Abrahamian, Andray, ‘The Sanctions Effect in North Korea: Observations from Rason’, 38 North, 2018 www.38north.org/2018/10/aabrahamian101918/ [accessed 20 October 2018].Google Scholar

Addis, Adeno, ‘Economic Sanctions and the Problem of Evil’, Human Rights Quarterly, 25.3 (2003), pp. 573–623.Google Scholar

Aglietta, Michel and Guo, Bai, China’s Development: Capitalism and Empire (London: Routledge, 2013).Google Scholar

Agov, Avram Asenov, ‘North Korea in the Socialist World: Integration and Divergence, 1945-1970. The Crossroads of Politics and Economics’. (PhD thesis: University of British Columbia, 2010).Google Scholar

Akamatsu, Kaname, ‘A Historical Pattern of Economic Growth in Developing Countries’, The Developing Economies, 1.S1 (1962), pp. 3–25.Google Scholar

Alam, M. Shahid, Governments and Markets in Economic Development Strategies: Lessons from Korea, Taiwan, and Japan (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1989).Google Scholar

Amsden, Alice H., Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).Google Scholar

An, Kwang Jup, ‘The Development of Finance in Korea [Urinara chaejŏngŭi palchŏn]’, in The Development of the People’s Economy in Korea, 1948-1958 [Urinaraŭi inmin’gyŏngje palchŏn 1948-1958], ed. by Sung, Kim Il University Department of Economics (Pyongyang: State Publishing Company, 1958), pp. 269–308.Google Scholar

Andreas, Peter, ‘Criminalizing Consequences of Sanctions: Embargo Busting and Its Legacy’, International Studies Quarterly, 49.2 (2005), pp. 335–60.Google Scholar

Anievas, Alexander, Capital, the State, and War: Class Conflict and Geopolitics in the Thirty Years’ Crisis, 1914-1945 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2014).Google Scholar

Armstrong, Charles K., The North Korean Revolution 1945-1950 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).Google Scholar

Armstrong, Charles K., ‘The Role and Influence of Ideology’, in North Korea in Transition: Politics, Economy, and Society, ed. by Park, Kyung-Ae and Snyder, Scott (Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013), pp. 3–18Google Scholar

Ash, Robert F., ‘The Evolution of Agricultural Policy’, The China Quarterly, 116.December (1988), pp. 529–55.Google Scholar

Bae, Jong-Ryeol, ‘An Evaluation of Foreign Investment in North Korea: Focusing on EU and Chinese Enterprises [Pukhanŭi woegugint’uja silt’aewa p’yŏngga: EUwa Chungguk kiŏbŭi taebukjinch’ulŭl chungsimŭro]’, EXIM North Korean Economic Review, Fall (2008), pp. 43–70.Google Scholar

Bae, Jong-Ryeol, and Seung-Hyun, Yoon, An Analysis of Jilin Province’s Economic Cooperation with North Korea: Focus on Investment [Kilimsŏngŭi taebuggyŏngjehyŏmnyok silt’ae punsŏk: Taebukt’ujarŭl chungsimŭro] (Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2015).Google Scholar

Baek, Jun-Kee, ‘North Korea’s Political Changes and Power Realignment in the 1950s Following the Korean War Armistice [Chŏngjŏn hu 1950 nyŏndae Pukhanŭi chŏngch’i pyŏndonggwa kwŏllyŏk chaep’yŏn]’, Review of North Korean Studies, 2.2 (1999), pp. 9–71.Google Scholar

Balassa, Bela, ‘Exports and Economic Growth’, Journal of Development Economics, 5.2 (1978), pp. 181–89.Google Scholar

Bedeian, Arthur G, and Phillips, Carl R., ‘Scientific Management and Stakhanovism in the Soviet Union: A Historical Perspective’, International Journal of Social Economics, 17.10 (1990), pp. 28–35.Google Scholar

Berger, Mark, ‘From Nation-Building to State-Building: The Geopolitics of Development, the Nation-State System and the Changing Global Order’, Third World Quarterly, 27.1 (2006), pp. 5–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernard, Mitchell, and Ravenhill, John, ‘Beyond Product Cycles and Flying Geese: Regionalization, Hierarchy, and the Industrialization of East Asia’, World Politics, 47.2 (1995), pp. 171–209.Google Scholar

Bleiker, Roland, Divided Korea: Toward a Culture of Reconciliation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005).Google Scholar

Bodenheimer, S., ‘Dependency and Imperialism: The Roots of Latin American Underdevelopment’, Politics & Society, 1.November (1971), pp. 327–57.Google Scholar

Bond, Patrick, ‘BRICS and the Tendency to Sub-Imperialism’, Pambazuka News [Online], 2014 www.pambazuka.net/en/category/features/91303 [accessed 29 April 2020].Google Scholar

Brandt, Loren, Rawski, Thomas G., and Sutton, John, ‘China’s Industrial Development’, in China’s Great Economic Transformation, ed. by Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas G. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 569–632.Google Scholar

Brautigam, Deborah, The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).Google Scholar

Breslin, Shaun, China and the Global Political Economy (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).Google Scholar

Brezinski, Horst, ‘International Economic Relations between the KDPR and Western Europe’, in The Economy of the Korean Democratic People’s Republic 1945-1977, ed. by Kim, Youn-Soo (Kiel: German Korea-Studies Group, 1979), pp. 202–31.Google Scholar

Brown, William B., North Korea’s Shackled Economy, 2018 (Washington, DC: National Committee on North Korea, 2018).Google Scholar

Bruff, Ian, ‘Overcoming the State/Market Dichotomy’, in Critical International Political Economy: Dialogue, Debate and Dissensus, ed. by Shields, Stuart, Bruff, Ian, and Macartney, Huw (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 80–98Google Scholar

Brun, Ellen, and Hersh, Jacques, Socialist Korea: A Case Study in the Strategy of Economic Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976).Google Scholar

Bunce, Valerie, ‘The Empire Strikes Back: The Evolution of the Eastern Bloc from a Soviet Asset to a Soviet Liability’, International Organization, 39.1 (1985), pp. 1–46.Google Scholar

Buzo, Adrian, The Guerilla Dynasty: Politics and Leadership in North Korea (London: I B Tauris, 1999).Google Scholar

Byman, Daniel, and Lind, Jennifer, ‘Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea’, International Security, 35.1 (2010), pp. 44–74.Google Scholar

Cai, Fang, Park, Albert, and Zhao, Yaohui, ‘The Chinese Labor Market in the Reform Era’, in China’s Great Economic Transformation, ed. by Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas G. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 167–214.Google Scholar

Callinicos, Alex, ‘Bourgeois Revolutions and Historical Materialism’, International Socialism, 43 (1989), pp. 113–71.Google Scholar

Carlin, Robert L., and Wit, Joel S., ‘Debate and Policy Formation’, The Adelphi Papers, 46.382 (2006), pp. 15–19.Google Scholar

Carmody, Pádraig R., and Owusu, Francis Y., ‘Competing Hegemons? Chinese versus American Geo-Economic Strategies in Africa’, Political Geography, 26.5 (2007), pp. 504–24.Google Scholar

Central Bureau of Statistics, DPRK Multiple Cluster Survey 2009 (Pyongyang: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2010).Google Scholar

Central Bureau of Statistics, DPRK Multiple Cluster Survey 2017 (Pyongyang: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2017).Google Scholar

Cha, Victor D., ‘Kim Jong Un Is No Reformer’, Foreign Policy [Online], 2012 http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/08/21/kim-jong-un-is-no-reformer/ [accessed 31 March 2020].Google Scholar

Chang, Ha-Joon, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem, 2002).Google Scholar

Chang, Semoon, ‘A Chronology of U.S. Sanctions Against North Korea’, in Economic Sanctions Against a Nuclear North Korea: An Analysis of United States and United Nations Actions Since 1950, ed. by Kim, Suk Hi and Chang, Semoon (Jefferson: McFarland, 2003), pp. 34–55.Google Scholar

Chase-Dunn, Christopher, Socialist States in the World-System (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983).Google Scholar

Cheong, Seong-Chang, Contemporary North Korean Politics: History, Ideology and Power System [Hyŏndae Pukhanŭi chŏngch’i: Yŏksa – inyŏm – kwŏllyŏgch’aegye] (Seoul: Hanul Academy, 2011).Google Scholar

Chernilo, Daniel, ‘Social Theory’s Methodological Nationalism Myth and Reality’, European Journal of Social Theory, 9.1 (2006), pp. 5–22.Google Scholar

Cho, Han-Bum, Kang-Taeg, Lim, Moon-Soo, Yang, and Seog-Ki, Lee, The Effects of Private Economic Activities on Public Economic Sectors in North Korea [Pukhanesŏ sajŏggyŏngjehwaldongi kongsiggyŏngjebumune mich’inŭn yŏnghyang punsŏk] (Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2016).Google Scholar

Cho, Myung-chul, Economic Relations between North Korea and Russia and Their Implications for Economic Cooperation between Two Koreas [Pukhan’gwa Rŏsia saiŭi kyŏngjehyŏmnyŏk hyŏnhwanggwa nambukkyŏnghyŏbe chunŭn sisajŏm] (Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2003).Google Scholar

Cho, Soon Sung, ‘Korea: Election Year’, Asian Survey, 8.1 (1968), pp. 29–42.Google Scholar

Choi, Bong-Dae, and Kab-Woo, Koo, ‘Implications of the Implementation of the Process of the Formation of North Korean Cities’ “Farmers’ Markets”: Centred on the Cases of Sinuiju, Chongjin and Hyesan in North Korea during the 1950s-1980s [Pukhan tosi “nongminsijang” hyŏngsŏng kwajŏngŭi yihaengnonjŏk hamŭi: 1950-1980 nyŏndae Sinŭiju, Ch’ŏngjin, Hyesanŭi saryerŭl chungsimŭro]’, Review of North Korean Studies, 6.2 (2003), pp. 133–87.Google Scholar

Choi, Jangho, Junyoung, Kim, Jeong, Im So, and Yoojeong, Choi, Economic Cooperation between North Korea and China, and Implications for Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation [Pukchung punŏpch’egye punsŏggwa taebuk kyŏngjehyŏmnyŏge taehan sisajŏm] (Sejong: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2015).Google Scholar

Choi, Jinwook, and Shaw, Meredith, ‘The Rise of Kim Jong Eun and the Return of the Party’, International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, 19.2 (2010), pp. 175–202.Google Scholar

Choi, Seo-yoon, ‘North Korean Restaurant Industry: Ryanggang Province-Style Restaurant Amnokgag River [Pukhanŭi ŭmsigŏp, Yanggangdo t’ŭksanmul sikdang Amnokgag]’, KDB North Korean Development, Autumn (2016), pp. 166–83.Google Scholar

