Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-vmclg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-23T07:09:31.935Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 1 - Normal and Abnormal Human Kidney Development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2023

Edited by
Helen Liapis
Helen Liapis
Affiliation:
Ludwig Maximilian University, Nephrology Center, Munich, Adjunct Professor and Washington University St Louis, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Retired Professor
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Pediatric Nephropathology & Childhood Kidney Tumors , pp. 1 - 26
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Bertram, J. F., Douglas-Denton, R. N., Diouf, B., Hughson, M. D., Hoy, W. E.. Human nephron number: implications for health and disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26:1529–33.Google Scholar
Sasaki, T., Tsuboi, N., Okabayashi, Y., Haruhara, K., Kanzaki, G., Koike, K., et al. Estimation of nephron number in living humans by combining unenhanced computed tomography with biopsy-based stereology. Sci Rep. 2019;9:14400.Google Scholar
McMahon, A. P., Aronow, B. J., Davidson, D. R., Davies, J. A., Gaido, K. W., Grimmond, S., et al. GUDMAP: the genitourinary developmental molecular anatomy project. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:667–71.Google Scholar
Ryan, D., Sutherland, M. R., Flores, T. J., Kent, A. L., Dahlstrom, J. E., Puelles, V. G., et al. Development of the human fetal kidney from mid to late gestation in male and female infants. EBioMedicine. 2018;27:275–83.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. M., Wingert, R. A.. Advances in understanding vertebrate nephrogenesis. Tissue Barriers. 2020;8:1832844.Google Scholar
Kampmeier, O. F.. The metanephros or so-called permanent kidney in part provisional and vestigial. Anat Rec 1926;33:115–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winyard, P. J. D., Nauta, J., Lirenman, D. S., Hardman, P., Sams, V. R., Risdon, R. A., et al. Deregulation of cell survival in cystic and dysplastic renal development. Kidney Int. 1996;49:135–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osathanondh, V., Potter, E. L.. Development of human kidney as shown by microdissection. III. Formation and interrelationship of collecting tubules and nephrons. Arch Pathol. 1963;76:290–302.Google Scholar
Osathanondh, V., Potter, E. L.. Development of human kidney as shown by microdissection. II. Renal pelvis, calyces and papillae. Arch Pathol. 1963;76:277–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Potter, E. L.. Normal and Abnormal Development of the Kidney. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1972.Google Scholar
Lindström, N. O., McMahon, J. A., Guo, J., Tran, T., Guo, Q., Rutledge, E., et al. Conserved and divergent features of human and mouse kidney organogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29:785–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindström, N. O., Tran, T., Guo, J., Rutledge, E., Parvez, R. K., Thornton, M. E., et al. Conserved and divergent molecular and anatomic features of human and mouse nephron patterning. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29:825–40.Google Scholar
Kitazawa, H., Fujii, S., Ishiyama, H., Matsubayashi, J., Ishikawa, A., Yamada, S., et al. Nascent nephrons during human embryonic development: spatial distribution and relationship with urinary collecting system. J Anat. 2021;238:455–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ishiyama, H., Ishikawa, A., Kitazawa, H., Fujii, S., Matsubayashi, J., Yamada, S., et al. Branching morphogenesis of the urinary collecting system in the human embryonic metanephros. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0203623.Google Scholar
Little, M. H., Kumar, S. V., Forbes, T.. Recapitulating kidney development: progress and challenges. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019;91:153–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, M. H., Quinlan, C.. Advances in our understanding of genetic kidney disease using kidney organoids. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35:915–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxen, L.. Organogenesis of the Kidney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, S., Taylor, J. C., Winyard, P., Baker, K. F., Sullivan-Brown, J., Schild, R., et al. SIX2 and BMP4 mutations associate with anomalous kidney development. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:891–903.Google Scholar
Self, M., Lagutin, O. V., Bowling, B., Hendrix, J., Cai, Y., Dressler, G. R., et al. Six2 is required for suppression of nephrogenesis and progenitor renewal in the developing kidney. EMBO J. 2006;25:5214–28.Google Scholar
Fetting, J. L., Guay, J. A., Karolak, M. J., Iozzo, R. V., Adams, D. C., Maridas, D. E., et al. FOXD1 promotes nephron progenitor differentiation by repressing decorin in the embryonic kidney. Development. 2014;141:17–27.Google Scholar
Nigam, A., Knoers, N., Renkema, K. Y.. Impact of next generation sequencing on our understanding of CAKUT. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019;91:104–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, C., Conrad, L., Michos, O.. Mathematical approaches of branching morphogenesis. Front Genet. 2018;9:673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, J. A., Hohenstein, P., Chang, C. H., Berry, R.. A self-avoidance mechanism in patterning of the urinary collecting duct tree. BMC Dev Biol. 2014;14:35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindström, N. O., Chang, C. H., Valerius, M. T., Hohenstein, P., Davies, J. A.. Node retraction during patterning of the urinary collecting duct system. J Anat. 2015;226:13–21.Google Scholar
Osathanondh, V., Potter, E. L.. Development of the human kidney as shown by microdissection. IV and V. Arch Pathol. 1966;82:391–411.Google Scholar
Rowan, C. J., Sheybani-Deloui, S., Rosenblum, N. D.. Origin and function of the renal stroma in health and disease. In: Miller, R. K., editor. Kidney Development and Disease. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 205–29.Google Scholar
England, A. R., Chaney, C. P., Das, A., Patel, M., Malewska, A., Armendariz, D., et al. Identification and characterization of cellular heterogeneity within the developing renal interstitium. Development. 2020;147(15).dev190108.Google Scholar
Hum, S., Rymer, C., Schaefer, C., Bushnell, D., Sims-Lucas, S.. Ablation of the renal stroma defines its critical role in nephron progenitor and vasculature patterning. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e88400.Google Scholar
Mohamed, T., Sequeira-Lopez, M. L. S.. Development of the renal vasculature. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019;91:132–46.Google Scholar
Daniel, E., Azizoglu, D. B., Ryan, A. R., Walji, T. A., Chaney, C. P., Sutton, G. I., et al. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and patterning of developing renal blood vessels. Angiogenesis. 2018;21:617–34.Google Scholar
Munro, D. A. D., Hohenstein, P., Davies, J. A.. Cycles of vascular plexus formation within the nephrogenic zone of the developing mouse kidney. Sci Rep. 2017;7:3273.Google Scholar
Huang, J. L., Woolf, A. S., Kolatsi-Joannou, M., Baluk, P., Sandford, R. N., Peters, D. J., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor C for polycystic kidney diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27:69–77.Google Scholar
Jafree, D. J., Long, D. A.. Beyond a passive conduit: implications of lymphatic biology for kidney diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31:1178–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renkema, K. Y., Winyard, P. J., Skovorodkin, I. N., Levtchenko, E., Hindryckx, A., Jeanpierre, C., et al. Novel perspectives for investigating congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:3843–51.Google Scholar
Liapis, H., Winyard, P. J. D.. Cystic diseases and developmental kidney defects. In: Jennette, J. C., Olson, J. L., Silva, F. G., D’Agati, V. D., editors. Heptinstall’s Pathology of the Kidney. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015. p. 119–72.Google Scholar
Yulia, A., Napolitano, R., Aiman, A., Desai, D., Johal, N., Whitten, M., et al. Perinatal and infant outcome of fetuses with prenatally diagnosed hyperechogenic kidneys. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2021;57:953–8.Google Scholar
Yulia, A., Winyard, P.. Management of antenatally detected kidney malformations. Early Hum Dev. 2018;126:38–46.Google Scholar
Cardona-Grau, D., Kogan, B. A.. Update on multicystic dysplastic kidney. Curr Urol Rep. 2015;16:67.Google Scholar
Sanna-Cherchi, S., Westland, R., Ghiggeri, G. M., Gharavi, A. G.. Genetic basis of human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:4–15.Google Scholar
Groopman, E. E., Povysil, G., Goldstein, D. B., Gharavi, A. G.. Rare genetic causes of complex kidney and urological diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:641–56.Google Scholar
Bekheirnia, M. R., Bekheirnia, N., Bainbridge, M. N., Gu, S., Coban Akdemir, Z. H., Gambin, T., et al. Whole-exome sequencing in the molecular diagnosis of individuals with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and identification of a new causative gene. Genet Med. 2017;19:412–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winyard, P., Chitty, L. S.. Dysplastic kidneys. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2008;13:142–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atiyeh, B., Husmann, D., Baum, M.. Contralateral renal abnormalities in patients with renal agenesis and noncystic renal dysplasia. Pediatrics. 1993;91:812–5.Google Scholar
Narchi, H.. Risk of Wilms’ tumour with multicystic kidney disease: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:147–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Narchi, H.. Risk of hypertension with multicystic kidney disease: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:921–4.Google Scholar
