Boltzmann's research papers were collected in three volumes by Hasenöhrl, F. and published as Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (Leipzig, 1909). His larger works are Vorlesungen über die Prinzipien der Mechanik, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1897–1904); Vorlesungen über Maxwells Theorie der Elektricität und des Lichtes, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1891–1893); and Vorlesungen über Gastheorie, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1896–1898). Boltzmann's more general writings have been collected in Populäre Schriften (Leipzig, 1905).Google Scholar

The biography by Broda, E., Ludwig Boltzmann (Vienna, 1955), contains an excellent account of Boltzmann's physics and his philosophy. For a more technical discussion of the H-theorem and of related questions, see Paul and Tatiana Ehrenfest, The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics (Ithaca, N.Y., 1959); Hans Reichenbach, The Direction of Time (Berkeley, 1956); and Dirk ter Haar, “Foundations of Statistical Mechanics”, in Reviews of Modern Physics (July 1955).Google Scholar

Heisenberg’s early work and its relation to wave mechanics and to experiment is described in Die physikalischen Prinzipien der Quantentheorie (Leipzig, 1930), translated by Eckart, Carl and Hoyt, Frank C. as The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory (Chicago, 1930). The theory of the S-matrix is explained in “Die ‚beobachtbaren Größen’ in die Theorie der Elementarteilchen”, in Zeitschrift für Physik, Vol. 120 (1943), 513–538 and 673–702. For a survey of Heisenberg’s new field theory, see “Quantum Theory of Fields and Elementary Particles”, in Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 29 (1957), 269–278, and “Die Entwicklung der einheitlichen Feldtheorie der Elementarteilchen”, in Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 50 (1963), 3–7. Die Physik der Atomkerne (Braunschweig, 1943) explains nuclear physics and Heisenberg’s contributions to it. Wandlungen in den Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften (Leipzig, 1935) is a survey of advances and discoveries from 1900 to 1930. Physics and Philosophy (New York, 1959), which contains the Gifford lectures given in 1955/1956, deals with the same subject on a broader historical and philosophical basis and also discusses current objections to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory.Google Scholar

For the atmosphere at Göttingen in the “golden twenties”, see Hund, F., “Göttingen, Kopenhagen, Leipzig im Rückblick”, in Bopp, Fritz, ed., Werner Heisenberg und die Physik unserer Zeit (Braunschweig, 1961), pp. 1–7, and Robert Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (New York, 1958).Google Scholar

Theory of Heat Radiation, translated by Masius, Morton, Philadelphia, 1914; 2d ed., New York, 1959.Google Scholar

Eight Lectures on Theoretical Physics, translated by Wills, A. P., New York, 1915. Lectures given at Columbia University in 1909.Google Scholar

The Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory, translated by Clarke, H. T. and Silberstein, L.. Oxford, 1922. Nobel Prize address.Google Scholar

A Survey of Physics; A Collection of Lectures and Essays, translated by Jones, R. and Williams, D. H., London, 1925. Reissued as A Survey of Physical Theory, New York, 1960.Google Scholar

Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by Ogg, Alexander, London, 1927; 3rd rev. ed., New York, 1945.Google Scholar

Introduction to Theoretical Physics, translated by Brose, Henry L., 5 vols., London 1932–1933; New York, 1949. Includes Gen^[314a]eral Mechanics, The Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, Theory of Light, and Theory of Heat.Google Scholar

Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, translated by Gaynor, Frank, New York, 1949.Google Scholar

The New Science, translated by Murphy, James and Johnson, W. H., New York, 1959. Includes Where is Science Going? (a defense of determinism with a preface by Albert Einstein), The Universe in the Light of Modern Physics, and The Philosophy of Physics.Google Scholar

Schlick, Moritz, “Positivism and Realism”, in Ayer, A. J., ed., Logical Positivism, Glencoe, Ill., 1959. This essay was a direct reply to the criticism of positivism that Planck expressed in Positivismus und reale Außenwelt, Leipzig, 1931.Google Scholar

Vogel, H., Zum philosophischen Wirken Max Plancks, Berlin, 1961. Excellent biography with detailed bibliography.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

All the writings of Schrödinger which are of interest for a wide audience are contained in Science, Theory, and Man (New York, 1957). For a more recent criticism of orthodox quantum theory, see “Are There Quantum Jumps?”, in The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 3 (1952), 109–123 and 233–242. See also “Die gegenwärtige Lage in der Quantentheorie”, in Naturwissenschaften (1935). Schrödinger’s views on various philosophical and religious topics not directly related to physics are presented in My View of the World (Cambridge, 1964).CrossRefGoogle Scholar