Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91(5):1369–1401.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, Akcigit, Ufuk, Bloom, Nicholas, and Kerr, William. 2013. “Innovation, Reallocation and Growth.” MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 13–10.Google Scholar

Almén, Oscar. 2005. “Authoritarianism Constrained: The Role of Local People’s Congresses in China.” PhD. Dissertation in Peace and Development Studies, Goteborg University.Google Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen. 2009. “State, Market, and Bureau-Contracting in Reform China.” Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation.Google Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen. 2012. “Counting Cadres: A Comparative View of the Size of China’s Public Employment.” The China Quarterly 211:676–696.Google Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen and Jia, Nan. 2014. “Perverse Complementarity: Political Connections and the Use of Courts Among Private Firms in China.” Journal of Politics 76(2):318–332.Google Scholar

Ansell, Ben W. and Samuels, David J.. 2014. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Barzel, Yoram. 1989. Economic Analysis of Property Rights, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bertrand, Marianne and Mullainaithan, Sendhil. 2004. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” The American Economic Review 94(4):991–1013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Besley, Tim. 1995. “Property Rights and Investment Incentives: Theory and Evidence from Ghana.” Journal of Political Economy 103(5):903–937.Google Scholar

Besley, Tim. 2004. “Paying Politicians.” Journal of the European Economic Association 2(2–3) (1 May):193–215.Google Scholar

Birney, Mayling. 2007. “Can Local Elections Contribute to Democratic Progress in Authoritarian Regime? Exploring the Political Ramifications of China’s Village Elections.” PhD Thesis, Yale University.Google Scholar

Blair, Graeme and Imai, Kosuke. 2012. “Statistical Analysis of List Experiments.” Political Analysis 20(1):47–77.Google Scholar

Blaydes, Lisa. 2011. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Blondel, Jean. 1973. Comparative Legislatures. Prentice-Hall, Inc.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles and Svolik, Milan W.. 2013. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” The Journal of Politics 75(2):300–16.Google Scholar

Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas G.. 2008. “China’s Great Economic Transformation.” In China’s Great Economic Transformation, ed. Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas G.. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar

Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Butler, Daniel and Broockman, David. 2011. “Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators.” American Journal of Political Science 55(3):463–477.Google Scholar

Cai, Dingjian. 1992. China’s People’s Congress System. Social Science Literature Press.Google Scholar

Cai, Dingjian. 2006. Constitutions: An Intesntive Reading. Falü Press.Google Scholar

Cai, Dingjian. 2007. “People’s Congress System and Constitutional Reform.” Love Thinking Blog. www.aisixiang.com/data/31725.html. Last accessed June 22, 2015.Google Scholar

Cai, Dingjian. 2011. “The History and Current Situation of Political Reform.” Yan Huang Chun Qiu (China Through the Ages).Google Scholar

Cai, Hongbin, Fang, Hanming, and Colin Lixin, Xu. 2011. “Eat, Drink, Firms, Government: An Investigation of Corruption from the Entertainment and Travel Costs of Chinese Firms.” Journal of Law and Economics 54(1): 55–78.Google Scholar

Callander, Steven. 2008. “Political Motivations.” Review of Economic Studies 75(3):671–697.Google Scholar

Calvert, Randall L. 1985. “Robustness of the Multidimensional Voting Model: Candidate Motivations, Uncertainty, and Convergence.” American Journal of Political Science 29(1):69–95.Google Scholar

Committee, Central. 2013. “Central Committee Organization Department Note on Regulating Government and Party Officials Taking Position in Firms.” pkulaw.cn/. Last accessed June 22, 2015.Google Scholar

Chan, Hon S. and Ma, Jun. 2011. “How Are They Paid? A Study of Civil Service Pay in China.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 77(2): 294–321.Google Scholar

Chang, C.M. 1951. “Mao’s Stratagem of Land Reform.” Foreign Affairs. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/1951-07-01/maos-stratagem-land-reform. Last accessed March 16, 2019.Google Scholar

Che, Jiahua and Qian, Yingyi. 1998. “Insecure Property Rights and Government Ownership of Firms.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(2):467–496.Google Scholar

Chen, An. 1999. Restructuring Political Power in China: Alliances and Opposition 1978–1998. Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, Jidong, Pan, Jennifer, and Yiqing, Xu. 2015. “Sources of Authoritarian Responsiveness: A Field Experiment in China.” American Journal of Political Science 60(2):383–400.Google Scholar

