Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T06:47:29.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
This chapter is part of a book that is no longer available to purchase from Cambridge Core

Bibliography

Martha Wilfahrt
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Precolonial Legacies in Postcolonial Politics
Representation and Redistribution in Decentralized West Africa
, pp. 269 - 290
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Administrator Chef Commandent de Cercle de Louga. October 29, 1927. “Letter to the Gouvernor Lt. General.” 11D1/846. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Afrique Occidental Française (AOF). 1901. “Etude sur le cercle de Nioro Rip.” 1G:283. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1903a. “Etude de pays entre Djoloff et Saloum (Thies).” 1G:296. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1903b. “Historique du Fouladou.” 1G:295. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1904a. “Cercle de Matam.” 1G:292. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1904b. “Dagana (par R. Mamatche).” 1G:291. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1904c. “Koalack.” 1G:290. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1904d. “Louga (par l’administrateur Forigé).” 1G:289. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1904e. “Monographie du Cercle de Podor.” 1G:294. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1904f. “Niani Ouli.” 1G:293. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. 1912. “Annuaire du Senegal et Dependances.” Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
AOF. Misc. Years. “Annuaire du Senegal et Dependances.” Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Chef d’Arrondissement de Goudiry. September 8, 1962. “Liste des villages retenus comme pointes de polarisation dans les Arrondissements de Goudiry et de Bala.” 11D1/491. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Commandent de Cercle de Sine-Saloum. August 3, 1923. “Lettre à le Gouverneur Generale.” 11D1/1124. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Geay, L. May 21, 1953. “Rapport à Messieurs le President et les Membres de l’Assemble Territoriale du Senegal.” 11D1/952. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
L’Administrateur de Cercle de Thies. July 17, 1897. “Lettre à Monsieur le Gouverneur Général sur le projet d’organisation du Baol.” Senegal/IV/128c. Archives Nationales d’Outre Mer. Aix-en-Provence, France.Google Scholar
L’Administrateur en Chef Commandant le cercle du Baol. May 14, 1924. “Lettre à le Gouveneur Lieutenant-Général du Senegal.” 11D1/42. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Ministere de l’Interieur. 1956. “Repetoire Des Villages du Senegal.” po I(4:161). Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Orbessier, Lt. 1896. “Rapport sur la situation politique dans les cercles de Nioro et Sine.” 1G257. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Rural Community of Orkadiere. 2006. “Plan Locale de Développement.” Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Senegal, Directeur des Affaires Indigenes du. (1898). “Rapport à Monsieur le Gouverneur Général sur l’organisation du Saloum.” Senegal/IV/128c. Archives Nationales d’Outre Mer. Aix-en-Provence, France.Google Scholar
Senegal et Dependances. 1902. “Rapport d’ensemble.” 2G: 20. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Service de l’Enseignement Primaire. Misc. Years. “Rapport Statistique Annuel.” 2G Series. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar
Service de Sante. Misc. Years. “Rapport Annuel.” 2G Series. Archives Nationales du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Acemoglu, Daron, Chaves, Isais, Osafo-Kwaako, Philip, and Robinson, James. 2014. “Indirect Rule and State Weakness in Africa: Sierra Leone in Comparative Perspective.” NBER Working Paper No. 20092.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development.” American Economic Review 91 (5):13691401.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James. 2002. “Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117 (4):12311294.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Reed, Tristan, and Robinson, James. 2014. “Chiefs.” Journal of Political Economy 122 (2):319368.Google Scholar
Acharya, Avidit, Blackwell, Matthew, and Sen, Maya. 2016. “The Political Legacy of American Slavery.” Journal of Politics 78 (3):621641.Google Scholar
Ajayi, J. F. Ade. 1998. General History of Africa: VI Africa in the 19th c. until the 1880s. Paris, France: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Akerlof, George. 1997. “Social Distance and Social Decisions.” Econometrica 65 (5):10051027.Google Scholar
Akerlof, George, and Kranton, Rachel. 2000. “Economics and Identity.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (3):715753.Google Scholar
Akyeampong, Emmanuel, Bates, Robert, Nunn, Nathan, and Robinson, James. 2014. Africa’s Development in Historical Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. 1999. “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (4):12431284.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Easterly, William, and Matuszeski, Janina. 2011. “Artificial States.” Journal of the European Economic Association 9 (2):246277.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and Guiliano, Paola. 2015. “Culture and Institutions.” Journal of Economic Literature 53 (4):898944.Google Scholar
Alvergne, Christel, and Latouche, Daniel. 2010. “Decentralization in Africa.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies 29 (3–4):465481.Google Scholar
Anath Pur, Kripa. 2007. “Rivalry or Synergy? Formal and Informal Local Governance in Rural India.” Development and Change 38 (3):401421.Google Scholar
Angrist, Joshua, and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. 2010. “The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design Is Taking the Con out of Econometrics.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24 (2):330.Google Scholar
Apicella, Coren, Marlowe, Frank, Fowler, James, and Christakis, Nicholas. 2012. “Social Networks and Cooperation in Hunter-Gatherers.” Nature 481 (7382):497502.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 1981. “The Past as a Scarce Resource.” Man 16 (2):201219.Google Scholar
Arcand, Jean-Louis, and Bassole, Léandre. 2007. “Does Community Driven Development Work? Evidence from Senegal.” Working Paper. CERDI-CNRS. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1265231Google Scholar
Aubert, A. 1923. “Légendes historiques et traditions orales recueillies dans la Haute-Gambie.” Bulletin du Comité d’Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l’Afrique Occidentale Française 6:384428.Google Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 2008. “The ‘Reversal of Fortune’ Thesis and the Compression of History.” Journal of International Development 20 (8):9961027.Google Scholar
Axelrod, Robert. 1986. “An Evolutionary Approach to Norms.” American Political Science Review 80 (4):10951111.Google Scholar
Axelrod, Robert. 2006. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Ayee, Joseph. 2012. “The Political Economy of the Creation of Districts in Ghana.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 48 (5):623645.Google Scholar
Azam, Jean-Paul. 2001. “The Redistributive State and Conflicts in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 38 (4):429444.Google Scholar
Azarya, Victor, and Chazan, Naomi. 1987. “Disengagement from the State in Africa: Reflections on the Experience of Ghana and Guinea.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (1):106131.Google Scholar
Ba, Oumar. 1976. La Pénétration française au Cayor. Dakar, Sénégal: Published by the author.Google Scholar
Balans, J.-L. 1975. “Autonomie et modernisation chez les niominka.” In Autonomie locale et intégration Nationale au Sénégal, edited by Balans, J. L., Coulons, C. and Gastellu, J-M. Paris, France: Pedone.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate. 2013. “Why vote with the chief? Political connections and public goods provision in Zambia.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (4):794809.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate. 2015. The Paradox of Traditional Chiefs in Democratic Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate, and Huber, John. 2010. “Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision.” American Political Science Review 104 (4):644662.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate, and Raffler, Pia. 2019. “Traditional Leaders, Service Delivery, and Electoral Accountability.” In Decentralized Governance and Accountability, edited by Rodden, Jonathan and Wibbels, Erik. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ball, Sheryl, and Eckel, Catherine. 1998. “The Economic Value of Status.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 27 (4):495514.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, Tony. 2010. “The Changing Shape of the Modern British Empire and Its Historiography.” The Historical Journal 53 (2):429452.Google Scholar
