Clearly, when we stand at the intersection of human evolutionary genomics and philosophy and ask Who are we? we implicitly acknowledge that in body, mind, and history, we are fundamentally relational. Perhaps paradoxically and certainly provocatively, we are not really individuals at all: Connections, relations, and larger holistic and pluralistic systems are as important to your and my reality as the internal subjectivity many of us feel. In terms of the genetic paradigm, a single individual out of relationship with others is of little evolutionary or ecological significance. A single individual needs other individuals for behavioral and psychological interactions, competition and cooperation, and reproduction (Figure 3.1, chapter opener). Populations are a unique organizational level because most, if not all, local interaction happens at this level.