Chen, Ling. 2018. Manipulating Globalization: The Influence of Bureaucrats on Business in China. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Cho, Young Nam. 2009. Local People’s Congresses in China: Development and Transition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Clarke, Donald, Murrell, Peter, and Whiting, Susan. 2008. “The Role of Law in China’s Economic Development.” In China’s Great Economic Transformation, ed. Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas G.. Cambridge University Press, pp. 375–428.Google Scholar

Colignon, Richard A. and Usui, Chikako. 2003. Amakudari: The Hidden Fabric’ of Japan’s Economy. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Confessore, Nicholas and Schmidt, Michael S.. 2015. “Clinton Friend’s Memos on Libya Draw Scrutiny to Politics and Business.” The New York Times, May 18, 2015.Google Scholar

Cooper, Richard N. 2014. “China’s Growing Private Sector.” Caixin Online. english.caixin.com/2014-10-30/100744910.html. Last accessed June 1, 2018.Google Scholar

Cull, Robert and Lixin Colin, Xu. 2005. “Institutions, Ownership, and Finance: The Determinants of Profit Reinvestment among Chinese Firms.” Journal of Financial Economics (77):117–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dai, Zhiyong. 2008. “Selective Enforcement of Law.” Chinese Journal of Law (4).Google Scholar

De Soto, , Hernando, . 1990. The Other Path. Harper and Row Publishers.Google Scholar

De Soto, , Hernando, . 2000. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. Basic Books.Google Scholar

Demsetz, Harold. 1967. “Toward a Theory of Property Rights.” The American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 57(2):347–359.Google Scholar

Diamond, Larry. 2012. “China and East Asian Democracy: The Coming Wave.” Journal of Democracy 23(1):5–13.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2000. “Cooptation and Corporatism in China: The Logic of Party Adaptation.” Political Science Quarterly 115(4):517–540.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2003. “Whom Does the Party Represent? From ‘Three Revolutionary Classes’ to ‘Three Represents’.” American Asian Review 21(1):1–24.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2007. “Integrating Wealth and Power in China: The Communist Party’s Embrace of the Private Sector.” The China Quarterly 192:827–854.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2008. Wealth into Power: The Communist Party’s Embrace of China’s Private Sector. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2016. The Dictators Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party’s Strategy for Survival. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ding, Haoyuan, Fang, Hanming, Lin, Shu, and Shi, Kang. 2017. “Equilibrium Consequences of Corruption on Firms: Evidence from China’s Anti-corruption Campaign.” Working paper.Google Scholar

Distelhorst, Greg. 2013. “Publicity-Driven Accountability in China.” Doctoral Dissertation, MIT Department of Political Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Distelhorst, Greg and Hou, Yue. 2014. “Ingroup Bias in Official Behavior: A National Field Experiment in China.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 9(2):203–230.Google Scholar

Distelhorst, Greg and Hou, Yue. 2017. “Constituency Service under Nondemocratic Rule: Evidence from China.” Journal of Politics 79(3):1024–1040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dong, Ming. 2005. “On the Political Participation of Contemporary Chinese Private Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Ningbo Municipal Party School (1).Google Scholar

Edin, Maria. 2003. “State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective.” The China Quarterly 173: 35–52.Google Scholar

Eggers, Andrew C. and Hainmueller, Jens. 2009. “MPs for Sale? Returns to Office in Postwar British Politics.”American Political Science Review 103(4): 513–533.Google Scholar

Egorov, Georgy, Guriev, Sergei, and Sonin, Konstantin. 2009. “Why Resource-Poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data.” American Political Science Review 103(4):645–668.Google Scholar

Faccio, Mara. 2006. “Politically Connected Firms.” American Economic Review 96(1):369–386.Google Scholar

Falleti, Tulia. 2011. “Varieties of Authoritarianism: The Organization of the Military State and Its Effects on Federalism in Argentina and Brazil.” Studies in Comparative International Development 46(2):137–62.Google Scholar

Fan, Gang. 1995. “On New Norms on Public Revenue and Expenditure: Research and Thinking about A Few Cases of Township Income” Economic Research Journal (6).Google Scholar

Ferguson, Thomas and Voth, Hans-Joachim. 2008. “Betting on Hitler – The Value of Political Connections in Nazi Germany.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 1(1):101–137.Google Scholar

Field, Erica. 2007. “Urban Property Rights and Labor Supply in Peru.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(4):1561–1602.Google Scholar

