In Chapter 1 the foundations for the subsequent analysis are set out, namely: the definitions of key terms, including the ‘natural environment’, ‘anthropocentricism’, and ‘eco-centricism’; the types of threat that face the environment; the expressive and enforcement functions of international criminal law; the background to international environmental law and international criminal law; the origins of the concept of ecocide; the key features of the ICC; and the notion of adjudicative coherence, which is a novel test used in analysis to test the ICC’s ability to address environmental harm.