Cities are the pulse of nations. The greatest among them – London, Paris, New York, to name a few – have long captured the imagination of historians, novelists and travellers. Yet the importance of cities as global actors and their centrality in shaping human affairs has ebbed and flowed over the centuries, along with their fortunes. Venice, the centre of Mediterranean commerce for hundreds of years, faded into a tourist haven; Lisbon, once the capital of world voyagers, lost its leadership after the 1755 earthquake; Florence, the birthplace of the Western Enlightenment, evolved into a picturesque provincial city. In more recent times Detroit, the “Motor City” capital, has been struggling to reinvent itself, like many other manufacturing rust belt cities. Others have been destroyed by war or fire, such as Berlin (1618– 48, 1945), Moscow (1571, 1611, 1812), Istanbul (1569, 1660), Tokyo (1657, 1945), London (1660) and Chicago (1871). Yet they recovered, and now thrive as twenty-first-century metropolises.

This book is about the fortunes of cities, told not from the standpoint of calamities or commerce or culture but from the shaping and moulding of urban land through the social convention of property rights. How does an invisible, intangible force over physical space affect urban life? And why should we care?

The short answer is that the way major cities govern land is a barometer of the economic and political health of any state. Governance rests on real property rights, which define the legal framework for control and use of real estate (land and buildings). As a source of wealth and power, urban real estate is an arena ripe for contestation.