Decramer, S., Parant, O., Beaufils, S., Clauin, S., Guillou, C., Kessler, S., et al. Anomalies of the TCF2 gene are the main cause of fetal bilateral hyperechogenic kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:923–33.Google Scholar
Verhave, J. C., Bech, A. P., Wetzels, J. F., Nijenhuis, T.. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β-associated kidney disease: more than renal cysts and diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27:345–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonsib, S. M.. Renal hypoplasia, from grossly insufficient to not quite enough: consideration for expanded concepts based upon the author’s perspective with historical review. Adv Anat Pathol. 2020;27:311–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winyard, P. J. D., Risdon, R. A., Sams, V. R., Dressler, G., Woolf, A. S.. The PAX2 transcription factor is expressed in cystic and hyperproliferative dysplastic epithelia in human kidney malformations. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:451–9.Google Scholar
Wheway, G., Mitchison, H. M.. Opportunities and challenges for molecular understanding of ciliopathies-The 100,000 Genomes Project. Front Genet. 2019;10:127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doery, A. J., Ang, E., Ditchfield, M. R.. Duplex kidney: not just a drooping lily. JMed Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2015;59:149–53.Google Scholar
Kozlov, V. M., Schedl, A.. Duplex kidney formation: developmental mechanisms and genetic predisposition. F1000Res. 2020;9.Google Scholar
Mackie, G. G., Stephens, F. D.. Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice. J Urol. 1975;114:274–80.Google Scholar
Costantini, F., Kopan, R.. Patterning a complex organ: branching morphogenesis and nephron segmentation in kidney development. Dev Cell. 2010;18:698–712.Google Scholar
Short, K. M., Smyth, I. M.. The contribution of branching morphogenesis to kidney development and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:754–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hwang, D. Y., Kohl, S., Fan, X., Vivante, A., Chan, S., Dworschak, G. C., et al. Mutations of the SLIT2-ROBO2 pathway genes SLIT2 and SRGAP1 confer risk for congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Hum Genet. 2015;134:905–16.Google Scholar
Bingham, G., Leslie, S. W.. Pelvic Kidney. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2020, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2020.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J. J., Leslie, S. W.. Horseshoe Kidney. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2020, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2020.Google Scholar
Schiappacasse, G., Aguirre, J., Soffia, P., Silva, C. S., Zilleruelo, N.. CT findings of the main pathological conditions associated with horseshoe kidneys. Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1045):20140456.Google Scholar
Ahn, Y. H., Lee, C., Kim, N. K. D., Park, E., Kang, H. G., Ha, I. S., et al. Targeted exome sequencing provided comprehensive genetic diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Ven, A. T., Connaughton, D. M., Ityel, H., Mann, N., Nakayama, M., Chen, J., et al. Whole-exome sequencing identifies causative mutations in families with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29:2348–61.Google Scholar
Verbitsky, M., Westland, R., Perez, A., Kiryluk, K., Liu, Q., Krithivasan, P., et al. The copy number variation landscape of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Nat Genet. 2019;51:117–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Penna, F. J., Elder, J. S.. CKD and bladder problems in children. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2011;18:362–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pruthi, R., O’Brien, C., Casula, A., Braddon, F., Lewis, M., Maxwell, H., et al. UK Renal Registry 16th annual report: chapter 7 demography of the UK paediatric renal replacement therapy population in 2012. Nephron Clin Pract. 2013;125:127–38.Google Scholar
Yang, S. P., Woolf, A. S., Quinn, F., Winyard, P. J. D.. Deregulation of renal transforming growth factor-beta1 after experimental short-term ureteric obstruction in fetal sheep. Am J Pathol. 2001;159:109–17.Google Scholar
Cao, K. X., Milmoe, N. J., Cuckow, P. M., Olsen, L. H., Johal, N. S., Winyard, P. J. D., et al. Antenatal biological models in the characterization and research of congenital lower urinary tract disorders. J Pediatr Urol. 2020;17:21–9.Google Scholar
Chevalier, R. L.. Evolution, kidney development, and chronic kidney disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019;91:119–31.Google Scholar
Kolvenbach, C. M., Dworschak, G. C., Frese, S., Japp, A. S., Schuster, P., Wenzlitschke, N., et al. Rare variants in BNC2 are implicated in autosomal-dominant congenital lower urinary-tract obstruction. Am J Hum Genet. 2019;104(5):994–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepard, T. H.. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2010.Google Scholar
