Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T09:32:44.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - Optimal Management of the First Trimester in Women over 40

from Section 6 - Obstetric Management beyond 40

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2022

Dimitrios S. Nikolaou
Affiliation:
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London
David B. Seifer
Affiliation:
Yale Reproductive Medicine, New Haven, CT
Get access

Summary

Women over the age of 40 years are at a higher risk of early pregnancy complications such a miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. They are also more likely to have pre-existing medical conditions which further increase their risk of early pregnancy pathology, for example, previous pelvic inflammatory disease leading to a tubal ectopic, or uncontrolled diabetes increasing the risk of a miscarriage. Women in this age group are also more likely to have conceived through fertility treatment, and may present with complications of this, such as multiple pregnancy or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. A woman’s history of assisted reproductive technology and pre-existing subfertility is significant not only in accurately dating the pregnancy but also with regards to the psychological impact in case of a poor outcome. Early pregnancy units have become well established in most hospitals as a dedicated department providing specialist early pregnancy care. This chapter provides an overview of the optminal management of the first trimester of pregnancy for women over 40 and the management of the common conditions.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management (NG126). NICE. 2019.Google Scholar
Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage; Quality standard (QS69). NICE. 2014.Google Scholar
Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies (CG62). NICE. 2008.Google Scholar
Vitamin D: supplement use in specific population groups (PH56). NICE. 2014.Google Scholar
Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management (NG133). NICE. 2019.Google Scholar
Duley, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Meher, S, King, JF. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007, (2):CD004659.Google Scholar
Henderson, JT, Whitlock, EP, O’Connor, E, et al. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2014, Vol. 160 (10):695703.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Low-dose aspirin use during pregnancy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 743. Obstet Gynecol. 2018, Vol. 132:e4452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reducing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Green-top Guideline No. 37a. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2015.Google Scholar
Down’s syndrome, Edwards’ syndrome and Patau’s syndrome. NHS Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme Handbook. Public Health England. 2018.Google Scholar
Ashoor Al Mahri, G, Nicolaides, KH. Evolution in screening for Down syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2019, Vol. 21:5157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twin and triplet pregnancy (NG137). NICE. 2019.Google Scholar
Gekas, J, Langlois, S, Ravitsky, V, et al. Identification of trisomy 18, trisomy 13, and Down syndrome from maternal plasma. Appl Clin Genet 2014, Vol. 7:127131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Non-invasive Prenatal Testing for Chromosomal Abnormality using Maternal Plasma DNA. Scientific Impact Paper No. 15. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2014.Google Scholar
Multiple Pregnancy. StratOG. [Online] [Cited: 06 July 2020.] https://elearning.rcog.org.uk/multiple-pregnancy/epidemiology-multiple-pregnancy. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.Google Scholar
Dodd, JM, Dowswell, T, Crowther, CA. Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015, (11):CD003932.Google Scholar
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction. 2017, Committee Opinion No. 719.Google Scholar
Panagiotis, A, Papamichail, M, Theodora, M, et al. Early Pregnancy Ultrasound Assessment of Multiple Pregnancy. 2018. DOI http://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, B, Sigurjonsson, S, Pettersen, B, et al. Genomic imbalance in products of conception: single-nucleotide polymorphism chromosomal microarray analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2014, Vol. 124(2 Pt 1):202209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Investigation and Treatment of Couples with Recurrent First-trimester and Second-trimester Miscarriage. Green-top Guideline No. 17. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2011.Google Scholar
Prine, LW, MacNaughton, H. Office management of early pregnancy loss. Am Fam Physician. 2011, Vol. 84(1):7582.Google ScholarPubMed
Hooker, AB, Lemmers, M, Thurkow, AL, et al.Systematic review and meta-analysis of intrauterine adhesions after miscarriage: prevalence, risk factors and long-term reproductive outcome. Hum Reprod Update. 2014, Vol. 20(2):262278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Guideline. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). 2017.Google Scholar
Coomarasamy, A, Williams, H, Truchanowicz, E, et al. PROMISE: first-trimester progesterone therapy in women with a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriages – a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international multicentre trial and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2016, Vol. 20(41):192.Google Scholar
Coomarasamy, A, Devall, AJ, Cheed, V, et al. A randomized trial of progesterone in women with bleeding in early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2019, Vol. 380:18151824.Google Scholar
Dhillon-Smith, R, Middleton, LJ, Sunner, KK, et al. Levothyroxine in women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies before conception. N Engl J Med. 2019, Vol. 380:13161325.Google Scholar
No authors listed. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy: Green-top Guideline No. 21. BJOG. 2016, Vol. 123:e15e55.Google Scholar
Moini, A, Hosseini, R, Jahangiri, N, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: A case-control study. J Res Med Sci. 2014, Vol. 19(9):844849.Google ScholarPubMed
Muller, V, Makhmadalieva, M, Kogan, I, et al. Ectopic pregnancy following in vitro fertilization: meta-analysis and single-center experience during 6 years. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2016, Vol. 32:6974.Google Scholar
Talbot, K, Simpson, R, Price, N, Jackson, SR. Heterotopic pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011, Vol. 31(1):712.Google Scholar
Mol, F, van Mello, NM, Strandell, A, et al. Salpingotomy versus salpingectomy in women with tubal pregnancy (ESEP study): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014, Vol. 383(9927), 14831489.Google Scholar
Boyraz, G, Bozdağ, G. Pregnancy of unknown location. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2013, Vol. 14(2):104108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagili, H, Mohamed, K. Pregnancy of unknown location: an evidence-based approach to management. Obstet Gynaecol. 2008, Vol. 10: 224230.Google Scholar
Bobdiwala, S, Al-Memar, M, Farren, J, Bourne, T. Factors to consider in pregnancy of unknown location. Women’s Health (Lond). 2017, Vol. 13: 2733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×