Bandyopadhyay, Sanghamitra, and Green, Elliott. 2016. “Precolonial Political Centralization and Contemporary Development in Uganda.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 64 (3):471508.Google Scholar
Bardhan, Pranab. 2002. “Decentralization of Governance and Development.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (4):185205.Google Scholar
Bardhan, Pranab, and Mookherjee, Dilip. 2006. Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Barkan, Joel, McNulty, Michael, and Ayeni, MAO. 1991. “‘Hometown’ Voluntary Associations, Local Development, and the Emergence of Civil Society in Western Nigeria.” Journal of Modern African Studies 29 (3):457480.Google Scholar
Barkey, Karen. 2008. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barry, Boubacar. 1985. Le royaume du Waalo: Le Sénégal avant la conquête. Paris, France: Karthala.Google Scholar
Barry, Sidi, and Hagberg, Sten. 2019. “Le tsunami électoral d’Arba Diallo: ethnographie des élections couplées de 2012 à Dori, Burkina Faso.” In Démocratie par le bas et politique municipale au Sahel, edited by Hagberg, Sten, Kibora, Ludovic, and Korling, Gabriella. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala Universitet.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert. 1983. Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bathily, Abdoulaye. 1989. Les Portes de l’or: le royaume de Galam, Sénégal, de l’ère musulmane au temps des négriers, VIIIe-XVIIIe siècle. Paris, France: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-François. 1993. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. London, UK: Longman.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-Francois, Geschiere, Peter, and Nyamnjoh, Francois. 2001. “Autochtonie, démocratie et citoyenneté en Afrique.” Critique Internationale 1 (10):194.Google Scholar
Beattie, J. H. M. 1959. “Checks on the Abuse of Political Power in some African States: A Preliminary Framework for Analysis.” Sociologus 9 (2):97115.Google Scholar
Beck, Linda. 2001. “Reining in the Marabouts? Democratization and Local Governance in Senegal.” African Affairs 100 (401):601621.Google Scholar
Beck, Linda. 2008. Brokering Democracy in Africa: The Rise of Clientelist Democracy in Senegal. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Becker, Charles. 1983. Les Premiers Recensements au Senegal et l’evolution démographique. Dakar, Senegal: Orstrom.Google Scholar
Becker, Charles. 2007. “Les Divisions administratives du Sénégal, 1887–1960.” In L’Administration d’hier à demain en Afrique Francophone, edited by Badji, Mamadou and Devaux, Olvier. Dakar-Toulouse, France: Presses de l’université des sciences sociales de Toulouse.Google Scholar
Becker, Charles, Mbodj, Mohamed, and Sarr, M. I.. 1999. “Les Sereer et la population du Senegal.” In Paysans sereer: dynamiques agraires et mobilitiés au Senegal, edited by Lericollais, Andre. Paris, France: Editions d’IRD.Google Scholar
Becker, Sascha, Boeckh, Katrin, Hainz, Christa, and Woessmann, Ludger. 2014. “The Empire Is Dead, Long Live the Empire! Long‐Run Persistence of Trust and Corruption in the Bureaucracy.” The Economic Journal 126 (590):4074.Google Scholar
Bell, Andrew, and Jones, Kelvyn. 2015. “Explaining Fixed Effects: Random Effects Modeling of Time-Series Cross-Sectional and Panel Data.” Political Science Research and Methods 3 (01):133153.Google Scholar
Béridogo, Bréhima. 1998. “Compétition des acteurs sociaux pour le contrôle du pouvoir et des ressources dans la commune rurale de Zégoua (Mali).” Bulletin de l’APAD 16: 1–13.Google Scholar
Berman, Sheri. 2001. “Ideas, Norms, and Culture in Political Analysis.” Comparative Politics 33 (2):231250.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. 1985. Fathers Work for Their Sons. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Besley, Timothy, and Ghatak, Maitreesh. 2008. “Status Incentives.” American Economic Review 98 (2):206211.Google Scholar
Bicchieri, Cristina. 2006. The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bierschenk, Thomas. 2010. “States at Work in West Africa: Sedimentation, Fragmentation and Normative Double-Binds.” Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Working Papers Nr. 113.Google Scholar
Bierschenk, Thomas, and Olivier de Sardan, Jean-Pierre. 2003. “Powers in the Village: Rural Benin between Democratisation and Decentralisation.” Africa 72 (3):145173.Google Scholar
Blasnik, Michael. 2010. RECLINK: Stata module to probabilistically match records. Working Paper. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s456876.html.Google Scholar
Blundo, Giorgio. 1998a. “Décentralisation et pouvoir locaux. Registres traditionnels du pouvoir et nouvelles formes locales de légitimité.” Bulletin de l’APAD 16: 1–4.Google Scholar
Blundo, Giorgio. 1998b. “Élus locaux, associations paysannes et courtiers du développement au Sénégal.” PhD, Sociology and Anthropology, University of Lausanne.Google Scholar
Bockstette, Valerie, Chanda, Areendam, and Putterman, Louis. 2002. “States and Markets: The Advantage of an Early Start.” Journal of Economic Growth 7 (4):347369.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 1992. Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930–1985. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2003a. “Decentralization as Political Strategy in West Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 36 (4):25.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2003b. Political Topographies of the African State. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2014. Property Rights and Political Order in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bouquet, Christian, and Kassi-Djodjo, Irene. 2014. “Les Élections locales 2013 en Côte d’Ivoire.” Echo-Géo 1–11. Available at: http://journals.openedition.org/echogeo/13697Google Scholar
Branch, Jordan. 2014. The Cartographic State: Maps, Territory and the Origins of Sovereignty. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 2012. “Citizen Perceptions of Local Government Responsiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Development 40 (3):516527.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, Coulibaly, Massa, and Machado, Fabiana. 2000. Popular Perceptions of Good Governance in Mali. Cape Town, South Africa: IDASA POS.Google Scholar
Breuer, Anita, Blomenkemper, Laura, Kliesch, Stefan, Salzer, Franziska, Schädler, Manuel, Schweinfurth, Valentin, and Virchow, Stephen. 2017. “Decentralisation in Togo: The Contribution of ICT-Based Participatory Development Approaches to Strengthening Local Governance.” Bonn, Germany: German Development Institute. Discussion Paper No. 6/2017 (6/2017).Google Scholar
Brewer, Marilynn. 1979. “In-Group Bias in the Minimal Group Situation.” Psychological Bulletin 86 (2):307324.Google Scholar
Briggs, Ryan. 2014. “Aiding and Abetting: Project Aid and Ethnic Politics in Kenya.” World Development 64:194205.Google Scholar
Brosio, Giorgio. 2000. Decentralization in Africa. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Bruhn, Miriam, and Gallego, Francisco. 2012. “Good, Bad and Ugly Colonial Activities: Do They Matter for Economic Development?The Review of Economics and Statistics 94 (2):433461.Google Scholar
Burgess, Robin, Jedwab, Remi, Miguel, Edward, Morjaria, Ameet, and Miquel, Gerard Padró I. 2015. “The Value of Democracy: Evidence from Road Building in Kenya.” American Economic Review 105 (6):18171851.Google Scholar
Carlitz, Ruth. 2017. “Money Flows, Water Trickles: Understanding Patterns of Decentralized Water Provision in Tanzania.” World Development 93:1630.Google Scholar
Chabal, Patrick, and Daloz, Jean-Pascal. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Chafer, Tony. 2001. “French African Policy in Historical Perspective.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 19 (2):165182.Google Scholar
Chanock, Martin. 1991. “A Peculiar Sharpness: An Essay on Property in the History of Customary Law in Colonial Africa.” Journal of African History 32 (1):6588.Google Scholar
Cheema, G Shabbir, and Rondinelli, Dennis. 2007. Decentralizing Governance: Emerging Concepts and Practices. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Chen, Yan, and Li, Sherry Xin. 2009. “Group Identity and Social Preferences.” American Economic Review 99 (1):431457.Google Scholar
Clark, Andrew. 1996. “The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia).” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 29 (1):123.Google Scholar
Clark, Andrew. 1999. “Imperialism, independence, and Islam in Senegal and Mali.” Africa Today 46:149.Google Scholar
Clark, Andrew, and Phillips, Lucie. 1994. Historical Dictionary of Senegal. 2nd ed. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
Clayton, Amanda, Noveck, Jennifer, and Levi, Margaret. 2015. “When Elites Meet: Decentralization, Power-Sharing, and Public Goods Provision in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone.” Policy Research Working Papers. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