Choi, Yong-Jin, ‘Economic Technology Development Zone, Micro-Regional Cooperation, and One Belt-One Road in the Northeast Asian Borderlands [Dongbuga chŏpgyŏngjiyŏgŭi kyŏngjegisulgaebalgu, sojiyŏnghyŏmnyŏk kŭrigo ildaeillo]’, The Korean Journal of Area Studies, 34.3 (2016), pp. 97–124Google Scholar

Choi, Yong Nam, ‘Important Problems in the Contemporary Era Related to the Improvement of the Supply of Materials [Hyŏnsigi chajaegonggŭpsaŏbŭl kaesŏnhanŭndesŏ nasŏnŭn chungyohan munje]’, Journal of Kim Il Sung University Philosophy, Economics, 62.3 (2016), pp. 103–106.Google Scholar

Choi, Yong Sub, ‘North Korea’s Hegemonic Rule and Its Collapse’, The Pacific Review, 30.5 (2017), pp. 783–800.Google Scholar

Chun, Hong-Tack, ‘Economic Conditions in North Korea and Prospects for Reform’, in North Korea after Kim Il Sung, ed. by Henriksen, Thomas H. and Mo, Jongryn (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1997), pp. 32–49.Google Scholar

Chun, Hong-Tack, ‘The Second Economy in North Korea’, Seoul Journal of Economics, 12.2 (1999), pp. 173–94Google Scholar

Chung, Chien-peng, ‘The “Good Neighbour Policy” in the Context of China’s Foreign Relations’, China: An International Journal, 7.1 (2014), pp. 107–23.Google Scholar

Chung, Chin O., Pyongyang between Peking and Moscow: North Korea’s Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958-1975 (University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1978).Google Scholar

Chung, Jae Ho, Lai, Hongyi, and Joo, Jang-Hwan, ‘Assessing the “Revive the Northeast”(Zhenxing Dongbei) Programme: Origins, Policies and Implementation’, The China Quarterly, 197 (2009), pp. 108–25.Google Scholar

Chung, Joseph Sang-Hoon, ‘Economic Planning in North Korea’, in North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues, ed. by Scalapino, Robert A. and Kim, Jun-yop (Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1983), pp. 164–96Google Scholar

Chung, Joseph Sang-Hoon, ‘Foreign Trade of North Korea: Performance, Policy and Prospects’, in North Korea in a Regional and Global Context, ed. by Scalapino, Robert A. and Lee, Hongkoo (Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Press, 1986), pp. 78–114.Google Scholar

Chung, Joseph Sang-Hoon, ‘North Korea’s Seven Year Plan (1961-70): Economic Performance and Reforms’, Asian Survey, 12.6 (1972), pp. 527–525.Google Scholar

Chung, Joseph Sang-Hoon, The North Korean Economy: Structure and Development (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1974).Google Scholar

Chung, Young Chul, Research on Kim Jong Il’s Leadership [Kimjŏngil ridŏsip yŏn’gu] (Seoul: Sunin, 2005).Google Scholar

Chung Young, Chul, ‘The Suryŏng System as the Institution of Collectivist Development’, Journal of Korean Studies, 12.1 (2007), pp. 43–73.Google Scholar

Clark, Cal, and Bahry, Donna, ‘Dependent Development: A Socialist Variant’, International Studies Quarterly, 27.3 (1983), pp. 271–93.Google Scholar

Cliff, Tony, State Capitalism in Russia (London: Pluto Press, 1974).Google Scholar

Clough, Ralph N., Embattled Korea: The Rivalry for International Support (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987).Google Scholar

Cortright, David, and Lopez, George A., Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002).Google Scholar

Cumings, Bruce, The Origins of the Korean War: Volume I. Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes 1945-1947 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981).Google Scholar

Cumings, Bruce, ‘The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles, and Political Consequences’, ed. by Deyo, Frederic C., International Organization, 38.1 (1984), pp. 1–40.Google Scholar

Cumings, Bruce, ‘The Legacy of Japanese Colonialism in Korea’, in The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945, ed. by Myers, Ramon H. and Peattie, Mark R. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 478–96.Google Scholar

Cumings, Bruce, The Origins of the Korean War: Volume II. The Roaring of the Cataract 1947-1950 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).Google Scholar

Cumings, Bruce, Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997).Google Scholar

Cumings, Bruce, Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999).Google Scholar

Curtin, Peter, The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).Google Scholar

David-West, Alzo, ‘Stalinism, Post-Stalinism, and Neo-Capitalism: To Be or Not to Be?’, North Korean Review, 4.2 (2008), pp. 58–67.Google Scholar

Demsetz, Harold, ‘Toward a Theory of Property Rights’, The American Economic Review, 57.2 (1967), pp. 347–59.Google Scholar

Department of State, North Korea: A Case Study of a Soviet Satellite (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1961).Google Scholar

Desai, Radhika, ‘Introduction: Nationalisms and Their Understandings in Historical Perspective’, Third World Quarterly, 29.3 (2008), pp. 397–428.Google Scholar

Dollar, David, ‘Economic Reform and Allocative Efficiency in China’s State-Owned Industry’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 39.1 (1990), pp. 89–105.Google Scholar

DPRK Academy of Sciences, The Development of the People’s Economy in Korea after Liberation [Haebanghu urinaraŭi inmin’gyŏngjebaljŏn] (Pyongyang: Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 1960).Google Scholar

DPRK Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistics on the Development of the DPRK’s People’s Economy 1946-1960 [1946-1960 Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin’gonghwaguk inmin’gyŏngjebaljŏn t’onggyejib] (Pyongyang: State Publishing House, 1961).Google Scholar

DPRK Central Bureau of Statistics, DPRK 2008 Population Census National Report (Pyongyang: DPRK Central Bureau of Statistics, 2009).Google Scholar

Drezner, Daniel W., ‘Bargaining, Enforcement, and Multilateral Sanctions: When Is Cooperation Counterproductive?’, International Organization, 54.1 (2000), pp. 73–102.Google Scholar

Dukalskis, Alexander, ‘North Korea’s Shadow Economy: A Force for Authoritarian Resilience or Corrosion?’, Europe - Asia Studies, 68.3 (2016), pp. 487–507.Google Scholar

Ebel, Robert E., Communist Trade in Oil and Gas: An Evaluation of the Future Export Capability of the Soviet Bloc (New York: Praeger, 1970).Google Scholar

Eberstadt, Nicholas, ‘Financial Transfers from Japan to North Korea: Estimating the Unreported Flows’, Asian Survey, 36.5 (1996), pp. 523–42.Google Scholar

Eberstadt, Nicholas, The North Korean Economy: Between Crisis and Catastrophe (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007).Google Scholar

Eberstadt, Nicholas, ‘What Is Wrong with the North Korean Economy’, American Enterprise Institute, 2011 www.aei.org/publication/what-is-wrong-with-the-north-korean-economy/ [accessed 15 January 2020].Google Scholar

Eberstadt, Nicholas, and Coblin, Alex, ‘Dependencia, North Korea Style’, The Asan Institute for Policy Studies Issue Brief, 32 (2014).Google Scholar

Eberstadt, Nicholas, Rubin, Marc, and Tretyakova, Albina, ‘The Collapse of Soviet and Russian Trade with the DPRK, 1989-1993: Impact and Implications’, The Korean Journal of National Unification, 4 (1995), pp. 87–104.Google Scholar

Eckert, Carter J., Offspring of Empire: The Koch’ang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876-1945 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991).Google Scholar

Eckert, Carter J., ‘The South Korean Bourgeoisie: A Class in Search of Hegemony’, Journal of Korean Studies, 7 (1990), pp. 115–48.Google Scholar

Eckert, Carter J., Lee, Ki-baik, Lew, Young Ick, Robinson, Michael, and Wagner, Edward W., Korea Old and New: A History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).Google Scholar

Edwards, Lawrence, and Jenkins, Rhys, ‘The Impact of Chinese Import Penetration on the South African Manufacturing Sector’, The Journal of Development Studies, 51.4 (2013), pp. 447–463.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry, Rhee, Yeongseop, and Tong, Hui, ‘China and the Exports of Other Asian Countries’, Review of World Economics, 143.2 (2007), pp. 201–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elliott, Kimberly A., ‘The Sanctions Glass: Half Full or Completely Empty?’, International Security, 23.1 (1998), pp. 50–65.Google Scholar

Emmanuel, Arghiri, Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972).Google Scholar

Ericson, Richard E., ‘The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform’, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5.4 (1991), pp. 11–27.Google Scholar

FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017: Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security. (Rome: FAO, 2017).Google Scholar

FAO and WFP, ‘Democratic People’s Republic of Korea FAO/WFP Joint Rapid Food Security Assessment’, (Bangkok: FAO and WFP, 2019).Google Scholar

Ferdinand, Peter, ‘Westward Ho - The China Dream and “One Belt, One Road”: Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping’, International Affairs, 92.4 (2016), pp. 941–57.Google Scholar

Feron, Henri, ‘Pyongyang’s Construction Boom: Is North Korea Beating Sanctions?’, 38 North, 2017 www.38north.org/2017/07/hferon071817/ [accessed 24 April 2018].Google Scholar

Ferraro, Vincent, ‘Dependency Theory: An Introduction’, in The Development Economics Reader, ed. by Secondi, Giorgio (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 58–64.Google Scholar

Fiori, Antonio, and Kim, Sunhyuk, ‘Jasmine Does Not Bloom in Pyongyang: The Persistent Non-Transition in North Korea’, Pacific Focus, 29.1 (2014), pp. 44–67.Google Scholar

Foster-Carter, Aidan, ‘North Korea: Development and Self-Reliance. A Critical Appraisal’, in Korea North and South, ed. by McCormack, Gavan and Selden, Mark (New York: Monthly Review, 1978), pp. 115–46.Google Scholar

Francis, Corinna-Barbara, ‘Quasi-Public, Quasi-Private Trends in Emerging Market Economies: The Case of China’, Comparative Politics, 33.3 (2001), pp. 275–94.Google Scholar

Frank, Andre Gunder, ‘The Development of Underdevelopment’, in Imperialism and Underdevelopment: A Reader, ed. by Rhodes, Robert I (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970), pp. 4–17.Google Scholar

Frank, Ruediger, ‘Classical Socialism in North Korea and Its Transformation: The Role and the Future of Agriculture’, Harvard Asia Quarterly, X.2 (2006), pp. 15–33.Google Scholar

Frank, Ruediger, ‘The Political Economy of Sanctions Against North Korea’, Asian Perspective, 30.3 (2006), pp. 5–36.Google Scholar

Frank, Rudiger, ‘North Korea’s Autonomy 1965–2015’, Pacific Affairs, 87.3 (2015), pp. 791–99.Google Scholar

Frank, Rüdiger, ‘Lessons from the Past: The First Wave of Developmental Assistance to North Korea and the German Reconstruction of Hamhùng’, Pacific Focus, 23.1 (2008), pp. 46–74.Google Scholar