Fisman, Raymond. 2001. “Estimating the Value of Political Connections.” American Economic Review 91(4):1095–1102.Google Scholar

Friedman, Eric, Johnson, Simon, Kaufmann, Daniel, and Zoido-Lobaton, Pablo. 2000. “Dodging the Grabbing Hand: The Determinants of Unofficial Activity in 69 Countries.” Journal of Public Economics 76(3):459–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frye, Timothy. 2004. “Credible Commitment and Property Rights: Evidence from Russia.” American Political Science Review 98(3):453–466.Google Scholar

Frye, Timothy and Shleifer, Andrei. 1997. “The Invisible Hand and the Grabbing Hand.” American Economic Review 87(2):354–358.Google Scholar

Frye, Timothy and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina. 2000. “Rackets, Regulation, and the Rule of Law.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 16(2):478–502.Google Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski, Adam. 2006. “Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion under Dictatorship.” Economics and Politics 18(1):1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40(11):1279–1301.Google Scholar

Gans-Morse, Jordan. 2017a. “Demand for Law and the Security of Property Rights: The Case of Post-Soviet Russia.” American Political Science Review 111(2):338–359.Google Scholar

Gans-Morse, Jordan. 2017b. Property Rights in Post-Soviet Russia: Violence, Corruption, and the demand for Law. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara. 2008. “Party Creation as An Autocratic Survival Strategy.” Working Paper.Google Scholar

Gehlbach, Scott and Keefer, Philip. 2011. “Investment without Democracy: Ruling-Party Institutionalization and Credible Commitment in Autocracies.” Journal of Comparative Economics 39(2):123–139.Google Scholar

Gehlbach, Scott and Keefer, Philip. 2012. “Private Investment and the Instituionalization of Collective Action in Autocracies: Ruling Parties and Legislatures.” Journal of Politics 74(2):621–635.Google Scholar

Gerschenkron, Alexander. 1962. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Goldman, Eitan, Rocholl, Jorg, and So, Jongil. 2006. “Does Political Connectedness Affect Firm Value?” Review of Financial Studies 22:2333–2360.Google Scholar

Gordon, Sanford C. and Hafer, Catherine. 2005. “Flexing Muscle: Corporate Political Expenditures as Signals to the Bureaucracy.” American Political Science Review 99(2):245–261.Google Scholar

Gormley, William T. Jr. 1979. “A Test of the Revolving Door Hypothesis at the FCC.” American Journal of Political Science 23(4):665–683.Google Scholar

Greif, Avner, Milgrom, Paul, and Weingast, Barry R.. 1994. “Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild.” Journal of Political Economy 102(4):745–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guo, Di, Jiang, Kun, Kim, Byung-Yeon, and Chenggang, Xu. 2014. “Political Economy of Private Firms in China.” Journal of Comparative Economics 42(2):286–303.Google Scholar

Haber, Stephen. 2008. “Authoritarian Governments.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, ed. Wittman, Donald A. and Weingast, Barry R.. Oxford University Press, pp. 693–707.Google Scholar

Haber, Stephen, Razo, Armando, and Maurer, Noel. 2003. The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan and Huang, Yasheng. 2008. “The Political Economy of Private Sector Development in China.” In China’s Great Economic Transformation, ed. Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas G.. Cambridge University Press, pp. 337–374.Google Scholar

Hainmueller, Jens. 2009. “Entropy Balancing for Causal Effects: A Multivariate Reweighting Method to Produce Balanced Samples in Observational Studies.” Political Analysis 20(1):25–46.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter and Thelen, Kathleen. 2009. “Institutional Change in Varieties of Capitalism.” Socio-Economic Review 7(1):7–34.Google Scholar

He, Baogang and Thogersen, Stig. 2010. “Giving the People a Voice? Experiments with Consultative Authoritarian Institutions in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 19(66):675–692.Google Scholar

He, Junzhi and Liu, Leming. 2012. “The New Features of Independent Candidates in China’s Local People’s Congress Election.” Journal of Shanghai Administration Institute.Google Scholar

Henn, Matt. 1998. “Opinion Polling in Central and Eastern Europe under Communism.” Journal of Contemporary History 33(2):229–240.Google Scholar

Hirschman, Albert. 1968. “The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 82(1):1–32.Google Scholar