CNAM-SERESA. 1960. Rapport général sur les perspectives de développement du Sénégal. Dakar, Senegal: CNAM-SERESA.Google Scholar
Cohen, William. 1971. Rulers of Empire: The French Colonial Service in Africa. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, James. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94:S95S120.Google Scholar
Coleman, James. 1990a. “The Emergence of Norms.” In Social Institutions: Their Emergence, Maintenance and Effects, edited by Hechter, Michael, Opp, Karl-Dieter, and Wippler, Reinhard. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Coleman, James. 1990b. Foundations of Social Theory. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Colin, Roland. 1980. Systèmes d’éducation et mutations sociales: continuité et discontinuité dans les dynamiques socio-éducatives: le cas du Sénégal. Lille, France: Atelier Reproduction des thèses, Université de Lille III.Google Scholar
Coll, Jérome. 1997. “Des Dynamiques villageoises au service d’une ‘démocratie décentralisée’. Le Cas de Mali-Sud.” Bulletin de l’APAD 14: 1–24.Google Scholar
Collins, Kathleen. 2004. “The Logic of Clan Politics: Evidence from the Central Asian Trajectories.” World Politics 56 (2):224261.Google Scholar
Collins, Kathleen. 2006. Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Colombi, Olivier. 1991. Mémoires coloniales: La fin de l’empire français d’Afrique vue par les administrateurs coloniaux. Paris, France: Editions La Découverte.Google Scholar
Colson, Elizabeth. 1969. “African Society at the Time of the Scramble.” In Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960, edited by Gann, Lewis and Duignan, Peter. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Connerton, Paul. 1989. How Societies Remember. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1994. “Conflict and Connection: Rethinking Colonial African History.” American Historical Review 99 (5):15161545.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 2005. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Cornell, Stephen, and Kalt, Joseph. 1995. “Where Does Economic Development Really Come From?Economic Inquiry 33 (3):402426.Google Scholar
Cornell, Stephen, and Kalt, Joseph. 2000. “Where’s the Glue? Institutional and Cultural Foundations of American Indian Economic Development.” Journal of Socio-Economcis 29:443470.Google Scholar
Cowen, Tyler, and Sutter, Daniel. 1997. “Politics and the Pursuit of Fame.” Public Choice 93 (1):1935.Google Scholar
Cox, Gary, and McCubbins, Mathew. 1986. “Electoral Politics as a Redistributive Game.” Journal of Politics 48 (2):370389.Google Scholar
Cramer Walsh, Katherine. 2003. Talking about Politics: Informal Groups and Social Identity in American Politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Crook, Richard. 2003. “Decentralisation and Poverty Reduction in Africa.” Public Administration and Development 23 (1):7788.Google Scholar
Crook, Richard, and Manor, James. 1998. Democracy and Decentralisation in South Asia and West Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crowder, Michael. 1964. “Indirect Rule – French and British Style.” Africa 34 (3):197205.Google Scholar
Crowder, Michael. 1968. West Africa under Colonial Rule. London, UK: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Cruise O’Brien, Donal. 1971. The Mourides of Senegal: The Political and Economic Organization of an Islamic Brotherhood. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Cruise O’Brien, Donal. 1975. Saints and Politicians: Essays in the Organisation of a Senegalese Peasant Society. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cruz, Cesi, and Schneider, Christina. 2017. “Foreign Aid and Undeserved Credit Claiming.” American Journal of Political Science 61 (2):396408.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip. 1975. Economic Change in Precolonial Africa. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Darbon, Dominique. 1988. L’Administration et le paysan en Casamance. Paris, France: A. Pedone.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, Aniruddha, and Beard, Victoria. 2007. “Community Driven Development, Collective Action and Elite Capture in Indonesia.” Development & Change 38 (2):229249.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, Partha. 1988. “Trust as a Commodity.” In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, edited by Gambetta, Diego. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
David, Philippe. 1980. Les Navétanes. Dakar, Senegal: Nouvelles Editions Africaines.Google Scholar
De Bénoist, Joseph-Roger. 1982. L’Afrique Occidental Française de 1944 à 1960. Dakar, Senegal: Nouvelles Éditions Africaines.Google Scholar
De Juan, Alexander, and Koos, Carlo. 2019. “The Historical Roots of Cooperative Behavior – Evidence from Eastern Congo.” World Development 116:100112.Google Scholar
De Juan, Alexander, and Pierskalla, Jan. 2017. “The Comparative Politics of Colonialism and Its Legacies.” Politics & Society 45 (2):159172.Google Scholar
de Kadt, Daniel, and Larreguy, Horacio. 2018. “Agents of the Regime? Traditional Leaders and Electoral Behavior in South Africa.” Journal of Politics 80 (2):382399.Google Scholar
Delavignette, Robert. 1947. Service Africain. Paris, France: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Dell, Melissa. 2010. “The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita.” Econometrica 78 (6):18631903.Google Scholar
Dell, Melissa, Lane, Nathan, and Querubin, Pablo. 2018. “The Historical State, Local Collective Action, and Economic Development in Vietnam.” Econometrica 86 (6):20832121.Google Scholar
Dickovick, J. Tyler. 2011. Decentralization and Recentralization in the Developing World: Comparative Studies from Africa and Latin America. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Dionne, Kim Yi. 2015. “Social Networks, Ethnic Diversity and Cooperative Behavior in Rural Malawi.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 27 (4):522543.Google Scholar
Diop, Djibril. 2006a. Décentralisation et gouvernance locale au Sénégal. Paris, France: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Diop, Momar Coumba. 1993. Senegal: Essays in Statecraft. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA.Google Scholar
Diop, Momar Coumba. 2006b. “Le Sénégal à la croisée des chemins.” Politique africaine 4 (104):103126.Google Scholar
Diouf, Makhtar. 1994. Sénégal: les ethnies et la nation. Paris, France: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Diouf, Mamadou. 1990. Le Kajoor au XIXe siècle: pouvoir ceddo et conquête coloniale. Paris, France: Karthala.Google Scholar
Diouf, Mamadou. 1993. “Beyond Patronage and ‘Technocracy’.” In Senegal: Essays in Statecraft, edited by Diop, M. C.. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA.Google Scholar
Diouf, Mamadou. 1998. “The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes (Senegal): A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project.” Development and Change 29 (4):671696.Google Scholar
Dippel, Christian. 2014. “Forced Coexistence and Economic Development.” Econometrica 82 (6):21312165.Google Scholar
Djire, Moussa. 2004. “The Myths and Realities of Local Governance in Sanankoroba, Mali.” International Institute for Environment and Development. Issue Paper No. 130. IIED Drylands Programme, London, UK.Google Scholar
Doquet, Anne. 2006. “Décentralisation et reformulation des traditions en pays Dogon.” In Décentralistion et pouvoirs en Afrique, edited by Fay, Claude, Koné, Yaouaga Félix, and Quiminal, Catherine. Paris, France: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.Google Scholar
Duke Bryant, Kelly. 2015. Education as Politics: Colonial Schooling and Political Debate in Senegal, 1850s–1914. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Dunning, Thad, and Harrison, Lauren. 2010. “Cross-cutting Cleavages and Ethnic Voting: An Experimental Study of Cousinage in Mali.” American Political Science Review 104 (1):2139.Google Scholar
Easterly, William, and Levine, Ross. 1997. “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (4):12031250.Google Scholar
Ece, Melis. 2009. “Report: Access to Land at the Northern Periphery of Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal.” Dialectical Anthropology 32 (4):353382.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Harry. 1966. Division and Cohesion in Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Harry. 1997. “Congruence Theory Explained.” University of California, Irvine. Unpublished Work. Irvine, CA. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2wb616g6Google Scholar
Economic Commission for Africa. 2007. Relevance of African Traditional Institutions of Governance. Addis Abbaba, Ethiopia: ECA.Google Scholar
Ejdemyr, Simon, Kramon, Eric, and Robinson, Amanda. 2017. “Segregation, Ethnic Favoritism, and the Strategic Targeting of Local Public Goods.” Comparative Political Studies 51 (9):11111143.Google Scholar