Frank, Rüdiger, ‘Ideological Risk versus Economic Necessity: The Future of Reform in North Korea’, Japan Focus, 7.30 (2009), 1–8.Google Scholar

Frank, Rüdiger, ‘Socialist Neoconservatism and North Korean Foreign Policy’, in New Challenges of North Korean Foreign Policy, ed. by Park, Kyung-Ae (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), pp. 3–42.Google Scholar

Frieden, Jeff, ‘Third World Indebted Industrialization: International Finance and State Capitalism in Mexico, Brazil, Algeria, and South Korea’, International Organization, 35.3 (1981), pp. 407–431.Google Scholar

Galtung, Johan, ‘On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions, With Examples from the Case of Rhodesia’, World Politics, 19.3 (1967), pp. 378–416.Google Scholar

Gerschenkron, Alexander, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962).Google Scholar

Gills, Barry, ‘North Korea and the Crisis of Socialism: The Historical Ironies of National Division’, Third World Quarterly, 13.1 (1992), pp. 107–30.Google Scholar

Gills, Barry K., Korea versus Korea: A Case of Contested Legitimacy (London: Routledge, 1996).Google Scholar

Gleason, Gregory, ‘The Political Economy of Dependency under Socialism: The Asian Republics in the USSR’, Studies in Comparative Communism, 24.4 (1991), pp. 335–53.Google Scholar

Gold, Thomas B., ‘Colonial Origins of Taiwanese Capitalism’, in Contending Approaches to the Political Economy of Taiwan, ed. by Winckler, Edwin A. and Greenhalgh, Susan M. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1988), pp. 101–17.Google Scholar

Goodrich, Leland M., Korea: A Study of US Policy in the United Nations (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1956).Google Scholar

Gordenker, Leon, The United Nations and the Peaceful Unification of Korea: The Politics of Field Operations, 1947-1950 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959).Google Scholar

Gore, Charles, ‘Methodological Nationalism and the Misunderstanding of East Asian Industrialisation’, European Journal of Development Research, 8.1 (1996), pp. 77–122.Google Scholar

Gourevitch, Peter, ‘The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics’, International Organization, 32.4 (1978), pp. 881–912.Google Scholar

Grajdanzev, Andrew J., Modern Korea (New York: The John Day Company, 1944).Google Scholar

Gramsci, Antonio, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971).Google Scholar

Gray, Kevin, and Jang, Youngseok, ‘Labour Unrest in the Global Political Economy: The Case of China’s 2010 Strike Wave’, New Poltiical Economy, 20.4 (2015), pp. 594–613.Google Scholar

Gray, Kevin, Labour and Development in East Asia: Social Forces and Passive Revolution (London: Routledge, 2015).Google Scholar

Grossman, Gregory, ‘The “Second Economy” of the USSR’, Problems of Communism, 16.5 (1977), pp. 25–40.Google Scholar

Habib, Benjamin, ‘The Enforcement Problem in Resolution 2094 and the United Nations Security Council Sanctions Regime: Sanctioning North Korea’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 70.1 (2016), pp. 50–68.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan, and Noland, Marcus, Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan, Lee, Jennifer, and Noland, Marcus, ‘Integration in the Absence of Institutions: China–North Korea Cross-Border Exchange’, Journal of Asian Economics, 23.2 (2012), pp. 130–45.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan, and Noland, Marcus, ‘Reform from Below: Behavioral and Institutional Change in North Korea’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 73.2 (2010), pp. 133–52.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan, and Noland, Marcus, Hard Target: Sanctions, Inducements, and the Case of North Korea (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017).Google Scholar

Halliday, Denis J., ‘The Impact of the UN Sanctions on the People of Iraq’, Journal of Palestinian Studies, 28.2 (1999), pp. 29–73.Google Scholar

Halliday, Jon, ‘The North Korean Enigma’, New Left Review, 127 (1981), pp. 18–52.Google Scholar

Halliday, Jon, ‘The North Korean Model: Gaps and Questions’, World Development, 9.9 (1981), pp. 889–905.Google Scholar

Han, Sung Joo, ‘North Korea’s Security Policy and Military Strategy’, in North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues, ed. by Scalapino, Robert and Kim, Jun-yop (Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Press, 1983), pp. 144–63.Google Scholar

Harrison, Selig, Korean Endgame: A Strategy for Reunification and US Disengagement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).Google Scholar

Hart-Landsberg, Martin, Korea: Division, Reunification, & U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998).Google Scholar

Hart-Landsberg, Martin, and Burkett, Paul, ‘China and the Dynamics of Transnational Capital Accumulation’, in Marxist Perspectives on South Korea in the Global Economy, ed. by Hart-Landsberg, Martin, Jeong, Seongjin, and Westra, Richard (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 115–38.Google Scholar

Harvey, David, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).Google Scholar

Harvey, David, ‘Globalization and the “Spatial Fix”’, Geographische Revue, 2 (2001), pp. 23–30.Google Scholar

Hastings, Justin V., A Most Enterprising Country: North Korea in the Global Economy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016).Google Scholar

Hatch, Walter, and Yamamura, Kozo, Asia in Japan’s Embrace: Building a Regional Production Alliance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).Google Scholar

Hayes, Peter, and Von Hippel, David, ‘Sanctions on North Korean Oil Imports: Impacts and Efficacy’, Nautilus Peace and Security Special Report, 2017. https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/sanctions-on-north-korean-oil-imports-impacts-and-efficacy/ [accessed 25 May 2020].Google Scholar

Henderson, Jeffrey, ‘China and Global Development: Towards a Global-Asian Era?’, Contemporary Politics, 14.4 (2008), pp. 375–92.Google Scholar

Henderson, Jeffrey, and Phillips, Richard, ‘Unintended Consequences: Social Policy, State Institutions and the “Stalling” of the Malaysian Industrialization Project’, Economy and Society, 36.1 (2007), pp. 78–102.Google Scholar

Higgins, Rosalyn, United Nations Peacekeeping 1946-1967: Documents and Commentary. 2. Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970).Google Scholar

Ho, Chol Hwan, ‘Principles and Methods of Real Estate Pricing [Pudongsan kagyŏk chejŏngŭi wŏlliwa pangbŏp]’, Journal of Kim Il Sung University Philosophy, Economics, 61.4 (2015), pp.115–18.Google Scholar

Holzman, Franklyn D., and Legvold, Robert, ‘The Economics and Politics of East-West Relations’, International Organization, 29.1 (1975), pp. 275–320.Google Scholar

Hong, Min, Moon-Suk, Cha, Eun-Lee, Joung, and Huk, Kim, Information of North Korean Markets: Focusing on the Current Status of Official Markets [Pukhan chŏn’guk sijang chŏngbo: Kongsiksijang hyŏnhwangŭl chungsimŭro] (Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2016).Google Scholar

Howard, Keith, ‘Juche and Culture: What’s New?’, in North Korea in the New World Order, ed. by Smith, Hazel, Rhodes, Chris, Pritchard, Diana, and Magill, Kevin (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 169–95.Google Scholar

Huang, Yasheng, Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).Google Scholar

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, Schott, Jeffrey J., and Elliott, Kimberly Ann, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1990).Google Scholar

Hughes, Christopher W., ‘Tumen River Area Development Programme (TRADP): Frustrated Microregionalism as a Microcosm of Political Rivalries’, in Microregionalism and World Order, ed. by Breslin, Shaun and Hook, Glenn D. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), pp. 115–43.Google Scholar

Humphrey, John, and Schmitz, Hubert, ‘China: Its Impact on the Developing Asian Economies’, IDS Working Papers, 295 (2007).Google Scholar

Hwang, Eui-Gak, The Korean Economies: A Comparison of North and South (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).Google Scholar

The Institute for Far Eastern Studies, ‘The Situation on the Korean Peninsula: An Evaluation of 2014 and the Outlook for 2015 [Hanbando chǒngse: 2014 nyǒn p’yǒnggawa 2015 nyǒn chǒnmang]’, IFES Report, 2014.Google Scholar

Ireson, Randall, ‘DPRK Agricultural Policy: Chinese-Style Reform or Muddling Towards Autonomy?’, 38 North, 2015 http://38north.org/2015/01/rireson012715/ [accessed 31 March 2020].Google Scholar

Jackson, Andrew, ‘Why Has There Been No People’s Power Rebellion in North Korea?’, European Journal of Korean Studies, 18.1 (2018), pp. 1–34.Google Scholar

James, C.L.R., State Capitalism and World Revolution (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2013).Google Scholar

Jang, In Sook, ‘North Korea’s Development of the Crisis and Reorganization of Mass Movement Line in the 1970s [1970 nyŏndae Pukhanŭi palchŏnwigiwa taejungundongnosŏn chaejŏngnip]’, Journal of North Korean Studies, 15.1 (2011), pp. 247–77.Google Scholar

Jeon, Hyun Soo, ‘The Nationalisation of Major Industry and the Planning of the People’s Economy [Sanŏbŭi kugyuhwawa inmin’gyŏngjeŭi kyehoekhwa: Kongŏbŭl chungsimŭro]’, Review of North Korean Studies [Hyŏndaepukhanyon’gu], 2.1 (1999), pp. 63–121.Google Scholar

Jeung, Young-Tai, North Korea’s Civil-Military-Party Relations and Regime Stability (Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2007).Google Scholar

Ji, You, China’s Enterprise Reform: Changing State/Society Relations after Mao (London: Routledge, 1998).Google Scholar

Jin, Jingyi, ‘North Korea’s Silent Change and North-South Relations [Pukhanǔi Choyonghan Pyǒnhwawa Nambuggwangye]’, The Hankyoreh [Online], 21 September 2014 http://happyvil.hani.co.kr/arti/SERIES/58/656072.html [accessed 25 April 2020].Google Scholar

Jo, Dongho, ‘Muddling along with Missiles’, EAI Issue Briefing, 4 (2009), pp. 1–8.Google Scholar

Jo, Hyok Myong, ‘Economic Content of Business Expenditure Compensation under Socialist Enterprise Responsibility Management System [Sahoejuŭigiŏpch’aegimgwallije haesŏ kyŏngyŏngjich’ulbosangŭi kyŏngjejŏk naeryong]’, Economic Research [Kyŏngje Yŏn’gu], 4 (2017), pp. 18–19.Google Scholar

Jo, Kil Hyon, ‘Important Problems Relating to the Rational Organisation of the Exchange of Materials between Enterprises [Kiŏpch’edŭl saiŭi mulchagyoryurŭl hamnijŏkŭro chojikhanŭndesŏ nasŏnŭn chungyohan munje]’, Journal of Kim Il Sung University Philosophy, Economics, 64.3 (2018), pp. 95–100.Google Scholar