Hou, Yue. 2019. “The Private Sector: Challenges and Opportunities during Xi’s Second Term.” China Leadership Monitor 59 (Spring 2019). https://www.prcleader.org/hou. Last accessed June 1, 2019.Google Scholar

Hou, Yue, Meng, Tianguang, and Yang, Ping. 2014. “Exploring the Political Values of Public Servants in China.” Author’s survey.Google Scholar

Huang, Yasheng. 2005. Selling China: Foreign Direct Investment during the Reform Era. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Yasheng. 2008. Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jensen, Nathan M., Malesky, Edmund, and Weymouth, Stephen. 2013. “Unbundling the Relationship between Authoritarian Legislatures and Political Risk.” British Journal of Political Science 44(3):655–684.Google Scholar

Jia, Nan and Mayer, Kyle. 2016. “Complementariy in Firm’s Market and Political Capabilities: An Integrated Theoretical Perspective.” Advances in Strategic Management 34:435–468.Google Scholar

Jia, Ruixue and Li, Hongbin. 2016. “Access to Elite Education, Wage Premium, and Social Mobility: The Truth and Illusion of China’s College Entrance Exam.” Working paper.Google Scholar

Jiang, Jinsong. 2009. “The Development of People’s Congress System after the Reform and Open-Up.” Hunan Social Sciences ( 2 ).Google Scholar

Johns, Leslie and Wellhausen, Rachel L.. 2016. “Under One Roof: Supply Chains and the Protection of Foreign Investment.” American Political Science Review 110(1):31–51.Google Scholar

Johnson, Simon, McMillan, John, and Woodruff, Christopher. 2002. “Property Rights and Finance.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 8852.Google Scholar

Johnson, Simon and Mitton, Todd. 2011. “Cronyism and Capital Control: Evidence from Malaysia.” NBER Working Paper No. 8521.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Scott. 2005. The Business of Lobbying in China. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Scott. 2009. “Comparing Formal and Informal Lobbying Practices in China.” China Information 23(2):195–222.Google Scholar

Key, V.O. 1956. American State Politics: An Introduction. Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar

Khwaja, Asim Ijaz and Mian, Atif. 2005. “Do Lenders Favor Politically Connected Firms? Rent Provision in An Emeriging Financial Market.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(4):1371–1411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, Gary, Honaker, James, Joseph, Anne, and Scheve, Kenneth. 2001. “Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation.” American Political Science Review 95(1):49–69.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Pan, Jennifer, and Roberts, Margaret. 2013. “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression.” American Political Science Review 107(2):326–343.Google Scholar

Kroeber, Arthur R. 2016. China’s Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Krueger, Anne O. 1974. “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.” American Economic Review 64(3):291–303.Google Scholar

Landry, Pierre F. 2008. Decentralized Authoritariaism in China. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Laothamatas, Anek. 1988. “Business and Politics in Thailand: New Patterns of Influence.” Asian Survey 28(4):451–470.Google Scholar

Lardy, Nicholas R. 2014. Markets over Mao: The Rise of Private Business in China. Peterson Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar

Lazear, Edward and Rosen, Sherwin. 1980. “The Economics of Compensation of Government Officials.” In The Rewards of Public Service: Compensating Top Federal Officials, ed. Hartman, Robert W. and Weber, Arnold. Brookings.Google Scholar

Lenz, Gabriel S. and Lim, Kevin. 2009. “Getting Rich(er) in Office? Corruption and Wealth Accumulation in Congress.” APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. www.researchgate.net/publication/228277073. Last accessed September 27, 2018.Google Scholar

Levi, Margaret. 1981. “The Predatory Theory of Rule.” Politics and Society 10(4):431–465.Google Scholar

Lewis, Steven. 1997. “Marketization and Government Credibility in Shanghai.” In The Political Economy of Property Rights: Institutional Changes and Credibility in the Reform of Centrally Planned Economies, ed. Weimer, David L.. Cambridge University Press, pp. 20–42.Google Scholar

Li, David D. 1996. “A Theory of Ambiguous Property Rights in Transition Economies: The Case of the Chinese Non-State Sector.” Journal of Comparative Economics 23(1):1–19.Google Scholar

Li, Hong and Gong, Enhua. 2013. “Tax, Fee Burden and Development of Small and Medium Enterprises: The Case of Changzhou SMEs.” Development Research (2).Google Scholar

Li, Hongbin and Zhou, Li-An. 2005. “Political Turnover and Economic Performance: The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China.” Journal of Public Economics 89(9–10):1743–1762.Google Scholar