Ellickson, Robert. 1991. Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, Stephen, and ter Haar, Gerrie. 1998. “Religion and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 36 (2):175201.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 1989. The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Englebert, Pierre. 2002a. “Born-Again Buganda or the Limits of Traditional Resurgence in Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 40 (3):345368.Google Scholar
Englebert, Pierre. 2002b. State Legitimacy and Development in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Englebert, Pierre, and Sangaré, Nestorine. 2014. “Burkina Faso: Limited Decentralization under Tight Oversight.” In Decentralization in Africa: The Paradox of State Strength, edited by Dickovick, J. Tyler and Wunsch, James. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Erk, Jan. 2014. “Federalism and Decentralization in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Regional & Federal Studies 24 (5):535552.Google Scholar
Fage, J. D. 1969. “Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History.” Journal of African History 10:393404.Google Scholar
Fanchette, Sylvie. 1999. “Migrations, intégration spatiale et formation d’une société peule dans le Fouladou (Haute Casamance, Sénégal).” In Figures peules, edited by Botte, R., Boutrais, Jean, and Schmitz, Jean. Paris, France: Karthala.Google Scholar
Fanchette, Sylvie. 2011. Au Pays des Peuls de Haute-Casamance: l’intégration territoriale en question. Paris, France: Karthala.Google Scholar
Fay, Claude. 2000. “La Décentralisation dans un Cercle (Tenenkou, Mali).” Autrepart 14 (3):121142.Google Scholar
Faye, Valy. 2016. Économie arachidière et dynamiques du peuplement au Sénégal : Kaffrine et le Saloum Oriental de 1891 à 1960. Paris, France: Karthala.Google Scholar
Foa, Roberto. 2017. “Persistence or Reversal of Fortune? Early State Inheritance and the Legacies of Colonial Rule.” Politics and Society 45 (2):301324.Google Scholar
Foley, Ellen. 2010. Your Pocket Is What Cures You: The Politics of Health in Senegal. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Fombad, Charles. 2018. “Constitutional Entrenchment of Decentralization in Africa.” Journal of African Law 62 (2):175199.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer, and Evans-Pritchard, E. E.. 1940. African Political Systems. London, UK: International Institute of African Languages & Cultures.Google Scholar
Foster, Elizabeth. 2013. Faith in Empire: Religion, Politics, and Colonial Rule in French Senegal, 1880–1940. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, James, and Kam, Cindy. 2007. “Beyond the Self: Social Identity, Altruism, and Political Participation.” Journal of Politics 69 (3):813827.Google Scholar
Franck, Raphael, and Rainer, Ilia. 2012. “Does the Leader’s Ethnicity Matter?American Political Science Review 106 (2):294325.Google Scholar
Frank, Robert. 1985. Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frankema, Ewout. 2012. “The Origins of Formal Education in sub-Saharan Africa: Was British Rule More Benign?European Review of Economic History 16 (4):335355.Google Scholar
Gallego, Francisco, and Woodberry, Robert. 2010. “Christian Missionaries and Education in Former African Colonies: How Competition Mattered.” Journal of African Economies 19 (3):294329.Google Scholar
Galvan, Dennis. 2001. “Francophone Africa in Flux: Political Turnover and Social Change in Senegal.” Journal of Democracy 12:5162.Google Scholar
Galvan, Dennis. 2004. The State Must Be Our Master of Fire. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gardiniere, David. 1985. “The French Impact on Education in Africa, 1817–1960.” In Double Impact: France and Africa in the Age of Imperialism, edited by Wesley Johnson, G.. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Garenne, Michael, and Lombard, Jerome. 1991. “La Migration dirigée des Sereer vers les Terres neuves (Sénégal).” In Migration, changements sociaux et développement, edited by Quesnel, André and Vimard, Patrice. Paris, France: ORSTROM.Google Scholar
Gellar, Sheldon. 2005. Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gellar, Sheldon, Charlick, Robert, and Jones, Yvonne. 1980. Animation Rurale and Rural Development. Ithaca, NY: Rural Development Committee Center for International Studies.Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew, and Hill, Jennifer. 2008. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gennaioli, Nicola, and Rainer, Ilia. 2007. “The Modern Impact of Precolonial Centralization in Africa.” Journal of Economic Growth 12 (3):185234.Google Scholar
Geschiere, Peter. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Getz, Trevor. 2004. Slavery and Reform in West Africa. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Girard, Jean. 1964. “Note sur l’histoire locale du fouladou.” Journal de la Société des Africanistes 34 (2):302306.Google Scholar
Giraudy, Agustina, Moncada, Eduardo, and Snyder, Richard. 2019. “Subnational Research in Comparative Politics.” In Inside Countries: Subnational Research in Comparative Politics, edited by Giraudy, Agustina, Moncada, Eduardo, and Snyder, Richard. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gisselquist, Rachel. 2014. “Ethnic Divisions and Public Goods Provision, Revisited.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 37 (9):16051627.Google Scholar
Glaeser, Edward, Laibson, David, Scheinkman, Jose, and Soutter, Christine. 2000. “Measuring Trust.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (3):811846.Google Scholar
Goette, Lorenz, Huffman, David, and Meier, Stephan. 2006. “The Impact of Group Membership on Cooperation and Norm Enforcement.” IZA. Discussion Paper No. 2020. Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Golden, Miriam, and Min, Brian. 2013. “Distributive Politics around the World.” Annual Review of Political Science 16:7399.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Judith, and Keohane, Robert. 1993. “Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework.” In Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change, edited by Goldstein, Judith and Keohane, Robert. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gomez, Michael. 1992. Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goode, William. 1978. The Celebration of Heroes: Prestige as a Social Control System. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, Jessica. 2015. “The Logic of Party Collusion in a Democracy: Evidence from Mali.” World Politics 67 (1):136.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, Jessica. 2017. “Explaining Variation in Broker Strategies: A Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Senegal.” Comparative Political Science 50 (11):15561592.Google Scholar
Gould, Roger. 1991. “Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871.” American Sociological Review 56 (6):716729.Google Scholar
Gould, Roger. 1995. Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (3):481510.Google Scholar
Greif, Avner. 2006. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grossman, Guy, and Baldassarri, Delia. 2012. “The Impact of Elections on Cooperation.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (4):964985.Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2011. “Time Will Tell? Temporality and the Analysis of Causal Mechanisms and Processes.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (9):12671297.Google Scholar
Habyarimana, James, Humphreys, Macartan, Posner, Daniel, and Weinstein, Jeremy. 2007. “Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?American Political Science Review 101 (4):709725.Google Scholar
Hagberg, Sten. 2001. Poverty in Burkina Faso: Representations and Realities. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Hagberg, Sten. 2010. “Decentralisation and Citizen Participation in West Africa.” Bulletin de l’APAD 31–32.Google Scholar
Hagberg, Sten. 2019. “Introduction: Démocratie par le bas et politique municipale au Sahel.” In Démocratie par le bas et politique municipale au Sahel, edited by Hagberg, Sten, Kibora, Ludovic, and Korling, Gabriella. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala Universitet.Google Scholar
Hahonou, Eric Komlavi. 2002. “La Chefferie coutumière face au projet de décentralisation dans une localité de l’Ouest nigérien.” Bulletin de l’APAD 23–24.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter, and Lamont, Michele. 2013. “Why Social Relations Matter for Politics and Successful Societies.” Annual Review of Political Science 16:4971.Google Scholar
Hardin, Russell. 2002. Trust and Trustworthiness. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Harding, Robin. 2015. “Attribution and Accountability: Voting for Roads in Ghana.” World Politics 67 (4):656689.Google Scholar
Harding, Robin, and Stasavage, David. 2013. “What Democracy Does (and Doesn’t Do) for Basic Services: School Fees, School Inputs, and African Elections.” Journal of Politics 66 (1):229245.Google Scholar
Hariri, Jacob Gerner. 2012. “The Autocratic Legacy of Early Statehood.” American Political Science Review 106 (03):471494.Google Scholar
Harrison, Christopher. 1988. France and Islam in West Africa, 1860–1960. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkes, Kristen, Altman, Jon, Beckerman, Stephen et al.. 1993. “Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods.” Current Anthropology 34 (4):341361.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, Walter. 2013. “States and Statelessness.” In The Oxford Handbook of Modern African History, edited by Parker, John and Reid, Richard. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
He, Quqiong, Pan, Ying, and Sarangi, Sudipta. 2017. “Lineage-Based Heterogeneity and Coopreative Behavior in Rural China.” MPRE. Working Paper No. 80865. Munich. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/80865/Google Scholar
Hechter, Michael. 1990. “The Emergence of Cooperative Social Institutions.” In Social Institutions: Their Emergence, Maintenance and Effects, edited by Hechter, Michael, Opp, Karl-Dieter, and Wippler, Reinhard. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Heffetz, Ori, and Frank, Robert. 2010. “Preferences for Status: Evidence and Economic Implications.” In Handbook of Social Economics, edited by Benhabib, Jess, Bisin, Alberto and Jackson, Matthew. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hengl, T., Mendes de Jesus, J., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Ruperez Gonzalez, M., Kilibarda, M., and Blagotić, A.. 2017. “SoilGrids250m: Global Gridded Soil Information Based on Machine Learning.” PLoS ONE 12 (2): 140.Google Scholar
Herbst, Jeffrey. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hesseling, Gerti. 1985. Histoire politique du Sénégal: institutions, droit et société. Paris, France: Karthala.Google Scholar
Hetland, Oivind. 2008. “Decentralisation and Territorial Reorganization in Mali: Power and the Institutionalisation of Local Politics.” Norwegian Journal of Geography 62 (1):2335.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen. 2011. “Clientelism.” Annual Review of Political Science 14:289310.Google Scholar
Hilgers, Mathieu. 2011. “Autochthony as Capital in a Global Age.” Theory, Culture & Society 28 (1):3454.Google Scholar
Hjort, Jonas. 2010. “Pre-colonial Culture, Post-colonial Economic Success?Economic History Review 63 (3):688.Google Scholar
Holzinger, Katharina, Kern, Florian, and Kromrey, Daniela. 2016. “The Dualism of Contemporary Traditional Governance and the State.” Political Research Quarterly 69 (3):469481.Google Scholar
Honig, Lauren. 2017. “Land, state-building, and political authority in Africa.” PhD, Political Science, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. 2009. “The New Economic History of Africa.” Journal of African History 50 (2):155177.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. 2011. “Causes and Confusions in African History.” Economic History of Developing Regions 26 (2):107110.Google Scholar
Horne, Christine. 2001. “Sociological Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Norms.” In Social Norms, edited by Hechter, Michael and Opp, Karl-Dieter. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Hubbell, Andrew. 2001. “A View of the Slave Trade from the Margin.” Journal of African History 42 (1):2547.Google Scholar
Huberman, Bernardo, Loch, Christoph, and Önçüler, Ayse. 2004. “Status as a Valued Resource.” Social Psychology Quarterly 67 (1):103114.Google Scholar
Huillery, Elise. 2009. “History Matters: The Long-Term Impact of Colonial Public Investments in French West Africa.” American Economic Journal 1 (2):176215.Google Scholar
Hur, Aram. 2018. “Citizen Duty and the Ethical Power of Communities: Mixed-Method Evidence from East Asia.” British Journal of Political Science 50 (3):10471065.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. 2006. African Politics in Comparative Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Idelman, Eric. 2009. “Decentralisation and Boundary Setting in Mali: The Case of Kita District.” IIED. Drylands Issue Paper 151. London, UK. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/12558IIED.pdfGoogle Scholar
Idowu, H. O. 1968. “The Establishment of Protecorate Administration in Senegal, 1890–1904.” Historical Society of Nigeria 4 (2):247267.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 1990. Culture Shift. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Innes, Gordan. 1976. Kaabu and Fuladu: Historical Narratives of the Gambian Mandinka. London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar
International Monetary Fund. 2010. “Sub-Saharan Africa: Back to High Growth?” In Regional Economic Outlook. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Iwata, Takuo. 2011. “Decentralisation and Elections in Benin.” Insight on Africa 3 (2):99115.Google Scholar
Iyer, Lakshmi. 2010. “Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences.” Review of Economics and Statistics 92 (4):693713.Google Scholar
Jablonski, Ryan. 2014. “How Aid Targets Votes: The Impact of Electoral Incentives on Foreign Aid Distribution.” World Politics 66 (2):293330.Google Scholar
Jackson, Ken. 2013. “Diversity and the Distribution of Public Goods in sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of African Economies 22 (3):437462.Google Scholar
Jerven, Morten. 2011. “A Clash of Disciplines? Economists and Historians Approaching the African Past.” Economic History of Developing Regions 26 (2):111124.Google Scholar
Juul, Kristine. 1999. “Tubes, Tenure and Turbulence.” PhD, Science/Technology, Roskilde Universitet.Google Scholar
Kaag, Mayke. 2003. “Exploring the Context of Service Provision in Senegal: Social Dynamics and Decentralisation in the Senegalese Countryside.” Bulletin de l’APAD 26: 1-13.Google Scholar
Kaberry, Phyllis. 1957. “Primative States.” British Journal of Sociology 8 (3):224234.Google Scholar
Kahan, Dan. 2003. “The Logic of Reciprocity: Trust, Collective Action and Law.” Michigan Law Review 102 (1):73103.Google Scholar
Kane, Mouhamed Moustapha. 1987. “A history of Fuuta Tooro, 1890s–1920s.” PhD, History, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Kasara, Kimuli. 2007. “Tax Me If You Can: Ethnic Geography, Democracy, and the Taxation of Agriculture in Africa.” American Political Science Review 101 (1):159172.Google Scholar
Kassibo, Brehima. 2006. “Mali: une décentralisation à double vitesse?” In Décentralisation et pouvoirs en Afrique, edited by Fay, Claude, Koné, Yaouaga Félix, and Quiminal, Catherine. Paris, France: Institute de Recherche pour le Développmeent.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter. 1996. “Introduction: Alternative Perspectives on National Security.” In The Culture of National Security, edited by Katzenstein, Peter. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Keita, Maghan. 2007. A Political Economy of Health Care in Senegal. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Kelly, Catherine. 2020. Party Proliferation and Political Contestation in Africa. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kendhammer, Brandon. 2016. Muslims Talking Politics: Framing Islam, Democracy, and Law in Northern Nigeria. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kimenyi, Mwangi. 2006. “Ethnicity, Governance and the Provision of Public Goods.” Journal of African Economies 15 (1):6299.Google Scholar
Klaus, Kathleen. 2020. Political Violence in Kenya: Land, Elections and Claim-Making. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin A. 1968a. “The Evolution of the Chefferie in Senegal.” In Nations by Design: Institution Building in Africa, edited by Rivkin, Arnold. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin A. 1968b. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin A. 1972. “Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia.” Journal of African History 13 (2):419441.Google Scholar
Kollock, Peter. 1998. “Social Dilemmas: The Anatomy of Cooperation.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:183214.Google Scholar
Koné, Bintou, and Hagberg, Sten. 2019. “Enquête de la députation: parenté et politique dans une campagne électorale au Mali.” In Démocratie par le bas et politique municipale au Sahel, edited by Hagberg, Sten, Kibora, Ludovic, and Korling, Gabriella. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala Universitet.Google Scholar
Koné, Soli. 1997a. “La Décentralisation face à l’ordre ancien.” Bulletin de l’APAD 14: 1-8.Google Scholar
Koné, Yaouaga Félix. 1997b. “Les Micro-communes: expression de logiques locales.” Bulletin de l’APAD 14: 1-8.Google Scholar
Koter, Dominika. 2013. “King Makers: Local Leaders and Ethnic Politics in Africa.” World Politics 65 (2):187232.Google Scholar
Koter, Dominika. 2016. Beyond Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kowert, Paul, and Legro, Jeffrey. 1996. “Norms, Identity and Their Limits: A Theoretical Reprise.” In The Culture of National Security, edited by Katzenstein, Peter. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kramon, Eric, and Posner, Daniel. 2013. “Who Benefits from Distributive Politics? How the Outcome One Studies Affects the Answer One Gets.” Perspectives on Politics 11 (2):461474.Google Scholar
