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3 - ‘And Many Oþer Diuerse Tokens …’: Portents and Wonders in ‘Warkworth's’ Chronicle

from Part I - Uses of History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2016

Alexander L. Kaufman
Affiliation:
Auburn University at Montgomery
Jaclyn Rajsic
Affiliation:
Lecturer in Medieval Literature, School of English and Drama, Queen Mary University of London
E. S. Kooper
Affiliation:
Reader Emeritus in Medieval English, Utrecht University.
Dan Embree
Affiliation:
Retired Professor at the Mississippi State University
Edward Donald Kennedy
Affiliation:
Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. To retire 1st July 2012
Alexander L. Kaufman
Affiliation:
Professor of English Auburn University at Montgomery
Julia Marvin
Affiliation:
JULIA MARVIN is Associate Professor, Program of Liberal Studies, University of Notre Dame
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Summary

PORTENTS are omens, signs of the future. They warn oftentimes of dangers that will come – sometimes momentous in scale – and the devastation that will be wrought. Portents can also exist as marvels, miracles and wonders of an unusual nature that could signify a future event. Portents are found in different types of medieval historical writings: versions of the Middle English Prose Brut, several fifteenth-century chronicles of London, genealogical texts and other medieval histories. For example, Thomas Walsingham, in his Chronica Majora, describes how in 1385 the conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn was followed ‘by the greatest of upheavals in the kingdom’, and that the appearance of a dolphin on Christmas Day in the Thames in London was an omen for trouble between Londoners and Richard II. In this essay I will examine a number of such portents and wonders found in ‘Warkworth's’ Chronicle, which spans the years 1461 to 1474, and discuss how these phenomena can serve as a means by which its author came to terms with the unthinkable yet real: murder, treason, war and other-worldly phenomena. The unnamed author uses the term ‘tokens’ twice to denote events in the chronicle that are of a portentous nature: extreme floods and ‘wo-water’, and the sighting of a headless revenant. Moreover, he describes several events that are not necessarily portents, for they do not attempt to predict a future event. Nevertheless, they invite readers to interpret them as political commentary, especially when read in context with the naturally occurring portents and the author's direct, at times politicized, interpretation of them. Some of these unexplained wonders are associated with Henry VI, while another relates the sighting of the headless being noted above. The author of ‘Warkworth's’ Chronicle reserves comment on the outcome and explicit meaning of the more ambiguous wonders such as these, for his vagueness and oblique strategies of narrative suggest a political climate too caustic and dangerous to report and explain them in a direct and critical manner. Yet, this text is a chronicle, and as is the case with some chroniclers, commentary, brief though it is, is occasionally given on these matters.

Type
Chapter
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The Prose Brut and Other Late Medieval Chronicles
Books have their Histories. Essays in Honour of Lister M. Matheson
, pp. 49 - 63
Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2016

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