Li, Hongbin, Meng, Lingsheng, and Zhang, Junsen. 2006. “Why Do Entrepreneurs Enter Politics? Evidence from China.” Economic Inquiry 44(3):559–578.Google Scholar

Li, Hongbin, Loyalka, Prashant, Rozelle, Scott, and Binzhen, Wu. 2017. “Human Capital and China’s Future Growth.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(1):25–48.Google Scholar

Lieberthal, Kenneth. 2004. Governing China: From Revolution through Reform, Second Edition. W.W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar

Lin, Yi-Min and Zhang, Zhanxin. 1999. “Backyard Profit Centers: The Private Assets of Public Agencies.” In Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, ed. Oi, Jean C. and Walder, Andrew G.. Cambridge University Press, pp. 248–274.Google Scholar

Liu, Hanzhang. Forthcoming. “The Logic of Authoritarian Political Selection: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in China.” Political Science Research and Methods.Google Scholar

Liu, Lizhi and Weingast, Barry R.. 2018. “Taobao, Federalism, and the Emergence of Law, Chinese Style.” Minnesota Law Review 102(4):1563–1590.Google Scholar

Zheng, Liu. 2004. “The Debate and Practice on Unicameralism versus Bicameralism in Chinese History.” Chinese Legislature. www.people.com.cn/GB/14576/28320/35193/35204/2674556.html. Last accessed October 7, 2018.Google Scholar

Lorentzen, Peter L. 2013. “Regularizing Rioting: Permitting Protest in an Authoritarian Regime Regularizing Rioting.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 8(2):127–158.Google Scholar

Lorentzen, Peter L. 2014. “China’s Strategic Censorship.” American Journal of Political Science 58(2):402–414.Google Scholar

Lu, Xiaobo. 2000. “Booty Socialism, Bureau-Preneurs, and the State in Transition: Organizational Corruption in China.” Comparative Politics 32(3):273–294.Google Scholar

Lü, Xiaobo and Landry, Pierre F.. 2014. “Show Me the Money: Interjurisdiction Political Competition and Fiscal Extraction in China.” American Political Science Review 108(3):706–722.Google Scholar

Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2006. “Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan.” Democratization 13(3):456–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ma, Dali and Parish, William L.. 2006. “Tocquevillian Moments: Charitable Contributions by Chinese Private Entrepreneurs.” Social Forces 85(2): 943–964.Google Scholar

MacFarquhar, Roderick. 1998. “Reports from the Field Provincial People’s Congresses.” The China Quarterly 155:656–667.Google Scholar

MacFarquhar, Roderick and Schoenhals, Michael. 2006. Mao’s Last Revolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Vote for Autocracy: The Politics of Party Hegemony and Its Demise. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4–5):715–741.Google Scholar

Mahdavi, Paasha. 2015. “Explaining the Oil Advantage: Effects of Natural Resource Wealth on Incumbent Reelection in Iran.” World Politics 67(2):226–267.Google Scholar

Makkai, Toni and Braithwaite, John. 1992. “In and Out of the Revolving Door: Making Sense of Regulatory Capture.” Journal of Public Policy 12(1):61–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Malesky, Edmund and Schuler, Paul. 2010. “Nodding or Needling: Analyzing Delegate Responsiveness in an Authoritarian Parliament.” American Political Science Review 104(3):482–502.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 2016. Information for Autocrats: Representation in Chinese Local Congresses. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 2017. “‘Good Types’ in Authoritarian Elections: The Selectoral Connection in Chinese Local Congresses.” Comparative Political Studies 50(3):362–394.Google Scholar

Markus, Stanislav. 2012. “Secure Property as a Bottom-Up Process: Firms, Stakeholders, and Predators in Weak States.” World Politics 64(2):242–277.Google Scholar

Markus, Stanislav. 2015. Property, Predation, and Protection: Piranha Capitalism in Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Markus, Stanislav and Charnysh, Volha. 2017. “The Flexible Few: Oligarchs and Wealth Defense in Developing Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 50(12):1632–1665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martina, Michael. 2017. “In China: the Party’s Push for Influence Inside Foreign Firms Stirs Fears.” Reuters News. goo.gl/2BuxzN. Last a January 19, 2018.Google Scholar