Nicolaou, N., Renkema, K. Y., Bongers, E. M., Giles, R. H., Knoers, N. V.. Genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors involved in CAKUT. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11:720–31.Google Scholar
Groen In ‘t Woud, S., Renkema, K. Y., Schreuder, M. F., Wijers, C. H., van der Zanden, L. F, Knoers, N. V., et al. Maternal risk factors involved in specific congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: a case-control study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2016;106:596–603.Google Scholar
Yosypiv, I. V.. Renin-angiotensin system in mammalian kidney development. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021;36:479–89.Google Scholar
Lee, L. M., Leung, C. Y., Tang, W. W., Choi, H. L., Leung, Y. C., McCaffery, P. J., et al. A paradoxical teratogenic mechanism for retinoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:13668–73.Google Scholar
Bhat, P. V., Manolescu, D. C.. Role of vitamin A in determining nephron mass and possible relationship to hypertension. J Nutr. 2008;138:1407–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Argeri, R., Thomazini, F., Lichtenecker, D. C. K., Thieme, K., do Carmo Franco, M., Gomes, G. N.. Programmed adult kidney disease: importance of fetal environment. Front Physiol. 2020;11:586290.Google Scholar
Woolf, A. S.. Environmental influences on renal tract development: a focus on maternal diet and the glucocorticoid hypothesis. Klin Padiatr. 2011;223 Suppl 1:S10–S7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tran, S., Chen, Y. W., Chenier, I., Chan, J. S., Quaggin, S., Hébert, M. J., et al. Maternal diabetes modulates renal morphogenesis in offspring. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:943–52.Google Scholar
Macumber, I., Schwartz, S., Leca, N.. Maternal obesity is associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract in offspring. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32:635–42.Google Scholar

References

Coppo, R., Gianoglio, B., Porcellini, M. G., Maringhini, S.. Frequency of renal diseases and clinical indications for renal biopsy in children (Report of the Italian National Registry of Renal Biopsies in Children). Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 293–7.Google Scholar
Hussain, F., Mallik, M., Marks, S. D., Watson, A. R.. Renal biopsies in children: Current practice and audit of outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 485–9.Google Scholar
O’Shaughnessy, M. M., Hogan, S. L., Poulton, C. J., Falk, R. J., Singh, H. K., Nickeleit, V., et al. Temporal and demographic trends in glomerular disease epidemiology in the southeastern United States, 1986–2015. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12: 614–23.Google Scholar
Kawasaki, Y., Kanno, S., Ono, A., Suzuki, Y., Ohara, S., Sato, M., et al. Differences in clinical findings, pathology, and outcomes between C3 glomerulonephritis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31: 1091–9.Google Scholar
Bajema, I. M., Wilhelmus, S., Alpers, C. E., Bruijn, J. A., Colvin, R. B., Cook, H. T., et al. Revision of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices. Kidney Int 2018; 93: 789–96.Google Scholar
Sethi, S., Zand, L., Nasr, S. H., Glassock, R. J., Fervenza, F. C.. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis: Clinical and kidney biopsy correlations. Clin Kidney J 2014; 7: 531–7.Google Scholar
Southwest Nephrology Study Group. Childhood nephrotic syndrome associated with diffuse mesangial hypercellularity. A report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Kidney Int 1983; 24: 87–94.Google Scholar
Kopp, J. B., Nelson, G. W., Sampath, K., Johnson, R. C., Genovese, G., An, P., et al. APOL1 genetic variants in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 2129–37.Google Scholar
Larsen, C. P., Beggs, M. L., Saeed, M., Walker, P. D.. Apolipoprotein L1 risk variants associate with systemic lupus erythematosus-associated collapsing glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24: 722–5.Google Scholar
Abid, Q., Best Rocha, A., Larsen, C. P., Schulert, G., Marsh, R., Yasin, S., et al. APOL1-associated collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a patient with stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 75: 287–90.Google Scholar
Velez, J. C. Q., Caza, T., Larsen, C. P.. COVAN is the new HIVAN: the re-emergence of collapsing glomerulopathy with COVID-19. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16: 565–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Lipska, B. S., Ranchin, B., Iatropoulos, P., Gellermann, J., Melk, A., Ozaltin, F., et al. Genotype-phenotype associations in WT1 glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 2014; 85: 1169–78.Google Scholar
