The United Kingdom and USA favored the removal of Mossadeq as early as 1952 but the main obstacle to a military coup had been the shah. He insisted the removal had to be through non-military means. The CIA began drawing up plans for a coup early on, but succeeded in persuading the shah to lend his name to the coup only after the parliament method had failed. It even had to resort to intensive pressures including the threat of replacing him with one of his brothers.