Matthews, Donald R. 1985. “Legislative Recruitment and Legislative Careers.” In Handbook of Legislative Research, ed. Loewenberg, Gerhard, Patterson, Samuel C., and Jewell, Malcolm E.. Harvard University Press, pp. 17–56.Google Scholar

Mattingly, Daniel C. 2016. “Elite Capture.” World Politics 68(3):383–412.Google Scholar

Mauro, Paolo. 1995. “Corruption and Growth.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3):681–712.Google Scholar

McClendon, Gwyneth H. 2016. “Race and Responsiveness: An Experiment with South African Politicians.” Journal of Experimental Political Science. 3(1):60–74.Google Scholar

Meng, Tianguang, Pan, Jennifer, and Yang, Ping. 2014. “Conditional Receptivity to Citizen Participation: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in China.” Comparative Political Studies 50(4):399–433.Google Scholar

Michelson, Ethan. 2007. “Climbing the Dispute Pagoda: Grievances and Appeals to the Official Justice System in Rural China.” American Sociological Review 72(1996):459–485.Google Scholar

Mo, Fengqi. 2011. “The Richest Man: Liang Wengen.” Jinghua Weekly. paper .people.com.cn/jhzk/html/2011-10/01/content_957818.htm. Last accessed October 7, 2018.Google Scholar

Morduch, Jonathan and Sicular, Terry. 2000. “Politics, Growth, and Inequality in Rural China: Does it Pay to Join the Party.” Journal of Public Economics 77(3):331–356.Google Scholar

Morozov, Evgeny. 2012. The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom. Public Affairs.Google Scholar

Nathan, Andrew J. 2003. “Authoritarian Resilience.” Journal of Democracy 14(1):6–17.Google Scholar

Nee, Victor and Opper, Sonja. 2012. Capitalism from Below: Markets and Institutional Change in China. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nickerson, R.S. 1998. “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises.” Review of General Psychology 2(2):175–220.Google Scholar

Noble, Ben. 2018. “Authoritarian Amendments: Legislative Institutions as Intraexecutive Constraints in Post-Soviet Russia.” Comparative Political Studies :1–38.Google Scholar

North, Douglass. 1973. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

North, Douglass. 1981. Structure and Change in Economic History. Norton.Google Scholar

North, Douglass and Weingast, Barry R.. 1989. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutional Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” The Journal of Economic History 49(4):803–832.Google Scholar

North, Douglass, Wallis, John, Webb, Steven, and Weingast, Barry. 2013. In the Shadow of Violence: The Problem of Development. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

North, Douglass and Thomas, Paul. 1973. The Rise of the Western World. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. 1990. Reform without Liberalization: China’s National People’s Congress and the Politics of Institutional Change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. 1994a. “Agents and Remonstrators: Role Accumulation by Chinese People’s Congress Deputies.” The China Quarterly 138:359–380.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. 1994b. “Chinese People’s Congresses and Legislative Embeddedness: Understanding Early Organizational Development.” Comparative Political Studies 27(1):80–109.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. and Lianjiang, Li. 1993. “Chinese Political Reform and the Question of ‘Deputy Quality’.” China Information 8(3):20–31.Google Scholar

Oi, Jean C. 1992. “Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundation of Local State Corporatism in China.” World Politics 45(1):99–126.Google Scholar

Oi, Jean C. 1999. Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform. University of California Press.Google Scholar

Oi, Jean C. and Rozelle, Scott. 2000. “Elections and Power: The Locus of Decision-Making in Chinese Villages.” The China Quarterly 162:513–539.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review 87(3):567–576.Google Scholar

Osburg, John. 2013. Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality among China’s New Rich. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Palmer, Maxwell and Schneer, Benjamin. 2015. “Capitol Gains: The Returns to Elected Office from Corporate Board Directorships.” maxwellpalmer.com/ files/capitol_gains.pdf. Last accessed January 8, 2018.Google Scholar

Pearson, Margaret M. 1997. China’s New Business Elite: The Political Consequences of Economic Reform. University of California Press.Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin. 2016. China’s Crony Capitalism: The Dynamics of Regime Decay. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Pepinsky, Thomas. 2014. “The Institutional Turn in Comparative Authoritarianism.” British Journal of Political Science 44(3):631–653.Google Scholar

Qian, Nancy and Wen, Jaya. 2015. “The Impact of Xi Jinping’s Anti-corruption Campaign on Luxury Imports in China.” Working paper.Google Scholar