Johnson, Chalmers, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982).Google Scholar

Joung, Chun Shim, ‘An Important Issue in Realising the Nationalization of Production of Facilities and Raw Materials in All Sectors of the People’s Economy [Inmin’gyŏngje modŭn pumunesŏ sŏlbi, wŏllyo chajaeŭi kuksanhwarŭl sirhyŏnhanŭndesŏ nasŏnŭn chungyomunje]’, Journal of Kim Il Sung University Philosophy, Economics, 62.2 (2016), pp. 68–71.Google Scholar

Joo, Hyung-min, ‘Visualizing the Invisible Hands: The Shadow Economy in North Korea’, Economy and Society, 39.1 (2010), pp. 110–45.Google Scholar

Joo, Seung-Ho, ‘Soviet Policy toward the Two Koreas, 1985-1991: The New Political Thinking and Power’, Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 14.2 (1995), pp. 23–46.Google Scholar

Joung, Eun-Lee, ‘An Analysis of the External Changes and Development of the Public Market in North Korea [Pukhan kongsŏlsijangŭi woehyŏngjŏk paldale kwanhan yŏn’gu]’, Journal of Northeast Asian Economic Studies, 23.1 (2011), pp. 215–51.Google Scholar

Joung, Eun-Lee, ‘A Study on the Food Procuring Mechanism of City Workers in North Korea – Land Farming Cases of Musan Region in Hamgyeongbuk-Do [Pukhan tosinodongjaŭi singnyangjodal mek’ŏnijŭme kwanhan yŏn’gu: Hamgyŏngbukdo musanjiyŏgŭi sot’oji kyŏngjaksaryerŭl chungsimŭro]’, Journal of Northeast Asian Economic Studies, 26.1 (2014), pp. 261–302.Google Scholar

Joung, Eun-Lee, ‘An Analysis of the Appearance and Significance of the North Korean Real Estate Development Sector: A Comparison with the the Development of the Chinese Real Estate Development Sector [Pukhan pudongsan kaebalŏpjaŭi tŭngjanggwa hamŭie taehan punsŏk: Chungguk pudongsan kaebalŏpjawaŭi pigyoyŏn’gurŭl chungsimŭro]’, KDI Review of the North Korean Economy, 18.9 (2016), pp. 51–89.Google Scholar

Jeong, Eunmee, ‘Dual Track of Agricultural Policy in North Korea: Focusing on Interaction between Collective Agriculture and Farmers’ Private Economy [Pukhan nongŏbjŏngch’aekŭi ijunggwaedo: Jibdannongŏpgwa nongminsagyŏngjeŭi sanghosŏngŭl chungsimŭro]’, The Korean Journal of Unification Affairs, 19.1 (2007), pp. 247–75.Google Scholar

Jung, Seung-Ho, Kwon, Ohik, and Mun, Sung Min, ‘Dollarization, Seigniorage, and Prices: The Case of North Korea’, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 53.11 (2017), pp. 2463–75.Google Scholar

Kang, Chol Su, ‘Financial Strategy for Obtaining Actual Results in the Contemporary Socialist Enterprise Responsibility Management System [Hyŏnsigi sahoejuŭigiŏpch’aegimgwallijega silchi ŭnŭl naedorok hagi wihan chaejŏngjŏk pangdo]’, Economic Research [Kyŏngje Yŏn’gu], 4 (2018), pp. 56–57.Google Scholar

Kang, Chul Won, ‘An Analysis of Japanese Policy and Economic Change in Korea’, in Korea Under Japanese Colonial Rule: Studies of the Policy and Techniques of Japanese Colonialism, ed. by Nahm, Andrew C. (Kalamazoo, MI: Center for Korean Studies, Western Michigan University, 1973), pp. 77–88.Google Scholar

Kang, Myoung-Kyu, and Lee, Keun, ‘Industrial Systems and Reform in North Korea: A Comparison with China’, World Development, 20.7 (1992), pp. 947–58.Google Scholar

Kang, Myung-Kyu, ‘Industrial Management and Reforms in North Korea’, in Economic Reforms in the Socialist World, ed. by Gomulka, Stanislaw, Ha, Yong-Chool, and Kim, Cae-One (Armont, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1989), pp. 200–211.Google Scholar

Kang, Sung-Ho, ‘The Revitalisation Plan for Northeasten China: Focusing on the Interrelations between South Korea and China [Chunggugŭi tongbukjinhŭngjŏllyak: Hanjung hyŏmnyŏggwaŭi kwallyŏnsŏngŭl chungsimŭro]’, Korea and World Politics, 21.1 (2005), pp. 191–220.Google Scholar

Kay, Cristóbal, ‘Why East Asia Overtook Latin America: Agrarian Reform, Industrialisation and Development’, Third World Quarterly, 23.6 (2002), pp. 1073–1102.Google Scholar

KCNA, Korean Central Almanac, 1954-1955 [1954-1955 nyŏnp’an Chosŏnjungangnyŏn’gam] (Pyongyang: KCNA, 1955).Google Scholar

KCNA, Korean Central Almanac 1958 [Chosŏnjungangyŏn’gam 1958] (Pyongyang: KCNA, 1958).Google Scholar

KCNA, Korean Central Almanac 1959 [Chosŏnjungangyŏn’gam 1959] (Pyongyang: KCNA, 1959).Google Scholar

KCNA, Korean Central Almanac 1961 [Chosŏnjungangnyŏn’gam 1961] (Pyongyang: KCNA, 1961).Google Scholar

KCNA, Korean Central Almanac 1962 [Chosŏnjungangnyŏn’gam 1962] (Pyongyang: KCNA, 1962).Google Scholar

KCNA, Korean Central Almanac 1965 [Chosŏnjungangnyŏn’gam 1965] (Pyongyang: KCNA, 1965).Google Scholar

KDB, North Korean Industry 2015 [Pukhanŭi sanŏp 2015] (Seoul: Korean Development Bank, 2015).Google Scholar

KDI, The Economic Indicators of North Korea [Pukhan’gyŏngjejip’yojip] (Seoul: Korea Development Institute, 1996).Google Scholar

KIEP, 2002 North Korean Economy Report [2002 Pukhan’gyŏngjebaeksŏ] (Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2003).Google Scholar

KIEP, 2003/04 North Korean Economy Report [2003/04 Pukhan’gyŏngjebaeksŏ] (Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2004) .Google Scholar

Kim, Byong Sik, Modern Korea: The Socialist North, Revolution Perspectives in the South, and Unification (New York: International Publishers, 1970).Google Scholar

Kim, Byung-Yeon, Unveiling the North Korean Economy: Collapse and Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).Google Scholar

Kim, Gwang-Oon, The History of North Korean Politics I: The Establishment of Party, State and Military [Pukhan chŏngch’isa yŏn’gu 1: Kŏndang, kŏn’guk, kŏn’gunŭi yŏgsa] (Seoul: Sunin, 2003).Google Scholar

Kim, Hak-joon, Korean Partition and the Soviet Military Rule of North Korea under International Politics among Major Powers (1863-January 1946) [Kangdaeguk kwŏllyŏgjŏngch’i araesŏŭi hanbando punhalgwa Soryŏnŭi Pukhan’gunjŏnggaesi (1863 nyŏn 1946 nyŏn 1 wŏl)] (Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 2008).Google Scholar

Kim, Han-Kyo, ‘The Japanese Colonial Administration in Korea: An Overview’, in Korea Under Japanese Colonial Rule: Studies of the Policy and Techniques of Japanese Colonialism, ed. by Nahm, Andrew C. (Kalamazoo, MI: Center for Korean Studies, Western Michigan University, 1973), pp. 41–53.Google Scholar

Kim, Hong Il, ‘Important Issues Arising from the Multidimensional Development of Foreign Economic Relations [Taeoegyŏngjegwan’gyerŭl tagakchŏkŭro palchŏnsik’inŭndesŏ nasŏnŭn chungyo munje]’, Journal of Kim Il Sung University: Philosophy, Economics, 61.4 (2015), pp. 71–77.Google Scholar

Kim, Il Sung, ‘The Report of the Work of the DPRK Government Delegations Visiting the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China and People’s Democratic Countries [Ssoryŏn Chunghwainmin’gonghwaguk mit inminminjujuŭi chegukkadŭrŭl pangmunhan Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin’gonghwaguk chŏngbudaep’yodanŭi saŏp kyŏnggwa pogo].’ Reprinted by the Korean Central News Agency Korean Central Almanac, 1954-1955 [1954-1955 nyŏnp’an Chosŏnjungangnyŏn’gam] (Pyongyang: KCNA, 1955), pp. 19–29.Google Scholar

Kim Il, Sung, On the Summary of the Work of the Government Delegation Visiting Fraternal States and Some of the Challenges Facing Our Party [Hyŏngjejŏk che kukkarŭl pangmunhan chŏngbu taep’yodanŭi saŏp ch’onghwawa uri tangŭi tangmyŏnhan myŏtkaji kwaŏptŭre kwanhayŏ] (Pyongyang: Korean Workers Party, 1956).Google Scholar

Kim, Il Sung, On the Recovery and Development of the Post-War People’s Economy [Chŏnhu inmin’gyŏngje pokkubalchŏnŭl wihayŏ] (Pyongyang: Korean Workers’ Party Publishing House, 1956).Google Scholar

Kim Il, Sung, The Current Situation and Tasks of Our Party [Hyŏnjŏngsewa uri tangŭi kwaŏp] (Pyongyang: Korean Workers’ Party Publishing House, 1966).Google Scholar

Kim Il, Sung, On Juche Ideology [Chuch’esasange taehayŏ] (Pyongyang: Korean Workers’ Party Publishing House, 1977).Google Scholar

Kim, Jong Il, ‘The Development of Industry in Korea [Urinara Kongŏbŭi Palchŏn]’, in The Development of the People’s Economy in Korea, 1948-1958 [Urinaraŭi inmin’gyŏngje palchŏn 1948-1958], ed. by Sung, Kim Il University Department of Economics (Pyongyang: State Publishing Company, 1958), pp. 101–41.Google Scholar

Kim, Joungwon Alexander, ‘The “Peak of Socialism” in North Korea: The Five and Seven Year Plans’, Asian Survey, 5.5 (1965), pp. 255–69.Google Scholar

Kim, Kook-Chin, ‘South Korea’s Policy toward Russia: A Korean View’, Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 13.3 (1994), pp. 3–12.Google Scholar

Kim, Kook-Hoo, Pyongyang’s Soviet Korean Elites [P’yŏngyangŭi k’areisŭk’i Ellit’ŭrŭl] (Seoul: Hanul Books, 2013).Google Scholar

Kim, Myung-Ki, The Korean War and International Law (Claremont, CA: Paragon House, 1991).Google Scholar

Kim, Se Jin, ‘South Korea’s Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact’, Asian Survey, 10.6 (1970), pp. 519–32.Google Scholar