Kruks-Wisner, Gabrielle. 2018. Claiming the State: Active Citizenship and Social Welfare in Rural India. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kudamatsu, Masayuki. 2007. “Ethnic Favoritism: Micro Evidence from Guinea.” Institute for International Economic Studies. Stockholm, Sweden. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1440303Google Scholar
Kusiak, Pauline. 2005. “The Machine That ‘Makes the Inside Visible’: Medical Instruments, Mentalities-Talk and the Politics of Technology in Colonial and post-Colonial Senegal.” PhD, History, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Kyburz, Stephen. 2018. “The Local Political Resource Curse.” Working Paper. https://drive.google.com/file/d/197gemBq5GIe0t40yCBr_z1MSlf_fOe3E/viewGoogle Scholar
Kyed, Helene, and Buur, Lars. 2007. “Introduction: Traditional Authority and Democratization in Africa.” In State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Kyed, Helene and Buur, Lars. New York, NY: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Kywels, Olivier, and Ferry, Marie-Paule. 2006. Bedik: peuple des pierres. Paris, France: Cercle d’art.Google Scholar
Labonte, Melissa. 2012. “From Patronage to Peacebuilding? Elite Capture and Governance from Below in Sierra Leone.” African Affairs 111 (442):90115.Google Scholar
Laitin, David. 1986. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religion among the Yoruba. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lambright, Gina. 2011. Decentralization in Uganda: Explaining Successes and Failures in Local Governance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.Google Scholar
Larson, Jennifer, and Lewis, Janet. 2017. “Ethnic Networks.” American Journal of Political Science 61 (2):350364.Google Scholar
Dr. Lasnet, A., Cligny, A., Chevalier, A., and Rambaud, Pierre. 1900. Une Mission au Sénégal. Paris, France: Augustin Challamel.Google Scholar
Le Brun, Olivier. 1979. “Education and Class Conflict.” In The Political Economy of Underdevelopment: Dependence in Senegal, edited by O’Brien, Rita Cruise. New York, NY: Sage.Google Scholar
Le Meur, Pierre-Yves. 2006. “State Making and the Politics of the Frontier in Central Benin.” Development and Change 37 (4):871900.Google Scholar
Leider, Stephen, Möbius, Markus, Rosenblat, Tanya, and Do, Quoc-Anh. 2009. “Directed Altruism and Enforced Reciprocity in Social Networks.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (4):18151851.Google Scholar
Leonard, Tammy, Croson, Rachel, and de Oliveira, Angela. 2010. “Social Capital and Public Goods.” Journal of Socio-Economics 39 (4):474481.Google Scholar
Letsa, Natalie, and Wilfahrt, Martha. 2020. “The Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Rule: Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 15 (4): 539577.Google Scholar
Leyti, Oumar Ndiaye. 1981. Le Djoloff et ses bourba. Dakar, Senegal: Nouvelles Editions Africaines.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Evan. 2005. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Analysis.” American Political Science Review 99 (3):435452.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Evan, and McClendon, Gwyneth. 2013. “The Ethnicity–Policy Preference Link in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (5):574602.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53 (1):69105.Google Scholar
Loch, Christoph, Yaziji, Michael, and Langen, Christian. 2001. “The Fight for the Alpha Position: Channeling Status Competition in Organizations.” European Management Journal 19 (1):1625.Google Scholar
Lowes, Sara, Nunn, Nathan, Robinson, James, and Weigel, Jonathan. 2017. “The Evolution of Culture and Institutions: Evidence from the Kuba Kingdom.” Econometrica 85 (4):10651091.Google Scholar
Lund, Christian. 2006. “Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa.” Development and Change 37 (4):685705.Google Scholar
Lust, Ellen, and Rakner, Lise. 2018. “The Other Side of Taxation: Extraction and Social Institutions in the Developing World.” Annual Review of Political Science 21: 277294.Google Scholar
Ly, Boubakar. 1967. “L’Honneur dans les sociétés Ouolof et Toucouleur du Sénégal.” Presence Africaine 61 (1):3267.Google Scholar
MacArthur, Julie. 2016. Cartography and the Political Imagination: Mapping Community in Colonial Kenya. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James. 2010. Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Manor, James. 2004. “User Committees.” European Journal of Development Research 16 (1):192213.Google Scholar
Mark, Peter. 1978. “Urban Migration, Cash Cropping, and Calamity: The Spread of Islam among the Diola of Boulouf (Senegal), 1900–1940.” African Studies Review 21 (2):114.Google Scholar
Mark, Peter. 1985. A Cultural, Economic, and Religious History of the Basse Casamance Since 1500. Stuttgart, Germany: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Markovitz, Irving Leonard. 1970. “Traditional Social Structure, the Islamic Brotherhoods, and Political Development in Senegal.” Journal of Modern African Studies 8 (1):7396.Google Scholar
Martinez-Bravo, Monica, I Miquel, Gerard Padró, Qian, Nancy, Xu, Yiqing, and Yao, Yang. 2017. “Making Democracy Work: Formal Institutions and Culture in Rural China.” Working Paper. http://personal.lse.ac.uk/padro/working-papers/scap_20170606.pdfGoogle Scholar
Marty, Paul. 1917. Etudes sur l’Islam au Sénégal. Paris, France: Leroux.Google Scholar
Masaki, Takaaki. 2018. “The Political Economy of Aid Allocation in Africa: Evidence from Zambia.” African Studies Review 61 (1):5582.Google Scholar
Maseland, Robbert. 2018. “Is Colonialism History? The Declining Impact of Colonial Legacies in African Institutional and Economic Development.” Journal of Institutional Economics 14 (2):259287.Google Scholar
Mathieu, Slyvie, and Yilmaz, Serdar. 2010. “Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Burkina Faso.” Public Administration & Development 30 (5):329344.Google Scholar
Mattingly, Daniel. 2016. “Elite Capture.” World Politics 68 (3):383412.Google Scholar
Mbow, Penda. 2008. “Senegal: The Return of Personalism.” Journal of Democracy 19:156169.Google Scholar
McClendon, Gwyneth. 2018. Envy in Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Meagher, Kate. 2005. “Social Capital or Analytic Liability? Social Networks and African Informal Economies.” Global Networks 5 (3):217238.Google Scholar
Méguelle, Philippe. 2012. Chefferie coloniale et égalitarisme diola. Paris, France: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Menes, Robin. 1976. The Dynamics of Health: Case 19: Senegal. Washington, DC: US Department of Health.Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Papaioannou, Elias. 2013. “Pre-Colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development.” Econometrica 81 (1):113152.Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Papaioannou, Elias. 2015. “On the Ethnic Origins of African Development: Chiefs and Precolonial Political Centralization.” Academy of Management Perspectives 29 (1):3271.Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Papaioannou, Elias. 2016. “The Long-Run Effects of the Scramble for Africa.” American Economic Review 106 (7):18021848.Google Scholar
Miguel, Edward, and Gugerty, Mary. 2005. “Ethnic Diversity, Social Sanctions, and Public Goods in Kenya.” Journal of Public Economics 89 (11–12):23252368.Google Scholar
Mongbo, Roch. 1998. “Décentralisation, migrations et identités: Formes de citoyenneté et dynamiques d’exclusion.” Bulletin de l’APAD 16: 1-7.Google Scholar
Mongbo, Roch. 2008. “State Building and Local Democracy in Benin: Two Cases of Decentralized Forest Management.” Conservation and Society 6 (1):4961.Google Scholar
Monteil, Vincent. 1966. Esquisses sénégalaises: Wâlo, Kayor, Dyolof, Mourides, un visionnaire. Initiations et études africaines no 21. Dakar, Senegal: IFAN.Google Scholar
Mookherjee, Dilip. 2015. “Political Decentralization.” Annual Review of Economics 7:231249.Google Scholar
Moumani, Abdou. 1967. L’Éducation en Afrique. Paris, France: Francois Maspero.Google Scholar
Mumford, W. Bryant. 1970 (1935). Africans Learn to Be French. New York, NY: Negro Universities Press.Google Scholar
Munshi, Kaivan, and Rosenzweig, Mark. 2008. “The Efficacy of Parochial Politics: Caste, Commitment, and Competence in Indian Local Governments.” NBER. Working Paper No. 14335. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Murdock, George. 1981. Atlas of World Cultures. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Ndegwa, Stephen, and Levy, Brian. 2003. The Politics of Decentralization in Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Nee, Victor. 1998. “Sources of the New Institutionalism.” In The New Institutionalism in Sociology, edited by Brinton, Mary and Nee, Victor. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ngaïdé, Abderrahmane. 2012. L’Esclave, le colon et le marabout: Le royaume peul du Fuladu de 1867 à 1936. Dakar, Senegal: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