Larsen, C. P., Messias, N. C., Silva, F. G., Messias, E., Walker, P. D.. Determination of primary versus secondary membranous glomerulopathy utilizing phospholipase A2 receptor staining in renal biopsies. Mod Pathol 2013; 26: 709–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cossey, L. N., Walker, P. D., Larsen, C. P.. Phospholipase A2 receptor staining in pediatric idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28: 2307–11.Google Scholar
Sethi, S., Madden, B. J., Debiec, H., Charlesworth, M. C., Gross, L., Ravindran, A., et al. Exostosin 1/Exostosin 2-associated membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30: 1123–36.Google Scholar
Caza, T. N., Hassen, S. I., Dvanajscak, Z., Kuperman, M., Edmondson, R., Herzog, C., et al. NELL1 is a target antigen in malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2021; 99: 967–76.Google Scholar
Larsen, C. P., Ambruzs, J. M., Bonsib, S. M., Boils, C. L., Cossey, L. N., Messias, N. C., et al. Membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgG kappa deposits. Kidney Int 2014; 86: 154–61.Google Scholar
Larsen, C. P., Sharma, S. G., Caza, T. N., Kenan, D. J., Storey, A. J., Edmondson, R. D., et al. Serum amyloid P deposition is a sensitive and specific feature of membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgG kappa deposits. Kidney Int 2020; 97: 602–8.Google Scholar
Kashtan, C. E., Ding, J., Garosi, G., Heidet, L., Massella, L., Nakanishi, K., et al. Alport syndrome: a unified classification of genetic disorders of collagen IV α345: A position paper of the Alport Syndrome Classification Working Group. Kidney Int 2018; 93: 1045–51.Google Scholar
Savige, J., Colville, D., Rheault, M., Gear, S., Lennon, R., Lagas, S., et al. Alport syndrome in women and girls. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11: 1713–20.Google Scholar
Cohen Tervaert, T. W., Mooyaart, A. L., Amann, K., Cohen, A. H., Cook, H. T., Drachenberg, C. B., et al. Pathologic classification of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 556–63.Google Scholar
Liapis, H., Boils, C., Hennigar, R., Silva, F.. Myoglobin casts in renal biopsies: Immunohistochemistry and morphologic spectrum. Hum Pathol 2016; 54: 25–30.Google Scholar
Dvanajscak, Z., Walker, P. D., Cossey, L. N., Messias, N. C., Boils, C. L., Kuperman, M. B., et al. Hemolysis-associated hemoglobin cast nephropathy results from a range of clinicopathologic disorders. Kidney Int 2019; 96: 1400–7.Google Scholar
Sindhar, S., Lugo, M., Levin, M. D., Danback, J. R., Brink, B. D., Yu, E., et al. Hypercalcemia in patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome. J Pediatr 2016; 178: 254–60.Google Scholar
Larsen, C. P., Bonsib, S. M., Beggs, M. L., Wilson, J. D.. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the diagnosis of NPHP1 deletion-related nephronophthisis on renal biopsy. Hum Pathol 2018; 81: 71–7.Google Scholar
Leung, N., Bridoux, F., Batuman, V., Chaidos, A., Cockwell, P., D’Agati, V., et al. The evaluation of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: A consensus report of the International Kidney and Monoclonal Gammopathy Research Group. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15: 45–59.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. H., Satoskar, A., Markowitz, G. S., Valeri, A. M., Appel, G. B., Stokes, M. B., et al. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 2055–64.Google Scholar
Xing, G., Gillespie, R., Bedri, B., Quan, A., Zhang, P.. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits in children and young adults. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33: 1531–8.Google Scholar
Loupy, A., Haas, M., Roufosse, C., Naesens, M., Adam, B., Afrouzian, M., et al. The Banff 2019 Kidney Meeting Report (I): Updates on and clarification of criteria for T cell- and antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant 2020; 20: 2318–31.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Normal and Abnormal Human Kidney Development
  • Edited by Helen Liapis, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nephrology Center, Munich, Adjunct Professor and Washington University St Louis, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Retired Professor
  • Book: Pediatric Nephropathology & Childhood Kidney Tumors
  • Online publication: 10 August 2023
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Normal and Abnormal Human Kidney Development
  • Edited by Helen Liapis, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nephrology Center, Munich, Adjunct Professor and Washington University St Louis, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Retired Professor
  • Book: Pediatric Nephropathology & Childhood Kidney Tumors
  • Online publication: 10 August 2023
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Normal and Abnormal Human Kidney Development
  • Edited by Helen Liapis, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nephrology Center, Munich, Adjunct Professor and Washington University St Louis, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Retired Professor
  • Book: Pediatric Nephropathology & Childhood Kidney Tumors
  • Online publication: 10 August 2023
Available formats
×