Kim, Su-Hwan, An Analysis of Sino-North Korean Cross-Border Cooperation and Its Implication for Incheon Metropolian City [Pukchung chŏpkyŏnghyŏmnyŏk punsŏggwa Inch’ŏnsiŭi taeŭngbanghyang] (Incheon: Incheon Development Institute, 2012).Google Scholar

Kim, Sung-bo, North Korean History 1: The Experience of State Building and People’s Democracy 1945-1960 [Pukhanŭi yŏgsa 1: Kŏn’guggwa inminminjujuŭi kyŏnghŏm 1945-1960] (Seoul: Critical Review of History, 2011).Google Scholar

Kim, Sung-Jae, ‘Firms’ Fighting of Tumen vs Hunchun?: Struggles of Local Governments to Have North Korean Labours [Tumen vs Hunch’un kiŏp morichae chabgo momssaum wae? Ch’ungguk chibangjŏngbuggiri Pukhan illyŏk dalla]’, Weekly Donga, 13 January 2014, pp. 40–42.Google Scholar

Kim, Sung Chull, North Korea Under Kim Jong Il: From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance (New York: SUNY Press, 2012).Google Scholar

Kim, Sung Jun, ‘The Development of Agricultural Management in Korea [Urinara Nongch’on’gyŏngniŭi Palchŏn]’, in The Development of the People’s Economy in Korea 1948-1958 [Urinaraŭi inmin’gyŏngje palchŏn 1948-1958], ed. by Sung, Kim Il University Department of Economics (Pyongyang: State Publishing Company, 1958), pp. 143–93.Google Scholar

Kim, Suzy, Everyday Life in the North Korean Revolution, 1945-1950 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013).Google Scholar

Kim, Yong Hyun, ‘A Study on the Militarizing State of North Korea: The 1950s-1960s [Pukhanŭi kunsagukkahwae kwanhan yŏn’gu: 1950-1960 nyŏndaerŭl chungsimŭro]’ (PhD thesis: Dongguk University, 2001).Google Scholar

Kim, Youn-Soo, ‘The Economy of the KDPR - Its Development, Organization and Functioning’, in The Economy of the Korean Democratic People’s Republic 1945-1977, ed. by Kim, Youn-Soo (Kiel: German Korea-Studies Group, 1979), pp. 13–105.Google Scholar

Kim, Youn Suk, ‘Current North Korean Economy: Overview and Prospects for Change’, North Korean Review, 4.2 (2008), pp. 16–30.Google Scholar

Kim, Young-Hui, ‘The Change and Future Prospects of North Korea’s Farmers’ Markets [Pukhan nongminsijangŭi pyŏnhwawa hyanghu chŏnmang]’, KDB Global Economic Issues, April (2009), pp. 149–57.Google Scholar

King, Betty L., ‘Japanese Colonialism and Korean Economic Development, 1910-1945’, Asian Studies - Journal of Critical Prespectives on Asia, 13.3 (1975), pp. 1–21.Google Scholar

KITA, ‘The Status of North Korean Workers in China and Related Implications’, KITA Beijing Office Brief (2014).Google Scholar

Klingner, Bruce, ‘Banco Delta Asia Ruling Complicates North Korean Nuclear Deal’, The Heritage Foundation WebMemo, 1398.March (2007).Google Scholar

Koh, B. C., ‘North Korea and Its Quest for Autonomy’, Pacific Affairs, 87.4 (2014), pp. 765–78Google Scholar

Koh, Byung Chul, The Foreign Policy of North Korea (New York: Praeger, 1969).Google Scholar

Koh, Dae-Won, ‘Dynamics of Inter-Korean Conflict and North Korea’s Recent Policy Changes: An Inter-Systemic View’, Asian Survey, 44.3 (2004), pp. 422–41.Google Scholar

Kohli, Atul, ‘Where Do High Growth Political Economies Come From? The Japanese Lineage of Korea’s “Developmental State”’, World Development, 22.9 (1994), pp. 1269–93.Google Scholar

Kong, Tat Yan, ‘The Political Obstacles to Economic Reform in North Korea: The Ultra Cautious Strategy in Comparative Perspective’, The Pacific Review, 27.1 (2014), pp. 73–96.Google Scholar

Kontorovich, Vladimir, ‘Lesons of the 1965 Soviet Economy Reform’, Soviet Studies, 40.2 (1988), pp. 308–16.Google Scholar

Korea Economic Development Association, DPRK Special Economic Zones (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 2019).Google Scholar

Kornai, , János, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).Google Scholar

Köves, András, ‘Socialist Economy and the World-Economy’, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 5.1 (1981), pp. 113–133.Google Scholar

Krueger, Anne O., ‘The Political Economy of the Rent Seeking Society’, The American Economic Review, 64.3 (1974), pp. 291–303.Google Scholar

Kuark, Yoon T., ‘North Korea’s Industrial Development during the Post-War Period’, The China Quarterly, 14.June (1963), pp. 51–64.Google Scholar

Kueh, Yak-Yeow, ‘China’s New Agricultural-Policy Program: Major Economic Consequences, 1979-1983’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 8.4 (1984), pp. 353–75.Google Scholar

Kuznets, Paul W., Economic Growth and Structure in the Republic of Korea (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977).Google Scholar

Kwon, Tae-Jin, The Current Situation and Outlook of Marketisation in North Korea’s Agricultural Sector [Pukhanŭi nongŏppumun sijanghwa silt’aewa chŏnmang] (Seoul: GS & J Institute, 2018).Google Scholar

Kwon, Tai-Hwan, ‘International Migration of Koreans and the Korean Community in China’, Korea Journal of Population and Development, 26.1 (1997), pp. 1–18.Google Scholar

Kwon, Young-Kyong, ‘Change and Outlook of North Korean Economic Policy in the Kim Jong Un Era [Kimjǒngǔn sidae Pukhan kyǒngjejǒngch’aekǔi pyǒnhwawa chǒnmang]’, Korean Eximbank North Korea Economic Review, Spring (2014), pp. 1–30.Google Scholar

KWP, Reports and Decisions on the DPRK People’s Economy First Five Year Plan (1957-1961) [Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin’gonghwaguk inmin’gyŏngjebalchŏn che 1 ch’a 5 kaenyŏn (1957-1961) kyehoege kwanhan pogo mit kyŏlchŏngsŏ] (Pyongyang: Korean Workers’ Party Publishing House, 1958).Google Scholar

Lal, Deepak, The Poverty of ‘Development Economics’ (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).Google Scholar

Lall, Sanjaya, and Albaladejo, Manuel, ‘China’s Competitive Performance: A Threat to East Asian Manufactured Exports?’, World Development, 32.9 (2004), pp. 1441–66.Google Scholar

Lane, David, The Rise and Fall of State Socialism (London: Polity Press, 1996).Google Scholar

Lankov, Andrei N., ‘Kim Takes Control: The “Great Purge” in North Korea, 1956-1960’, Korean Studies, 26.1 (2002), pp. 87–119.Google Scholar

Lankov, Andrei, ‘Why North Korea Will Not Change’, Foreign Affairs, 87.2 (2008), pp. 9–16.Google Scholar

Lankov, Andrei, ‘North Korean Workers Abroad Aren’t Slaves’, NK News, 2014 www.nknews.org/2014/11/north-korean-workers-abroad-arent-slaves/ [accessed 2 April 2020].Google Scholar

Lankov, Andrei, The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).Google Scholar

Lee, Hy-Sang, ‘North Korea’s Closed Economy: The Hidden Opening’, Asian Survey, 28.12 (1988), pp. 1264–79.Google Scholar

Lee, Hy-Sang, ‘Supply and Demand for Grains in North Korea: A Historical Movement Model for 1966-1993’, Korea and World Affairs, 18.3 (1994), pp. 509–52.Google Scholar

Lee, Jong-kyu, ‘Decline in the DPRK’s Anthracite Export to China: Causes and Implications’, KDI Focus, 57 (2015), pp. 1–9.Google Scholar

Lee, Jong-Seok, Research on the Korean Workers’ Party: Focus on Changes in Leadership Thought and Structural Change [Chosŏnnodongdang yŏn’gu: Chidosasanggwa kujo pyŏnhwarŭl chungsimŭro] (Seoul: Critical Review of History, 1995).Google Scholar

Lee, Jong-Seok, A New Approach to Understanding Contemporary North Korea [Saero ssŭn hyŏndae Pukhanŭi ihae (Seoul: Critical Review of History, 2000).Google Scholar

Lee, Jong-Seok, Research on North Korean-Chinese Relations at the Time of the Cultural Revolution [Munhwadaehyŏngmyŏng sigi Pukhan-Chungguk kwan’gye yŏn’gu] (Seongnam: Sejong Institute, 2015).Google Scholar

Lee, Jong-Woon, North Korea’s Economic Reform under An International Framework (Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2004).Google Scholar

Lee, Jong-Woon, and Gray, Kevin, ‘Cause for Optimism? Financial Sanctions and the Rise of the Sino-North Korean Border Economy’, Review of International Political Economy, 24.3 (2017), pp. 424–53.Google Scholar

Lee, Seog-Ki, Hak-moon, Byun, and Hye-Seon, Na, North Korea’s Industry and Industrial Policy in the Kim Jong Un Era [Kimjŏngŭn sidae Pukhanŭi sanŏp mit sanŏpchŏngch’aek] (Sejong: Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade, 2018).Google Scholar

Lee, Seog-Ki, Suk-Jin, Kim, Hwan, Kim Kye, and Moon-Soo, Yang, North Korean Industries and Firms in the 2000s: Recovery and Operation Mechanism [2000 nyŏndae Pukhanŭi sanŏpgwa kiŏp: Hoebok silt’aewa chakdong pangsik] (Seoul: Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade, 2010).Google Scholar

Lee, Seog-Ki, Yang, Moon-Soo, and Eun-Lee, Joung, Analysis on the Markets of North Korea [Pukhan sijangsilt’ae punsŏk] (Sejong: Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade, 2014).Google Scholar

Lee, Seok, ‘Overview: Evaluation and Hypotheses Relating to Trends in the 2016 North Korean Economy [Ch’onggwal: 2016 nyŏn Pukhan kyŏngje tonghyangpyŏnggawa sŏlmyonggasŏl]’, KDI Review of the North Korean Economy, 19.1 (2017), pp. 3–26.Google Scholar

Lee, Seok, ‘Summary: the North Korean Economy in 2018, in Crisis or Holding up? [Ch’onggwal: 2018 nyŏn Pukhan’gyŏngje, wigiin’ga pŏt’igiin’ga]’, KDI Review of the North Korean Economy, 21.2 2019, pp. 3–28.Google Scholar

Lee, Tae-Sup, North Korea’s Economic Crisis and System Change [Pukhanŭi Kyŏngje Wigiwa Ch’eje Pyŏnhwa] (Seoul: Sunin, 2009).Google Scholar

Legislation Press, Legal Code of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (Supplementary Edition) [Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin’gonghwaguk pŏpchŏn (chŭngbop’an)] (Pyongyang: Legislation Press, 2016).Google Scholar

Lerner, Mitchell, ‘“Mostly Propaganda in Nature”: Kim Il Sung, the Juche Ideology, and the Second Korean War’, Wilson Center Working Paper, 2010.Google Scholar

Liberman, Peter, Does Conquest Pay? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).Google Scholar

Lim, Eul-Chul, North Korea’s Economy in the Kim Jong Un Era: Private Financing and Masters of Money [Kimjŏngŭn sidaeŭi Pukhan’gyŏngje: Sagŭmyunggwa tonju] (Seoul: Hanul, 2016).Google Scholar

Lim, Eul-Chul, ‘The Formation and Development of Private Financing in North Korea: Patterns, Implications and Tasks [Pukhan sagŭmyungŭi hyŏngsŏnggwa paljŏn: Yangt’ae, hamŭi mit kwaje]’, The Korean Journal of Unification Affairs, 27.1 (2015), pp. 205–42.Google Scholar

Lim, Hyun-Chun, and , Byung-Kook Kim, ‘Rethinking North Korean Self-Reliance: Reality and Facade’, in Dynamic Transformation: Korea, NICs and Beyond, ed. by, Gill-Chin Lim and , Wook Chang (Urbana: Consortium on Development Studies, 1990), pp. 53–79.Google Scholar

Lim, Jae-Cheon, Kim Jong Il’s Leadership of North Korea (Londong: Routledge, 2009).Google Scholar

Lim, Kang-Taeg, ‘North Korea’s Foreign Trade, 1962-1992’ (PhD thesis: University at Albany, State University of New York, 1995).Google Scholar

Lim, Kang-Taeg, Analysis of the Condition of North Korea’s Informal Sector: Focus on Corporate Activity [Pukhan kyŏngjeŭi pigongsikbumun silt’ae punsŏk: kiŏphwaldongŭl chungsimŭro] (Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2013).Google Scholar

Lim, Phillip Wonhyuk, ‘North Korea’s Food Crisis’, Korea and World Affairs, 21.4 (1997), pp. 568–85.Google Scholar

Lim, Soo-Ho, The Co-Existence of Plan and Market: The Outlook for North Korea’s Economic Reform and Systemic Change [Kyehoeggwa sijangŭi kongjon: Pukhanǔi kyǒngjegaehyǒggwa ch’ejebyǒnhwa chǒnmang] (Seoul: Samsung Economic Research Institute, 2008).Google Scholar

Lim, Soo-Ho, ‘Sanctions on North Korea in the Medium to Long Term: the Influence of Sanctions on Coal and Iron Exports on the Domestic Economy of North Korea [Taebukchejaeŭi chungjanggi hyogwa: sŏkt’an ch’ŏlgwangsŏk such’ulchejaega Pukhan naesugyŏngjee mich’inŭn yŏnghyang]’, KDI Review of the North Korean Economy, 21.12 (2019), pp. 15–28.Google Scholar

Lin, Justin Yifu, ‘Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in China’, The American Economic Review, 82.1 (1992), pp. 34–51.Google Scholar

Loeffler, Rachel L., ‘Bank Shots: How the Financial System Can Isolate Rogues’, Foreign Affairs, 88.2 (2009), pp. 101–10.Google Scholar

Luova, Outi, ‘Transnational Linkages and Development Initiatives in Ethnic Korean Yanbian, Northeast China: “Sweet and Sour” Capital Transfers’, Pacific Affairs, 82.3 (2009), pp. 427–46.Google Scholar

Mao, Tse-Tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung: Volume II (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965).Google Scholar

Mao, Tse-Tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung: Volume III (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965).Google Scholar

Marer, Paul, ‘Soviet Economic Policy in Eastern Europe’, in Reorientation and Commercial Relations of the Economies of Eastern Europe, ed. by Joint Economic Commitee US Congress (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1974).Google Scholar

Marx, Karl, and Engels, Fredrich, The Communist Manifesto (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1967).Google Scholar

Mayall, James, ‘The Sanctions Problem in International Economic Relations: Reflections in the Light of Recent Experience’, International Affairs, 60.4 (1984), pp. 631–42.Google Scholar

Mazarr, Michael J., ‘Orphans of Glasnost: Cuba, North Korea and US Policy’, Korea and World Affairs, 15.1 (1991), pp. 58–84.Google Scholar

McEachern, Patrick, Inside the Red Box: North Korea’s Post-Totalitarian Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).Google Scholar

McEachern, Patrick, ‘Centralizing North Korean Policymaking under Kim Jong Un’, Asian Perspective, 43.1 (2019), pp. 35–67.Google Scholar

McMillan, John, and Naughton, Barry, ‘How to Reform a Planned Economy: Lessons from China’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 8.1 (1992), pp. 130–43.Google Scholar

Millar, James R., ‘A Note on Primitive Accumulation in Marx and Preobrazhensky’, Soviet Studies, 30.3 (1978), pp. 384–93.Google Scholar

Mohan, Giles, ‘Beyond the Enclave: Towards a Critical Political Economy of China and Africa’, Development and Change, 44.6 (2013), pp. 1255–72.Google Scholar

Moody, Peter Graham, ‘Chollima, the Thousand Li Flying Horse: Neo-Traditionalism at Work in North Korea’, Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies, 13.2 (2013), pp. 211–33.Google Scholar

Moon, Chung-in, and Lee, Sangkeun, ‘Military Spending and the Arms Race on the Korean Peninsula’, Asian Perspective, 33.4 (2009), pp. 69–99.Google Scholar

Moore, Aaron Stephen, ‘The Yalu River Era of Developing Asia: Japanese Expertise, Colonial Power, and the Construction of Sup’ung Dam’, Journal of Asian Studies, 72.1 (2013), pp. 115–39.Google Scholar

MOU, North Korean Economic Statistics [Pukhan Kyŏngje t’onggyejip] (Seoul: Ministry of Unification, 1996).Google Scholar

MOU, Understanding North Korea (Seoul: Ministry of Unification, 2014).Google Scholar

Mun, Sung Min, and Jung, Sung Ho, ‘Dollarization in North Korea: Evidence from a Survey of North Korean Refugees’, East Asian Economic Review, 21.1 (2017), pp. 81–100.Google Scholar

Murray, Martin J., The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (1870-1940) (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980).Google Scholar

Myers, B. R., North Korea’s Juche Myth (Busan: Sthele Press, 2015).Google Scholar

Nairn, Tom, ‘The Modern Janus’, New Left Review, 94 (1975), pp. 3–30.Google Scholar

Nam, Sung-wook, ‘Chronic Food Shortages and the Collective Farm System in North Korea’, Journal of East Asian Studies, 7.1 (2007), pp. 93–123.Google Scholar

Namkoong, Young, ‘An Analysis of North Korea’s Policy to Attract Foreign Capital: Management and Achievement’, Korea and World Affairs, 19.3 (1995), pp. 459–81.Google Scholar

Naughton, Barry, The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2007).Google Scholar

Nayyar, Deepak, Catch Up: Developing Countries in the World Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).Google Scholar

Nehru, Jawaharlal, ‘Changing India’, Foreign Affairs, 41.3 (1963), pp. 453–65.Google Scholar

Noland, Marcus, ‘Why North Korea Will Muddle Through’, Foreign Affairs, 76.4 (1997), pp. 105–18.Google Scholar

Noland, Marcus, ‘Prospects for the North Korean Economy’, in North Korea after Kim Il Sung, ed. by Suh, Dae-Sook and Lee, Chae-Jin (London: Lynne Rienner, 1998), pp. 33–58Google Scholar

North Korea Development Institute, ‘The Present Status and Outlook of North Korean Marketisation: A Focus on Market Change [Pukhanŭi sijanghwa hyŏnhwanggwa chŏnmang: Sijangbyŏnhwarŭl chungsimŭro]’ (Unpublished Paper, 2016).Google Scholar

North Korean Resources Research Institute, Analysis of North Korean Mineral Resources Development [Pukhan chawŏn’gaebalsaŏp silt’aebunsŏk] (Seoul: North Korean Resources Research Institute and Korea Resources Corporation, 2010).Google Scholar

Oh, Kongdan, and Hassig, Ralph C., ‘North Korea between Collapse and Reform’, Asian Survey, 39.2 (1999), pp. 287–309.Google Scholar

Oh, Kongdan, and Hassig, Ralph C., North Korea through the Looking Glass (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2000)Google Scholar

Oh, Youngjin, The Soviet Army’s North Korea: One Testament [Sogunŭi Pukhan: Hanaŭi chŭngŏn] (Seoul: Central Culture Publishing, 1983).Google Scholar

Okonogi, Masao, ‘North Korean Communism: In Search of Its Prototype’, in Korean Studies: New Pacific Currents, ed. by Suh, Dae-Sook (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i, 1994), pp. 177–206.Google Scholar

Paige, Glenn D., ‘1966: Korea Creates the Future’, Asian Survey, 7.1 (1967), pp. 21–30.Google Scholar

Paige, Glenn D., ‘North Korea and the Emulation of Russian and Chinese Behavior’, in Communist Strategies in Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Governments and Parties, ed. by Barnett, Arthur Doak (New York: Praeger, 1963), pp. 228–61.Google Scholar

Paige, Glenn D., and Jun, Dong Lee, ‘The Post-War Politics of Communist Korea’, The China Quarterly, 14, June (1963), pp. 17–29.Google Scholar

Paik, Haksoon, The History of Power in North Korea: Ideas, Identities, and Structures [Pukhan kwŏllyŏgŭi yŏgsa: Sasang, chŏngch’esŏng, kujo] (Seoul: Hanul Books, 2010).Google Scholar

Pape, Robert A., ‘Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work’, International Security, 22.2 (1997), pp. 90–136.Google Scholar

Pape, Robert A., ‘Why Economic Sanctions Still Do Not Work’, International Security, 23.1 (1998), pp. 66–77.Google Scholar

Park, Byung-kwang, ‘China-North Korea Economic Relations during the Hu Jintao Era’, International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, 19.2 (2010), pp. 125–50.Google Scholar

Park, Hyeong-jung, ‘Introduction of Party-Centered Industrial Management System in the First Half of the 1960’s in North Korea [1960 nyŏndae chŏnban’gi Pukhanesŏ chibangdang chungsimŭi kongŏpkwallich’egye surip kwajŏnggwa naeyong]’, Review of North Korean Studies, 6.2 (2003), pp. 89–132.Google Scholar

Park, Hyeong-jung, ‘North Korea’s “New Economic Management System”: Main Features and Problems’, Korea Focus, January (2014), pp. 1-12.Google Scholar