Qian, Yingyi. 2002. “How Reform Worked in China.”William Davidson Working Paper No. 473.Google Scholar

Querubin, Pablo and Snyder, James. 2013. “The Control of Politicians in Normal Times and Times of Crisis: Wealth Accumulation by U.S. Congressmen, 1850–1880.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 8(4):409–450.Google Scholar

Rithmire, Meg E. 2015. Land Bargains and Chinese Capitalism: The Politics of Property Rights under Reform. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Roberts, Brian E. 1990. “A Dead Senator Tells No Lies: Seniority and the Distribution of Federal Benefits.” American Journal of Political Science 34(1):31–58.Google Scholar

Rodrik, Dani. 2008. “Second-Best Institutions.” NBER Working Paper, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar

Rowen, Henry S. 2007. “When Will the Chinese People Be Free.” Journal of Democracy 18(3):38–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubin, Donald. 1977. “Formalizing Subjective Notions about the Effect of Nonrespondents in Sample Surveys.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 72:538–543.Google Scholar

Ruf, Gregory A. 1999. “Collective Enterprise and Property Rights in a Sichuan Village: The Rise and Decline of Managerial Corporatism.” In Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, ed. Oi, Jean C. and Walder, Andrew G.. Cambridge University Press pp. 27–48.Google Scholar

Rupasingha, Wasantha. 2011. “Vietnamese Communist Party Opens Its Arms to the Capitalist Elite.” World Socialist Website. www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/02/cpvc-f10.html. Last accessed March 16, 2019.Google Scholar

Rustow, Dankwart A. 1985. “Elections and Legitimacy in the Middle East.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 482:122–146.Google Scholar

Schafer, Joseph L. and Graham, John W.. 2002. “Missing Data: Our View of the State of the Art.” Psychological Methods 7(2):147–177.Google Scholar

Shen, Yan, Shen, Minggao, Xu, Zhong, and Bai, Ying. 2009. “Bank Size and Small-and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) Lending: Evidence from China.” World Development 37(4):800–11.Google Scholar

Shi, Tianjian. 1997. Political Participation in Beijing. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Shih, Victor, Adolph, Christopher, and Liu, Mingxing. 2012. “Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China.” American Political Science Review 106(1):166–187.Google Scholar

Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert W.. 2002. The Grabbing Hand: Government Pathologies and Their Cures. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Silver-Greenberg, Jessica and Protess, Ben. 2013. “JP Morgan Hiring Put China’s Elite on an Easy Track.”The New York Times. dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/ 08/29/jpmorgan-hiring-put-chinas-elite-on-an-easy-track/. Last accessed March 16, 2019.Google Scholar

Solinger, Dorothy J. 1984. Chinese Business under Socialism. University of California Press.Google Scholar

Stasavage, David. 2002. “Private Investment and Political Institutions.” Economics and Politics 14(1):41–63.Google Scholar

Stockmann, Daniela. 2013. Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Streeck, Wolfgang and Thelen, Kathleen, eds. 2005. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Stuart, Toby and Wang, Yanbo. 2014. “Who Cooks the Books in China, and Does it Pay?” Working paper.Google Scholar

Sun, Xin, Zhu, Jiangnan and Yiping, Wu. 2014. “Organizational Clientelism: An Analysis of Private Entrepreneurs in Chinese Local Legislatures.” Journal of East Asian Studies 14:1–29.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2009. “Power Sharing and Leadership Dynamics in Authoritarian Regime.” American Journal of Political Science 53(2):477–494.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tanner, Murray Scot. 1999. The Politics of Lawmaking in Post-Mao China. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Tanzi, Vito. 1998. “Corruption around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope and Cures.” IMF Staff Papers. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9863.pdf, pp. 559–594. Last accessed March 16, 2019.Google Scholar

Tanzi, Vito and Davoodi, Hamid. 2001. “Corruption, Growth, and Public Finances.” In The Political Economy of Corruption, ed. Jain, Arvind K.. Routledge, pp. 89–110.Google Scholar

Thomas, Jonathan and Worrall, Tim. 1994. “Foreign Direct Investment and the Risk of Expropriation.” The Review of Economic Studies 61(1):81–108.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 1985. “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime.” In Bringing the State Back In, ed. Evans, Peter, Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda. Cambridge University Press, pp. 170–187.Google Scholar

Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1858. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Doubleday.Google Scholar

Trebilcock, Michael and Veel, Paul-Erik. 2008. “Property Rights and Development: The Contingent Case for Formalization.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 30(2):397–482.Google Scholar