North, Douglass, Wallis, John, and Weingast, Barry. 2009. Violence and Social Orders. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nugent, Paul. 2010. “States and Social Contracts in Africa.” New Left Review 63:3568.Google Scholar
Nunn, Nathan. 2009. “The Importance of History for Economic Development.” Annual Review of Economics 11 (1):6592.Google Scholar
Nunn, Nathan, and Wantchekon, Leonard. 2011. “The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa.” American Economic Review 101 (7):32213252.Google Scholar
Nzouankeu, Jacques. 1994. “Decentralization and Democracy in Africa.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 60:213227.Google Scholar
Ojebode, Ayobami, Onyishi, Ike Ernest, and Aremu, Fatai. 2017. “Is Election a Disadvantage? Nigerian Local Councils and Security Provision.” IDS Bulletin 48 (2): 3152.Google Scholar
Olejnik, Anton. 2005. “Transfer of Institutions: Actors and Constraints – The Russian Case in a Global Context.” Hamburg Institute of International Economics. HWWA Discussion Paper No. 320. Hamburg, Germany.Google Scholar
Olivier de Sardan, Jean-Pierre. 2009. “Les Huits modes de gouvernance locale en Afrique de l’Ouest.” LASDEL. Etudes et Travaux n. 4. Niamey, Niger. www.institutions-africa.org/filestream/20091130-appp-working-paper-no-4-nov-2009-jean-pierre-olivier-de-sardan-les-huit-modes-de-gouvernance-locale-en-afrique-de-l-ouestGoogle Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Opp, Karl-Dieter. 1979. “The Emergence and Effects of Social Norms: A Confrontation of Some Hypothoses of Sociology and Economics.” Kyklos 32 (4):775801.Google Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ouedraogo, Hubert. 2003. “Decentralisation and Local Governance: Experiences from Francophone West Africa.” Public Administration and Development 23 (1):97103.Google Scholar
Oxhorn, Philip, Tulchin, Joseph, and Selee, Andrew. 2004. Decentralization, Democratic Governance, and Civil Society in Comparative Perspective. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Page, Scott. 2006. “Path Dependence.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 1 (1):87115.Google Scholar
Paller, Jeffrey. 2014. “Informal Institutions and Personal Rule in Urban Ghana.” African Studies Review 57 (3):123142.Google Scholar
Paller, Jeffrey. 2019. Democracy in Ghana: Everyday Politics in Urban Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy. 1998. “A Reappraisal of Democracy in Civil Society: Evidence from Rural Senegal.” Journal of Modern African Studies 36 (3):423441.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy. 2003. “Power Inequalities and the Institutions of Senegalese Development Organizations.” African Studies Review 46 (3):3554.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy, and Monroe, Kristen. 1998. “Narrative in Political Science.” Annual Review of Political Science 1:315331.Google Scholar
Pélissier, Paul. 1966. Les Paysans du Sénégal. Saint-Yrieix, France: Imprimerie Fabrègue.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, Thomas. 2018. “The Return of the Single-Country Study.” Annual Review of Political Science 22:187203.Google Scholar
Peterson, Brian. 2004. “Slave Emancipation, Trans-Local Social Processes and the Spread of Islam in French Colonial Buguni (Southern Mali), 1893–1914.” Journal of African History 45 (3):421444.Google Scholar
Pheffer, Paul. 1985. “African Influence on French Colonial Railroads in Senegal.” In Double Impact: France and Africa in the Age of Imperialism, edited by Johnson, G. W.. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Pierskalla, Jan. 2019. “The Proliferation of Decentralized Governing Units.” In Decentralized Governance and Accountability, edited by Rodden, Jonathan and Wibbels, Erik. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pierskalla, Jan, De Juan, Alexander, and Montgomery, Max. 2017. “The Territorial Expansion of the Colonial State: Evidence from German East Africa 1890–1909.” British Journal of Political Science 49:127.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2004. Politics in Time. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Piot, Charles. 2010. Nostalgia for the Future. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Platteau, Jean-Philippe. 2000. Institutions, Social Norms, and Economic Development. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Platteau, Jean-Philippe, and Abraham, Anita. 2002. “Participatory Development in the Presence of Endogenous Community Imperfections.” Journal of Development Studies 39 (2):104.Google Scholar
Portelli, Alessandro. 1991. The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2004a. “The Political Salience of Cultural Difference.” American Political Science Review 98 (4):529545.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2004b. “Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa.” American Journal of Political Science 48 (4):849863.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert. 1988. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games.” International Organization 42 (3):427460.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Quinn, Charlotte. 1972. Mandingo Kingdoms of the Senegambia: Traditionalism, Islam, and European Expansion. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Raub, Werner, and Weesie, Jeroen. 1990. “Reputation and Efficiency in Social Interactions.” American Journal of Sociology 96 (3):626654.Google Scholar
Reid, Richard. 2011. “Past and Presentism: The ‘Precolonial’ and the Foreshortening of African History.” Journal of African History 52 (2):135155.Google Scholar
Ribot, Jesse. 1999. “Decentralisation, Participation and Accountability in Sahelian Forestry.” Africa 69 (1):2365.Google Scholar
Ribot, Jesse, and Oyono, Phil Rene. 2005. “The Politics of Decentralization.” In Toward a New Map of Africa, edited by Wisner, Benjamin, Toulmin, Camilla, and Chitiga, Rutendo. London, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Ricart-Huguet, Joan. 2021. “The Origins of Colonial Investments in Former British and French Africa.” British Journal of Political Science: 1–22.Google Scholar
Roberts, Stephen. 1963. The History of French Colonial Policy, 1870–1925. London, UK: F. Cass.Google Scholar
Robinson, David. 1975. Chiefs and Clerics: Abdul Bokar Kan and Futa Toro, 1853–1891. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, James, and Neil Parsons, Q.. 2006. “State Formation and Governance in Botswana.” Journal of African Economies 15 (Supplement 1):100140.Google Scholar
Roessler, Philip, Pengl, Yannick, Marty, Robert, Titlow, Kyle, and van de Walle, Nicolas. 2018. “On the Origins of Spatial Inequality in Africa.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Romeo, Leonardo. 2003. “The Role of External Assistance in Supporting Decentralisation Reform.” Public Administration and Development 23 (1):8996.Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald, and Olorunsola, Victor. 1983. State Versus Ethnic Claims. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Rothstein, Bo. 2005. Social Traps and the Problem of Trust. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sarr, Alioune. 1986–1987. “Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal).” Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (serie B) 46 (3–4):211283.Google Scholar
Schaffer, Frederic. 1998. Democracy in Translation: Understanding Politics in an Unfamiliar Culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schaffer, Matt, and Cooper, Christine. 1980. Mandinko: The Ethnography of a West African Holy Land. New York, NY: Hold, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Searing, James. 1993. West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Searing, James. 2002. “God Alone Is King”: Islam and Emancipation in Senegal: The Wolof Kingdoms of Kajoor and Bawol, 1859–1914. Portsmouth, England: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Seawright, Jason. 2016. “The Case for Selecting Cases That Are Deviant or Extreme on the Independent Variable.” Sociological Methods & Research 45 (3):493525.Google Scholar
Shayo, Moses. 2009. “A Model of Social Identity with an Application to Political Economy.” American Political Science Review 103 (2):147174.Google Scholar
Sheely, Ryan. 2015. “Mobilization, Participatory Planning Institutions, and Elite Capture.” World Development 67:251266.Google Scholar
Simpser, Alberto, Slater, Dan, and Wittenberg, Jason. 2018. “Dead but Not Gone: Contemporary Legacies of Communism, Imperialism, and Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 21:419439.Google Scholar
Singh, Prerna. 2011. “We-ness and Welfare: A Longitudinal Analysis of Social Development in Kerala, India.” World Development 39 (2):282293.Google Scholar
Singh, Prerna. 2015a. How Solidarity Works for Welfare. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Singh, Prerna. 2015b. “Subnationalism and Social Development.” World Politics 67 (3):506562.Google Scholar
Singh, Prerna, and vom Hau, Matthias. 2016. “Ethnicity in Time.” Comparative Political Studies 49 (10):13031340.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William. 1965. “Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China: Part III.” Journal of Asian Studies 24 (3):363399.Google Scholar