Park, Hyun-Sun, Contemporary North Korean Society and Family [Hyŏndae Pukhansahoewa Kajok] (Seoul: Hanul Books, 2003).Google Scholar

Park, In Ho, The Creation of the North Korean Market System (Seoul: Daily NK, 2017).Google Scholar

Park, Phillip H., Rebuilding North Korea’s Economy: Politics and Policy (Seoul: IFES Kyungnam University, 2016).Google Scholar

Park, Phillip H., The Development Strategy of Self-Reliance (Juche) and Rural Development in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (London: Routledge, 2002).Google Scholar

Park, Phillip H., ‘Introduction: Economic Reform and Institutional Change in the DPRK’, in The Dynamics of Change in North Korea: An Institutionalist Perspective, ed. by Park, Phillip H. (Seoul: IFES Kyungnam University, 2009), pp. 3–41.Google Scholar

Park, Seong-yong, ‘North Korea’s Military Policy under the Kim Jong-Un Regime’, Journal of Asian Public Policy, 9.1 (2016), pp. 57–74.Google Scholar

Park, Tae-gyun, ‘Beyond the Myth: Reassessing the Security Crisis on the Korean Peninsula during the Mid-1960s’, Pacific Affairs, 82.1 (2009), pp. 93–110.Google Scholar

Park, Yong-Soo, ‘The Political Economy of Economic Reform in North Korea’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 63.4 (2009), pp. 529–49.Google Scholar

Park, Young-Ja, Je-Hwan, Hong, In-Ae, Hyun, and Bo-Geun, Kim, Enterprise Operational Reality and Corporate Governance in North Korea [Pukhan kiŏpŭi unyŏngsilt’ae mit chibaegujo] (Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2016).Google Scholar

Pempel, T. J., ‘The Developmental Regime in a Changing World Economy’, in The Developmental State, ed. by Woo-Cumings, Meredith (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 137–81.Google Scholar

Perotti, Enrico C., Sun, Laixiang, and Liang, Zou, ‘State-Owned versus Township and Village Enterprises in China’, UNU-Wider Working Paper, 1998 www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/previous/en_GB/wp-150/ [accessed 25 April 2020].Google Scholar

Perry, John Curtis, ‘Dateline North Korea: A Communist Holdout’, Foreign Policy, 80.Autumn (1990), pp. 172–91.Google Scholar

Person, James F., ‘North Korea’s Chuch’e Philosophy’, in Routledge Handbook of Modern Korean History, ed. by Seth, Michael J. (London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 211–20.Google Scholar

Person, James F., ‘North Korea in 1956: Reconsidering the August Plenum and the Sino-Soviet Joint Intervention’, Cold War History, 19.2 (2019), pp. 253–74.Google Scholar

van der Pijl, Kees, ‘State Socialism and Passive Revolution’, in Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, ed. by Gill, Stephen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 237–58.Google Scholar

Polanyi, Karl, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1944).Google Scholar

Prashad, Vijay, The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (New York: New Press, 2007).Google Scholar

PRC Ministry of Commerce, 2013 Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment (Hong Kong: Purple Culture, 2014).Google Scholar

Rau, Zbigniew, The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991).Google Scholar

Ravenhill, John, ‘Is China an Economic Threat to Southeast Asia?’, Asian Survey, 46.5 (2006), pp. 653–74.Google Scholar

Ray, David, ‘The Dependency Model of Latin American Underdevelopment: Three Basic Fallacies’, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 15.1 (1973), pp. 4–20.Google Scholar

van Ree, Erik, Socialism in One Zone: Stalin’s Policy in Korea, 1945-1947 (Oxford: Berg, 1989).Google Scholar

van Ree, Erik, ‘The Limits of Juche: North Korea’s Dependence on Soviet Industrial Aid, 1953-1976’, Journal of Communist Studies, 5.1 (1989), pp. 50–73.Google Scholar

Research Institute of Juche Economics - Academy of Social Sciences, Dictionary of the Economy [Kyŏngjesajŏn] (Pyongyang: Social Science Publishing House, 1985).Google Scholar

Rhee, Myong Seo, ‘Our Party’s Economic Policy on Heavy Industry-First Growth and the Simultaneous Development of Light Industry and Agriculture [Chunggongŏbŭi usŏnjŏk changsŏnggwa kyŏnggongŏp mit nongŏbŭi tongsijŏk palchŏne taehan uri tangŭi kyŏngjejŏngch’aek]’, in The Constructions of Socialist Economy in Our Country [Urinaraesŏŭi sahoejuŭi kyŏngje kŏnsŏl], ed. by DPRK Academy of Sciences, Economics and Legal Research Institute (Pyongyang: Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 1958), pp. 90–136.Google Scholar

Ri, Il Chol, ‘Concept and Main Types of Economic Development Zone [Kyŏngjegaebalguŭi kaenyŏmgwa chuyo yuhyŏng]’, Economic Research [Kyŏngje Yŏn’gu], 2 (2015), pp. 42–43.Google Scholar

Ri, Ki Ban, ‘The Accurate Implementation of the Principle of Socialist Distribution Is an Important Requirement of the Completion of the Improvement of Economic Management [Sahoejuŭi punbaewŏnch’ikŭl chŏnghwak’i kuhyŏnhanŭn kŏsŭn kyŏngjegwalligaesŏn wansŏngŭi chungyohan yogu]’, Economic Research [Kyŏngje Yŏn’gu], 2 (2003), pp. 19–21.Google Scholar

Ri, Myong Jin, ‘The Positive Promotion of the Development of Economic Development Zones Is an Important Task of Our Age [Kyŏngjegaebalgu kaebalsaŏbŭl chŏkkŭk milgonaganŭn kŏsŭn hyŏnsigi uri ap’e nasŏnŭn chungyohan kwaŏp]’, Journal of Kim Il Sung University: Philosophy, Economics, 61.4 (2015), pp. 75–77.Google Scholar

Ri, Tong Su, ‘Socialist Enterprise Responsibility Management System, Business Strategy and Enterprise Strategy [Sahoejuŭigiŏpch’aegimgwallijewa kyŏngyŏngjŏllyak, kiŏpchŏllyak]’ Chollima, 10 (2016), pp. 73–74.Google Scholar

Riskin, Carl, China’s Political Economy: The Quest for Development Since 1949 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).Google Scholar

Ro, Myong Song, ‘Some Problems in Creating and Operating Economic Development Zones According to the Actual Conditions of Each Province [Kak todŭrŭi silchŏnge matke kyŏngjegaebalgudŭrŭl ch’angsŏl, unyŏnghanŭndesŏ nasŏnŭn myŏtkaji munje]’, Economic Research [Kyŏngje Yŏn’gu], 2 (2015), pp. 39–41.Google Scholar

Robinson, Joan, ‘Korean Miracle’, Monthly Review, 16.9 (1965), pp. 541–49.Google Scholar

Robinson, Michael, Korea’s Twentieth Century Odyssey: A Short History (Honolulu: Hawaii University Press, 2007).Google Scholar

Rolf, Steven, ‘Locating the State: Uneven and Combined Development, the States System and the Political’, in Theoretical Engagements in Geopolitical Economy, ed. by Desai, Radhika (Bingley: Emerald Group, 2015), pp. 113–53.Google Scholar

Rosenberg, Justin, ‘The “Philosophical Premises” of Uneven and Combined Development’, Review of International Studies, 39.3 (2013), pp. 569–97.Google Scholar

Rowe, David M., Manipulating the Market: Understanding Economic Sanctions, Institutional Change, and the Political Unity of White Rhodesia (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001).Google Scholar

Rozman, Gilbert, ‘Northeast China: Waiting for Regionalism’, Problems of Post-Communism, 45.4 (1998), pp. 3–13.Google Scholar

Sachs, Jeffrey, and Woo, Wing Thye, ‘Structural Factors in the Economic Reforms of China, Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet Union’, Economic Policy, 9.18 (1994), pp. 101–45.Google Scholar

Dos Santos, Theotonio, ‘The Structure of Dependence’, The American Economic Review, 60.1 (1970), pp. 231–36.Google Scholar

Saxonberg, Steven, Transitions and Non Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in China, Cuba, North Korea and Vietnam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).Google Scholar

Scalapino, Robert A., ‘Korea: The Politics of Change’, Asian Survey, 3.1 (1963), pp. 31–40.Google Scholar

Scalapino, Robert A., and Lee, Chong-Sik, Communism in Korea: Part 1. The Movement (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972).Google Scholar

Schurmann, Franz, Idelogy and Organisation in Communist China (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966).Google Scholar

Seliger, Bernhard, ‘The July 2002 Reforms in North Korea: Liberman-Style Reforms or Road to Transformation?’, North Korean Review, 1.1 (2005), pp. 22–37.Google Scholar

Selverstone, Mark J., Constructing the Monolith: The United States, Great Britain, and International Communism, 1945–1950 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).Google Scholar

Shafer, D. Michael, Winners and Losers: How Sectors Shape the Developmental Prospects of States (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).Google Scholar

Shapiro, Jane P., ‘Soviet Policy Towards North Korea and Korean Unification’, Pacific Affairs, 48.3 (1975), pp. 336–52.Google Scholar

Silberstein, Benjamin Katzeff, Growth and Geography of Markets in North Korea New Evidence from Satellite Imagery (Washington, DC: US-Korea Institute at SAIS, 2015).Google Scholar

Simon, Sheldon W., ‘Regional Security Structures in Asia: The Question of Relevance’, in East Asian Security in the Post-Cold War Era, ed. by Simon, Sheldon W. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), pp. 11–27.Google Scholar

Singh, Nitya, and Lee, Wootae, ‘Survival from Economic Sanctions: A Comparative Case Study of India and North Korea’, Journal of Asian Public Policy, 4.2 (2011), pp. 171–86.Google Scholar

Smith, Hazel, ‘Overcoming Humanitarian Dilemmas in the DPRK (North Korea)’, United States Institute of Peace Special Report (2002).Google Scholar

Smith, Hazel, Hungry for Peace: International Security, Humanitarian Assistance, and Social Change in North Korea (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2005).Google Scholar

Smith, Hazel, North Korea: Markets and Military Rule (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).Google Scholar

Snyder, Scott, China’s Rise and the Two Koreas: Politics, Economics, Security (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2009).Google Scholar

Social Science Publishing Company, DPRK History of Foreign Relations 2 [Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin’gonghwaguk taeoegwan’gyesa 2] (Pyongyang: Social Science Publishing Company, 1987).Google Scholar

Son, Jon Hu, The Experience of Land Reform [T’ojigaehyŏk kyŏnghŏm] (Pyongyang: Social Science Publishing Company, 1983).Google Scholar