Truex, Rory. 2014. “The Returns to Office in a ‘Rubber Stamp’ Parliament.” American Political Science Review 108(2):235–251.Google Scholar

Truex, Rory. 2016. Making Autocracy Work: Representation and Responsiveness in Modern China. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S. 2004. “Off Balance: The Unintended Consequences of Fiscal Federalism in China.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 9(2):1–26.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S. 2005. “Capitalists without a Class: Political Diversity among Private Entrepreneurs in China.” Comparative Political Studies 38(9):1130– 1158.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S. 2006. “Adaptive Informal Institutions and Endogenous Institutional Change in China.” World Politics 59(1):116–141.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S. 2007. Capitalism without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew. 1995. “Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order.” American Journal of Sociology 101:1060–1073.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua. 2015. Tying the Autocrat’s Hands: The Rise of the Rule of Law in China. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wank, David L. 1996. “The Institutional Process of Market Clientelism: Guanxi and Private Business in a South China City.” The China Quarterly 147:820.Google Scholar

Wank, David L. 1999. “Producing Property Rights: Strategies, Networks, and Efficiency in Urban China’s Nonstate Firms.” In Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, ed. Oi, Jean C. and Walder, Andrew G.. Stanford University Press, pp. 248–274.Google Scholar

Weingast, Barry R. 1993. “Constitutions as Governance Structures: The Political Foundations of Secure Markets.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 149(1):286–311.Google Scholar

Whiting, Susan H. 2001. Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Politcal Economy of Institutional Change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Whiting, Susan H. 2004. “The Cadre Evaluation System at the Grassroot: The Paradox of Party Rule.” In Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era, ed. Naughton, Barry J. and Yang, Dali. Cambridge University Press, PP. 101–119.Google Scholar

Wibbels, Erik, Krishna, Anirudh, and Sriram, M.S.. 2016. “Satellites, Slums and Social Networks: Evidence on the Origins and Consequences of Property Rights from 157 Slums in Bangalore.” Working paper.Google Scholar

Wilson, James Q. 1989. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. Basic Books.Google Scholar

Wu, Gufeng. 2013. “Retired High-Level Officials Taking Position in Business and Getting Attention.” The People’s Daily, August 12. finance.people.com. cn/n/2013/0812/c1004–22523681.html. Last accessed January 8, 2018.Google Scholar

Xia, Ming. 2000. “Political Contestation and the Emergence of the Provincial People’s Congresses as Power Players in Chinese Politics: A Network Explanation.” Journal of Contemporary China 9(24):185–214.Google Scholar

Xiao, Gang. 2004. “People’s Republic of China’s Round-Tripping FDI: Scale, Causes and Implications.” Asia Development Bank Institute Discussion Paper.Google Scholar

Xu, Chenggang. 2011. “The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development.” Journal of Economic Literature 49(4):1076–1151.Google Scholar

Xu, Chenggang. 2015. “Rule of Law Is the Basis for Market Economy Development.” People’s Daily Forum. www.rmlt.com.cn/. Last accessed July 15, 2015.Google Scholar

Xu, Yiqing and Yang, Yao. 2014. “Informal Institutions, Collective Action, and Public Investment in Rural China.” American Political Science Review 109(2):371–391.Google Scholar

Yinger, John. 1995. Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination. Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Zhang, Changdong. 2010. “Good Governance through Taxation.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation.Google Scholar

Zhang, Changdong. 2014. “Business in Politics: Private Entreprenuers in Local People’s Congresses.” Academia Bimestrie (2).Google Scholar

Zhang, Jianjun. 2013. “Competition, Promise, and Compliance: Motivations behind Chinese Entrepereners’ Donation.” Management World (9).Google Scholar

Zhang, Qianfan. 2012. The Constitution of China: A Contextual Analysis. Hart Publishing.Google Scholar

Zhang, Xueren and Chen, Ningsheng. 2002. The 20th Century’s Constitionalism of China. Wuhan University Press.Google Scholar

Zheng, Wenyang. 2014. “People’s Congress Meeting–A History When People Decided.” China’s People’s Congress Journal. www.npc.gov.cn/npc/zgrdzz/2014-08/01/content_1873088.htm. Last accessed October 7, 2018.Google Scholar

Yang, Zhong. 2003. Local Government and Politics in China: Challenges from Below. M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar