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.07.005.Google Scholar
Morin, C. M. (1993). Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management. Guilford.Google Scholar
Morin, C. M., LeBlanc, M., Daley, M., Gregoire, J. P., & Mérette, C. (2006). Epidemiology of insomnia: Prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors. Sleep Medicine, 7(2), 123130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2005.08.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mullen, B., Champagne, T., Krishnamurty, S., Dickson, D., & Gao, R. X. (2008). Exploring the safety and therapeutic effects of deep pressure stimulation using a weighted blanket. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 24, 6589. https://doi.org/10.1300/J004v24n01_05.Google Scholar
Olfson, M., Wall, M., Liu, S. M., Morin, C. M., & Blanco, C. (2018). Insomnia and impaired quality of life in the United States. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(5), 17m12020. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17m12020.Google Scholar
Perlis, M. L., Vargas, I., Ellis, J. G., Grandner, M. A., Morales, K. H., Gencarelli, A., Khader, W., Kloss, J. D., Gooneratne, N. S., & Thase, M. E. (2020). The natural history of insomnia: The incidence of acute insomnia and subsequent progression to chronic insomnia or recovery in good sleeper subjects. Sleep, 43(6), zsz299. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz299.Google Scholar
Qaseem, A., Kansagara, D., Forciea, M. A., Cooke, M., Denberg, T. D., & Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians (2016). Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine, 165(2), 125133. https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-2175.Google Scholar
Rajaratnam, S. M., Middleton, B., Stone, B. M., Arendt, J., & Dijk, D. J. (2004). Melatonin advances the circadian timing of EEG sleep and directly facilitates sleep without altering its duration in extended sleep opportunities in humans. The Journal of Physiology, 561(Pt 1), 339351. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.073742.Google Scholar
Randall, S., Roehrs, T. A., & Roth, T. (2008). Over-the-counter sleep aid medications and insomnia. Primary Psychiatry, 15(5), 5258.Google Scholar
Reynolds, S. A., & Ebben, M. R. (2017). The cost of insomnia and the benefit of increased access to evidence-based treatment: Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 12(1), 3946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.011.Google Scholar
Riemann, D., Berger, M., & Voderholzer, U. (2001). Sleep and depression – Results from psychobiological studies: An overview. Biological Psychology, 57(1–3), 67103. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00090-4.Google Scholar
Rikkert, M. O., & Rigaud, A. S. (2001). Melatonin in elderly patients with insomnia. A systematic review. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 34(6), 491497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003910170025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringdahl, E. N., Pereira, S. L., & Delzell, J. E. (2004). Treatment of primary insomnia. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 17(3), 212219. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.17.3.212.Google Scholar
Roth, T. (2007). Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. Journal of clinical sleep medicine, 3(5 Suppl), S7S10.Google Scholar
Sack, R. L., Brandes, R. W., Kendall, A. R., & Lewy, A. J. (2000). Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. New England Journal of Medicine, 343(15), 10701077. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200010123431503.Google Scholar
Sadeh, A. (2011). The role and validity of actigraphy in sleep medicine: An update. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 15(4), 259267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.10.001.Google Scholar
Sateia, M. J., Buysse, D. J., Krystal, A. D., Neubauer, D. N., & Heald, J. L. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(2), 307349. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6470.Google Scholar
Schierenbeck, T., Riemann, D., Berger, M., & Hornyak, M. (2008). Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: Cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12(5), 381389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.12.004.Google Scholar
Sivertsen, B., Lallukka, T., & Salo, P. (2011). The economic burden of insomnia at the workplace. An opportunity and time for intervention? Sleep, 34(9), 11511152. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1224.Google Scholar
Smith, M. T., Perlis, M. L., Park, A., Smith, M. S., Pennington, J., Giles, D. E., & Buysse, D. J. (2002). Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(1), 511. https://doi.org/10.1037/e323162004-002.Google Scholar
Spielman, A. J., Caruso, L. S., & Glovinsky, P. B. (1987). A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10(4), 541553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30532-X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taibi, D. M., Landis, C. A., Petry, H., & Vitiello, M. V. (2007). A systematic review of valerian as a sleep aid: Safe but not effective. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 11(3), 209230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.03.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, Y., Gong, M., Qin, X., Su, H., Wang, Z., & Dong, H. (2021). The therapeutic effect of aromatherapy on insomnia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 288, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.06.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. J., Mallory, L. J., Lichstein, K. L., Durrence, H. H., Riedel, B. W., & Bush, A. J. (2007). Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems. Sleep, 30(2), 213218. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.2.213.Google Scholar
Tonetti, L., Martoni, M., & Natale, V. (2011). Effects of different mattresses on sleep quality in healthy subjects: An actigraphic study. Biological Rhythm Research, 42(2), 8997. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291010903557187.Google Scholar
van der Zweerde, T., Bisdounis, L., Kyle, S. D., Lancee, J., & van Straten, A. (2019). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: A meta-analysis of long-term effects in controlled studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 48, 101208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.08.002.Google Scholar
van Geijlswijk, I. M., Korzilius, H. P., & Smits, M. G. (2010). The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: A meta-analysis. Sleep, 33(12), 16051614. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.12.1605.Google Scholar
Wijarnpreecha, K., Thongprayoon, C., Panjawatanan, P., & Ungprasert, P. (2017). Insomnia and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 63(4), 226. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_140_17.Google Scholar
Young, T. B. (2005). Natural history of chronic insomnia. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 1(04), e466e467. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.26392.Google Scholar
Zisook, S., Johnson, G. R., Tal, I., Hicks, P., Chen, P., Davis, L., Thase, M., Zhao, Y., Vertrees, J., & Mohamed, S. (2019). General predictors and moderators of depression remission: A VAST-D report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(5), 348357. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18091079.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×