Postnatal ontogeny of facial position in <span class='italic'>Homo sapiens</span> and <span class='italic'>Pan troglodytes</span>

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511542565.003

3 - Postnatal ontogeny of facial position in Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 August 2009

B. McBratney-Owen and

Edited by

G. E. Krovitz and

B. McBratney-Owen: Affiliation:
Harvard University
D. E. Lieberman: Affiliation:
Harvard University
J. L. Thompson: Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
G. E. Krovitz: Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
A. J. Nelson: Affiliation:
University of Western Ontario

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Introduction

Morphological differences between adult taxa of closely related species, including ancestors and descendants, must arise from differences in development. It follows that to understand how and why such differences arose – and how they are manifested in patterns of integrated morphology – we need to understand the shifts in the developmental processes that generate them. For example, are changes in brain shape responsible for most of the differences in overall cranial shape between modern and archaic humans (Weidenreich, 1941), or do the differences in cranial shape between these taxa reflect multiple pathways of selection on particular aspects of the face and neurocranium that may be adaptations to climate, mastication, speech, and other such factors? Recent advances in evolutionary developmental biology (for reviews, see Hall, 1999; Carroll et al., 2001), as well as studies of craniofacial integration and development (e.g., Ackermann & Krovitz, 2002; Krovitz, 2000; Ponce de León & Zollikofer, 2001) indicate that our null hypothesis should probably be the latter. Apparently most (but not necessarily all) evolutionary changes occur through shifts early in development that make use of pre-existing developmental pathways to generate novel but highly integrated morphologies.

Unraveling the complex relationship between patterns of growth and development and their underlying processes is especially interesting but challenging for studies of the origin of our own species.

Type: Chapter
Information: Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo , pp. 45 - 72

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542565.003 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ackermann, R., & Krovitz, G. E. (2002). Common patterns of facial ontogeny in the hominid lineage. Anatomical Record, 269, 142–147CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Atchley, W. R., & Hall, B. K. (1991). A model for development and evolution of complex morphological structures. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 66, 101–157CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Biegert, J. (1963). The evaluation of characteristics of the skull, hands and feet for primate taxonomy. In Classification and Human Evolution, ed. S. L. Washburn, pp. 116–145. Chicago: Aldine Press

Bilsborough, A., & Wood, B. A. (1988). Cranial morphometry of early hominids: Facial region. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76, 61–86CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Carroll, S. B., Grenier, J. K., & Watherbee, S. D. (2001). From DNA to Diversity. Oxford: Blackwell Science

Cole, T. M., III. (2002). WinEDMA: Software for Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis. Kansas City: University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine

Enlow, D. H. (1990). Facial Growth, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders

Green, M. D. (1990). Neanderthal craniofacial growth: An ontogenetic model. MA thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Green, M., & Smith, F. H. (1991). Neanderthal craniofacial growth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 12 (Suppl.), 164Google Scholar

Hall, B. K. (1999). Evolutionary Developmental Biology, 2nd edn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Jungers, W. L.,Falsetti, A. B., & Wall, C. E. (1995). Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 38, 137–161CrossRef Google Scholar

Krogman, W. M. (1931). Studies in growth changes in the skull and face of anthropoids. IV: Growth changes in the skull and face of chimpanzee. American Journal of Anatomy, 47, 325–342CrossRef Google Scholar

Krovitz, G. E. (2000). Three-dimensional comparisons of craniofacial morphology and growth patterns in Neandertals and modern humans. PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University

Lele, S. (1991). Some comments of coordinate-free and scale-invariant methods in morphometrics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 85, 407–417CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lele, S. (1993). Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA): Estimation of mean form and mean form differences. Mathematics and Geology, 25, 573–602CrossRef Google Scholar

Lele, S., &Cole, T. M. III (1996). A new test for shape differences when variance-covariance matrices are unequal. Journal of Human Evolution, 31, 193–212CrossRef Google Scholar

Lele, S., &Richtsmeier, J. (1991). Euclidean distance matrix analysis: A coordinate-free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86, 415–427CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lele, S., &Richtsmeier, J. (1995). Euclidean distance matrix analysis: Confidence intervals for form and growth differences. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98, 73–86CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lieberman, D. E. (1998). Sphenoid shortening and the evolution of modern human cranial shape. Nature, 393, 158–162CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lieberman, D. E. (2000). Ontogeny, homology, and phylogeny in the hominid craniofacial skeleton: The problem of the browridge. In Development, Growth and Evolution: Implications for the Study of Hominid Skeletal Evolution, eds. P. O'Higgins & M. Cohn, pp. 85–122. London: Academic Press

Lieberman, D. E., &McCarthy, R. C. (1999). The ontogeny of cranial base angulation in humans and chimpanzees and its implications for reconstructing pharyngeal dimensions. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 487–517CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lieberman, D. E.,Ross, C. F., &Ravosa, M. J. (2000). The primate cranial base: Ontogeny, function, and integration. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 43, 117–1693.3.CO;2-9>CrossRef Google Scholar

Lieberman, D. E.,McBratney, B. M., &Krovitz, G. (2002). The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99, 1134–1139CrossRef Google Scholar

Maresh, M. M. (1948). Growth of the heart related to bodily growth during childhood and adolescence. Pediatrics, 2, 382–402Google Scholar PubMed

Maresh, M. M., &Washburn, A. H. (1938). Size of the heart in healthy children. American Journal of Disabled Children, 56, 33–60CrossRef Google Scholar

May, R., &Sheffer, D. B. (1999). Growth changes in measurements of upper facial positioning. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 108, 269–2803.0.CO;2-0>CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McCammon, R. (1970). Human Growth and Development. Springfield: C. C. Thomas

McCarthy, R. C., &Lieberman, D. E. (2001). The posterior maxillary (PM) plane and anterior cranial architecture in primates. Anatomical Record, 264, 247–260CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Moore, W. J., & Lavelle, C. L. B. (1974). Growth of the Facial Skeleton in the Hominoidea. London: Academic Press

Moss, M. L., &Young, R. W. (1960). A functional approach to craniology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 18, 281–292CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ponce de León, M. S., &Zollikofer, C. P. (2001). Neanderthal cranial ontogeny and its implications for late hominid diversity. Nature, 412, 534–538CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ravosa, M. J. (1988). Browridge development in Cercopithecidae: A test of two models. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76, 535–555CrossRef Google Scholar

Ravosa, M. J. (1991a). Ontogenetic perspectives on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 85, 95–112CrossRef Google Scholar

Ravosa, M. J. (1991b). Interspecific perspective on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86, 369–396CrossRef Google Scholar

Ravosa, M. J.,Noble, V. E.,Hylander, W. L.,Johnson, K. R., &Kowalski, E. M. (2000a). Masticatory stress, orbital orientation and the evolution of the primate postorbital bar. Journal of Human Evolution, 38, 667–693CrossRef Google Scholar

Ravosa, M. J.,Vinyard, C. J., &Hylander, W. L. (2000b). Stressed out: Masticatory forces and primate circumorbital form. Anatomical Record, 261, 173–1753.0.CO;2-X>CrossRef Google Scholar

Richtsmeier, J. T., &Lele, S. (1993). A coordinate-free approach to the analysis of growth patterns: Models and theoretical considerations. Biological Reviews, 68, 381–411CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Richtsmeier, J. T.,Cheverud, J. M.,Danahey, S. E.,Corner, B. D., &Lele, S. (1993). Sexual dimorphism of ontogeny in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fasicularis). Journal of Human Evolution, 25, 1–30CrossRef Google Scholar

Ross, C. F. (1995a). Allometric and functional influences on primate orbit orientation and the origins of the Anthropoidea. Journal of Human Evolution, 29, 201–227CrossRef Google Scholar

Ross, C. F. (1995b). Muscular and osseous anatomy of the primate anterior temporal fossa and the functions of the postorbital septum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98, 275–306CrossRef Google Scholar

Ross, C. F., &Ravosa, M. J. (1993). Basicranial flexion, relative brain size and facial kyphosis in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 91, 305–324CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schultz, A. H. (1962). Metric age changes and sex differences in primate skulls. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 10, 129–154Google Scholar

Semendeferi, K., &Damasio, H. (2000). The brain and its main anatomical subdivisions in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evolution, 38, 317–332CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shea, B. T. (1985a). On aspects of skull form in African apes and orangutans, with implications for hominoid evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69, 329–342CrossRef Google Scholar

Shea, B. T. (1985b). Ontogenetic allometry and scaling: A discussion based on the growth and form of the skull in African apes. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, ed. W. L. Jungers, pp. 175–205. New York: Plenum Press

Shea, B. T. (1986). On skull form and the supraorbital torus in primates. Current Anthropology, 27, 257–259CrossRef Google Scholar

Shea, B. T. (1988). Phylogeny and skull form in the hominoid primates. In The Biology of the Orangutans, ed. J. H. Schwartz, pp. 233–246. New York: Oxford University Press

Smith, B. H. (1989). Dental development as a measure of life history in primates. Evolution, 43, 683–688CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Spoor, C. F.,O'Higgins, P.,Dean, M. C., &Lieberman, D. E. (1999). Anterior sphenoid shortening in modern humans. Nature, 397, 572CrossRef Google Scholar

Weidenreich, F. (1941). The brain and its role in the phylogenetic transformation of the human skull. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 31, 321–442CrossRef Google Scholar

White, T. D., & Folkens, P. A. (1991). Human Osteology. San Diego: Academic Press