Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acronyms and abbreviations
- Principal symbols
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The governing systems of equations
- 3 Numerical solutions to the equations
- 4 Physical-process parameterizations
- 5 Modeling surface processes
- 6 Model initialization
- 7 Ensemble methods
- 8 Predictability
- 9 Verification methods
- 10 Experimental design in model-based research
- 11 Techniques for analyzing model output
- 12 Operational numerical weather prediction
- 13 Statistical post processing of model output
- 14 Coupled special-applications models
- 15 Computational fluid-dynamics models
- 16 Climate modeling and downscaling
- Appendix: Suggested code structure and experiments for a simple shallow-fluid model
- References
- Index
14 - Coupled special-applications models
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acronyms and abbreviations
- Principal symbols
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The governing systems of equations
- 3 Numerical solutions to the equations
- 4 Physical-process parameterizations
- 5 Modeling surface processes
- 6 Model initialization
- 7 Ensemble methods
- 8 Predictability
- 9 Verification methods
- 10 Experimental design in model-based research
- 11 Techniques for analyzing model output
- 12 Operational numerical weather prediction
- 13 Statistical post processing of model output
- 14 Coupled special-applications models
- 15 Computational fluid-dynamics models
- 16 Climate modeling and downscaling
- Appendix: Suggested code structure and experiments for a simple shallow-fluid model
- References
- Index
Summary
Background
Sometimes the standard dependent variables of NWP and climate models are all that are required for making decisions. But, frequently these meteorological variables influence some other physical process that also must be simulated before a weather-dependent decision can be made. As we will see, there are myriad examples of such situations. These models that are coupled with the atmospheric model may be referred to as special-applications models or secondary models. Examples include the following.
Air-quality models
Infectious-disease models
Wave-height models
Agricultural models
River-discharge, or flood, models
Wave-propagation models – sound and electromagnetic
Wildfire-behavior and -prediction models
Electricity-demand models
Dust-elevation and -transport models
Ocean-circulation models
Ocean-drift models
Aviation-hazard models – turbulence, icing, visibility
Sometimes the secondary model is embedded within the code of the atmospheric model, and the coupled system is run simultaneously. And, sometimes there are two distinct model codes that are run sequentially. When the code that represents the secondary process is run within the atmospheric model, the secondary process may interact with the atmospheric simulation. Or, the flow of data may be in one direction only, where the atmospheric variables are used in the secondary model without feedback. There are some secondary-model processes that have strong feedbacks to the atmosphere, and for their prediction there is of course a greater need to have a two-way exchange of information between the atmospheric and secondary models.
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- Chapter
- Information
- Numerical Weather and Climate Prediction , pp. 378 - 400Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2010