Snyder, Richard. 2001. “Scaling Down: The Subnational Comparative Method.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36 (1):93110.Google Scholar
Soifer, Hillel David. 2019. “Units of Analysis in Subnational Research.” In Inside Countries: Subnational Research in Comparative Politics, edited by Giraudy, Agustina, Moncada, Eduardo, and Snyder, Richard. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Suberu, Rotimi. 1991. “The Struggle for New States in Nigeria, 1976–1990.” African Affairs 90 (361):499522.Google Scholar
Suret-Canale, J, and Barry, Boubacar. 1976. “The Western Atlantic Coast to 1800.” In The History of West Africa, edited by Ade Ajayi, J. F. and Crowder, Michael. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Tabellini, Guido. 2008. “The Scope of Cooperation: Values and Incentives.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (3):905950.Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri, and Turner, John. 1986. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by Worchel, Stephen and Austin, L.. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar
Tamari, Tal. 1991. “The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa.” Journal of African History 32 (2):221250.Google Scholar
Thelen, Kathleen. 2004. How Institutions Evolve. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thelen, Kathleen, and Steinmo, Sven. 1992. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” In Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, Steinmo, Sven, Thelen, Kathleen and Longstreth, Frank. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. London, UK: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2006. Identities, Boundaries and Social Ties. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press.Google Scholar
Touré, Ibrahima. 2012. “Autonomy and Local Democracy in Africa.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 78 (4):757774.Google Scholar
Touré, Oussouby. 1990. “Where Herders Don’t Herd Anymore.” Dryland Issue Paper No. E22. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Trager, Lillian. 2001. Yoruba Hometowns: Community, Identity, and Development in Nigeria. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Transue, John. 2007. “Identity Salience, Identity Acceptance, and Racial Policy Attitudes: American National Identity as a Uniting Force.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (1):7891.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 2007. The Architecture of Government: Rethinking Political Decentralization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tsai, Lily. 2007. Accountability without Democracy. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2007. “Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa.” In Patrons, Clients and Policies, edited by Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hoven, Van, Ed. 1995. L’Oncle maternel est roi: la formation d’alliance hiérarchiques chez les Mandingues du Wuli (Sénégal). Leiden, The Netherlands: Research School CNWS.Google Scholar
Venema, Bernhard. 1996. “The Rural Councillor as Development Agent: An Uneasy Connection?Bulletin de l’APAD 12:217.Google Scholar
Venema, L. B. 1978. The Wolof of Saloum: Social Structure and Rural Development in Senegal. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Centre for Agricultural Pub. and Documentation.Google Scholar
Vengroff, Richard, and Magala, Michael. 2001. “Democratic Reform, Transition and Consolidation: Evidence from Senegal’s 2000 Presidential Election.” Journal of Modern African Studies 39 (1):129162.Google Scholar
Vengroff, Richard, and Ndiaye, Momar. 1998. “The Impact of Electoral Reform at the Local Level in Africa: The Case of Senegal’s 1996 Local Elections.” Electoral Studies 17 (4):463482.Google Scholar
Villalón, Leonardo. 1995. Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walther, Oliver. 2012. “Sons of the Soil and Conquerors Who Come on Foot: The Historical Evolution of a West Africa Border Region.” Africa Studies Quarterly 13 (1/2):7592.Google Scholar
Warner, Carolyn. 1999. “The Political Economy of ‘Quasi-statehood’ and the Demise of 19th Century African Politics.” Review of International Studies 25 (2):233255.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1978 (1922). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weghorst, Keith, and Lindberg, Staffan. 2013. “What Drives the Swing Voter in Africa?American Journal of Political Science 57 (3):717734.Google Scholar
Weiss, Yoram, and Fershtman, Chaim. 1998. “Social Status and Economic Performance: A Survey.” European Economic Review 42 (3):801820.Google Scholar
Whatley, Warren. 2014. “The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Evolution of Political Authority in West Africa.” In Africa’s Development in Historical Perspective, edited by Akyeampong, Emmanuel, Bates, Robert, Nunn, Nathan, and Robinson, James. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White, Harrison. 2008 (1965). “Notes on the Constituents of Social Structure.” Sociological Forum 2 (1):115.Google Scholar
White, Luise. 2000. Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wibbels, Erik. 2019. “The Social Underpinnings of Decentralized Governance.” In Decentralized Governance and Accountability, edited by Rodden, Jonathan and Wibbels, Erik. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilensky, Harold. 1975. The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditure. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Martin. 2010. “The Gold Standard of Governance: Mining, Decentralization, and State Power in Senegal.” Politique africaine 117:127148.Google Scholar
Wing, Susanna, and Kassibo, Brehima. 2014. “Mali: Incentives and Challenges for Decentralization.” In Decentralization in Africa: The Paradox of State Strength, edited by Dickovick, J. Tyler and Wunsch, James. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Wittenberg, Jason. 2006. Crucibles of Political Loyalty: Church, Institutions and Electoral Continuity in Hungary. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wittenberg, Jason. 2015. “Conceptualizing Historical Legacies.” East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 29 (2):366378.Google Scholar
Woldense, Josef. 2018. “The ruler’s game of musical chairs: Shuffling during the reign of Ethiopia’s last emperor.” Social Networks 52: 154166.Google Scholar
Woolcock, Michael. 2010. “The Rise and Routinization of Social Capital, 1988–2008.” Annual Review of Political Science 13:469487.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1995. Senegal – An Assessment of Living Conditions. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2018. World Development Indicators. edited by The World Bank. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. June 2019. Togo – Decentralized Service Delivery: Status and Way forward for Strengthening Communes. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Wright, Donald. 1999. “"What Do You Mean There Were No Tribes in Africa?": Thoughts on Boundaries – and Related Matters – in Precolonial Africa.” History in Africa 26:409426.Google Scholar
Wunsch, James. 2000. “Refounding the African State and Local Self-Governance: The Neglected Foundation.” Journal of Modern African Studies 38:487509.Google Scholar
Wunsch, James. 2001. “Decentralization, Local Governance and ‘Recentralization’ in Africa.” Public Administration and Development 21:277288.Google Scholar
Xu, Yiqing, and Yao, Yang. 2015. “Informal Institutions, Collective Action, and Public Investment in Rural China.” American Political Science Review 109 (2):371391.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1994. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 2004. “The End of the Post-Colonial State in Africa? Reflections on Changing African Political Dynamics.” African Affairs 103 (410):2349.Google Scholar
Zhu, Lin, and Cai, Yongshun. 2016. “Institutions and Provision of Public Goods in Rural China.” China Review 16 (2):5583.Google Scholar
Zuccarelli, Francois. 1965. “Du Canton à l’arrondissement sénégalais.” Memoire, Faculte de Droit et des Sciences Economiques, UCAD.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Martha Wilfahrt, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book: Precolonial Legacies in Postcolonial Politics
  • Online publication: 14 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108996983.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Martha Wilfahrt, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book: Precolonial Legacies in Postcolonial Politics
  • Online publication: 14 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108996983.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Martha Wilfahrt, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book: Precolonial Legacies in Postcolonial Politics
  • Online publication: 14 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108996983.012
Available formats
×