Despite huge challenges, the world has been transformed over the last thirty years in terms of avenues of accountability for torture. At international level, commissions of inquiry seek to document the truth and ad hoc international and hybrid criminal tribunals and a permanent international criminal court prosecute some of the offenders. Domestic courts are applying international law, including on the basis of universal jurisdiction wherever the crime of torture occurred, in small but ever increasing numbers. The International Court of Justice has been seized to persuade a recalcitrant State to put a former head of State on trial for widespread acts of torture. Other criminal prosecutions of torturers will be mounted in the years that follow.