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18 - Tuberculosis

from Section 4 - Major common infections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

By
Anthony D. Harries ,
Rony Zachariah ,
Rhehab Chimzizi ,
Felix M. Salaniponi  and
Stephen D. Lawn
Edited by
David Mabey ,
Geoffrey Gill ,
Eldryd Parry ,
Martin W. Weber  and
Christopher J. M. Whitty
David Mabey
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Geoffrey Gill
Affiliation:
University of Liverpool
Eldryd Parry
Affiliation:
Tropical Health Education Trust
Martin W. Weber
Affiliation:
World Health Organization, Jakarta
Christopher J. M. Whitty
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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Summary

The problem in Africa

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most serious threats to public and individual health in Africa. In 1993, the World Health Organization (WHO) took the unprecedented step of declaring TB to be a global emergency. Since then, despite the WHO's Stop TB Strategy and significant strides taken in scaling up TB diagnostic and treatment services, control of the global TB pandemic has remained elusive. In 2008, there were an estimated 9.4 million TB cases globally and close to 1.8 million TB deaths (WHO, 2009a). Africa has the highest burden of disease per head of population, with an estimated incidence rate of 363 TB cases per 100 000. The driving force behind the African TB epidemic is the other major epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Not only has HIV been responsible for the tremendous increase in numbers of TB cases seen in the region in the last 15 years, but it threatens TB control efforts by further stigmatizing the disease, complicating the diagnosis, reducing the effectiveness of treatment, increasing TB recurrence rates and facilitating the spread of drug-resistant disease.

In this chapter we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of TB, and explain how this fits together within a framework for TB control. In all these areas, we emphasize the strong link with HIV. The best chance of detecting the disease, curing the patients and halting transmission lies in having a strong countrywide TB control programme and effective collaborative activities with prevention and treatment of HIV, and we highlight how these should work.

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Chapter
Information
Principles of Medicine in Africa , pp. 232 - 253
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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