Son Jon, Hu, The History of Land Reform in North Korea [Urinara t’ojigaehyŏksa] (Pyongyang: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Company, 1983).Google Scholar

Song, Ligang, ‘Emerging Private Enterprise in China: Transitional Paths and Implications’, in China’s Third Economic Transformation: The Rise of the Private Economy, ed. by Garnaut, Ross and Song, Ligang (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), pp. 29–47.Google Scholar

Steinfeld, Edward S., ‘China’s Shallow Integration: Networked Production and the New Challenges for Late Industrialization’, World Development, 32.11 (2004), pp. 1971–87.Google Scholar

Strange, Gerard, ‘China’s Post-Listian Rise: Beyond Radical Globalisation Theory and the Political Economy of Neoliberal Hegemony’, New Political Economy, 15.5 (2011), pp. 539–59.Google Scholar

Suh, Dae-Sook, ‘A Preconceived Formula for Sovietization: The Communist Takeover of North Korea’, Journal of East and West Studies, 1.1 (1973), pp. 101–14.Google Scholar

Suh, Dae-Sook, Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).Google Scholar

Suh, Dong-Man, ‘North Korea’s Political Struggles and Ideology Situation in the 1950s [1950 nyŏndae Pukhanŭi chŏngch’igaldŭnggwa idaeollogi sanghwan]’, in North and South Korea’s Choice and Refraction in the 1950s [1950 nyŏndae nambukhanŭi sŏnt’aeggwa kuljŏl], ed. by The Institute of Korean Historical Studies (Seoul: Critical Review of History, 1998), pp. 307–50.Google Scholar

Suh, Dong-Man, The History of Socialist System Formation in North Chosun 1945-1961 [Pukchosŏn sahoejuŭi ch’eje sŏngnipsa 1945-1961] (Seoul: Sunin, 2005).Google Scholar

Suh, Sang-Chul, ‘North Korean Industrial Policy and Trade’, in North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues, ed. by Scalapino, Robert A. and Kim, Jun-yop (Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1983), pp. 197–213.Google Scholar

Suny, Ronald Grigor, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993).Google Scholar

Szalontai, Balázs, Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet–DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953–1964 (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2005).Google Scholar

Szalontai, Balazs, and Choi, Changyong, ‘The Prospects of Economic Reform in North Korea: Comparisons with China, Vietnam and Yugoslavia’, Europe-Asia Studies, 64.2 (2012), pp. 227–46.Google Scholar

Tan-Mullins, May, Mohan, Giles, and Power, Marcus, ‘Redefining “Aid” in the China–Africa Context’, Development and Change, 41.5 (2010), pp. 857–81.Google Scholar

Timmer, Charles Peter, ‘Agriculture and Economic Development Revisited’, Agricultural Systems, 40.1–3 (1992), pp. 21–58.Google Scholar

Tokola, Mark, ‘Why Is China so Upset about THAAD?’, Korea Economic Institute of America Website, 2017 http://keia.org/why-china-so-upset-about-thaad [accessed 19 October 2018].Google Scholar

Torbat, Akbar E., ‘Impacts of the US Trade and Financial Sanctions on Iran’, The World Economy, 28.3 (2005), pp. 407–34.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S., Capitalism without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007).Google Scholar

Tu, Kwang Ik, ‘Price Setting Methods in Enterprises [Kiŏpch’edŭresŏŭi kagyŏkchejŏngbangbŏp]’, Journal of Kim Il Sung University Philosophy, Economics, 64.3 (2018), pp. 137–41.Google Scholar

Tudor, Daniel, and Pearson, James, North Korea Confidential: Private Markets, Fashion Trends, Prison Camps, Dissenters and Defectors (Tokyo: Tuttle, 2015).Google Scholar

Uchida, Jun, ‘“A Scramble for Freight”: The Politics of Collaboration along and across the Railway Tracks of Korea under Japanese Rule’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 51.1 (2009), pp. 117–50.Google Scholar

Vanous, Jan, ‘East European Economic Slowdown’, Problems of Communism, 31.July-August (1982), pp. 1–19.Google Scholar

Wade, Robert, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G., and Oi, Jean C., ‘Property Rights in the Chinese Economy: Contours of the Process of Change’, in Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, ed. by Oi, Jean C. and Walder, Andrew G. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), pp. 1–24.Google Scholar

Ward, Peter, Lankov, Andrei, and Kim, Jiyoung, ‘Capitalism from Below with North Korean Characteristics: The State, Capitalist Class Formation, and Foreign Investment in Comparative Perspective’, Asian Perspective, 43.3 (2019), pp. 533–55.Google Scholar

Weigle, Marcia A., and Butterfield, Jim, ‘Civil Society in Reforming Communist Regimes: The Logic of Emergence’, Comparative Politics, 25.1 (1992), pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

Wertz, Daniel, ‘The Evolution of Financial Sanctions on North Korea’, North Korean Review, 9.2 (2013), pp. 69–82.Google Scholar

White, D. Gordon, ‘The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea through the Eyes of a Visiting Sinologist’, The China Quarterly, 63.September (1975), pp. 515–22.Google Scholar

White, Gordon, ‘North Korean Chuch’e: The Political Economy of Independence’, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 7.2 (1975), pp. 44–54.Google Scholar

White, Gordon, Riding the Tiger: The Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993).Google Scholar

Whittaker, D. Hugh, Zhu, Tianbiao, Sturgeon, Timothy, Tsai, Mon Han, and Okita, Toshie, ‘Compressed Development’, Studies in Comparative International Development, 45.4 (2010), pp. 439–67.Google Scholar

Wiegersma, Nancy, Vietnam - Peasant Land, Peasant Revolution: Patriarchy and Collectivity in the Rural Economy (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988).Google Scholar

Wilczynski, Jozef, The Economics of Socialism: Principles Governing the Operation of the Centrally Planned Economies in the USSR and Eastern Europe under the New System (London: Allen and Unwin, 1972).Google Scholar

Willett, Thomas D., and Jalalighajar, Mehrdad, ‘U.S. Trade Policy and National Security’, Cato Journal, 3.3 (1983), pp. 717–41.Google Scholar

Won, Dong Wook, ‘The Bright and Dark Sides of Economic Cooperation between North Korea and China: Changjitu and Sino-NK Economic Cooperation [Pukchunggyŏnghyŏbŭi pitgwa kŭlimja: “ch’angjit’u kaebalgyehoeg” kwa Pukchunggan ch’oguggyŏng yŏn’gyegaebalŭl chungsimŭro]’, Contemporary China Studies, 13.1 (2011), pp. 41–73.Google Scholar

Woo, Jongseok, ‘Kim Jong-Il’s Military-First Politics and beyond: Military Control Mechanisms and the Problem of Power Succession’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 47.2 (2014), pp. 117–25.Google Scholar

World Bank, ‘China’s Management of Enterprise Assets: The State as Shareholder’, World Bank Report, 1997 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1997/06/694720/chinas-management-enterprise-assets-state-shareholder [accessed 25 April 2020].Google Scholar

Yakubovsky, Vladimir B., ‘Economic Relations between Russia and the DPRK: Problems and Perspectives’, Korea and World Affairs, 20.3 (1996), pp. 451–76.Google Scholar

Yang, Moon-Soo, The Structure of the North Korean Economy: The Mechanism of North Korean Development and Slowdown [Pukhan’gyŏngjeŭi kujo: Kyŏngjegaebalgwa ch’imch’aeŭi mek’aŏnijŭm] (Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 2001).Google Scholar

Yang, Moon-Soo, The Marketisation of the North Korean Economy: Nature – Character – Mechanism – Signifiance [Pukhan’gyŏngjeŭi sijanghwa: Yangt’ae – sŏnggyŏk – mek’anijŭm – Hamŭi] (Seoul: Hanul Books, 2010).Google Scholar

Yang, Moon-Soo, ‘North Korea’s External Loans: Trends and Characteristics [Pukhanŭi taeoech’aemu munje:Ch’usewa t’ŭkching]’, KDI Review of the North Korean Economy, 14.3 (2012), pp. 18–37.Google Scholar

Yang, Moon-Soo, ‘North Korea’s Marketisation: Trends and Structural Change [Pukhanŭi sijanghwa: Ch’usewa kujo pyŏnhwa]’, KDI Review of the North Korean Economy, 15.6 (2013), pp. 45–70.Google Scholar

Yang, Moon-Soo, ‘The Search for the Our-Style Economic Management Method after the Appearance of the Kim Jong Un System [Kimjŏngŭn ch’eje ch’ulbŏm ihu “Urisik kyŏngjegwallibangbŏp” ŭi mosaek: Hyŏnhwanggwa p’yŏngga]’, KDI Review of the North Korean Economy, 16.3 (2014), pp. 3–24.Google Scholar

Yang, Moon-Soo, ‘2015 Trends and Outlook in North Korea’s Marketisation [2015 nyŏn Pukhan sijanghwa tonghyanggwa hyanghu chŏnmang]’, KDI Review of the North Korean Economy, 18.1 (2016), pp. 13–34.Google Scholar

Yang, Moon-Soo, ‘Economic Management System in Our Style Observed through the Revised Laws in the Kim Jong Un Era [Kimjŏngŭn chipkwŏn ihu kaejŏng pŏmnyŏngŭl t’onghae pon ‘Urisikkyŏngjegwallibangbŏp’]’, Unification Policy Studies, 26.2 (2017), pp. 81–115.Google Scholar

Yang, Moon Soo, and Shepard, Kevin, ‘Changes in North Korea’s Corporate Governance’, in The Dynamics of Change in North Korea: An Institutionalist Perspective, ed. by Park, Phillip H. (Seoul: IFES Kyungnam University, 2009), pp. 135–80.Google Scholar

Yang, Un-Chul, ‘Reform without Transition: The Economic Situation in North Korea since the July 1, 2002, Measures’, North Korean Review, 6.1 (2010), 71–87.Google Scholar

Yeung, Yue-man, Lee, Joanna, and Kee, Gordon, ‘China’s Special Economic Zones at 30’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 50.2 (2009), pp. 222–40.Google Scholar

Yoon, Dae-kyu, ‘The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications’, Fordham International Law Journal, 27.4 (2003), pp. 1289–305.Google Scholar

Yoon, In Joo, ‘A Study of Privatisation in North Korea: Current Status and Its Implications [Pukhanŭi sayuhwa hyŏnsang yŏn’gu: Silt’aewa hamŭirŭl chungsimŭro]’, North Korean Studies Review, 18.1 (2014), pp. 55–85.Google Scholar

Yonhap News Agency, North Korea Handbook (New York: East Gate, 2003).Google Scholar

Young, Benjamin ‘The Struggle For Legitimacy- North Korea’s Relations With Africa, 1965–1992’, BAKS Papers, 16 (2015), pp. 97–116.Google Scholar

Yu, Chong-Ae, ‘The Rise and Demise of Industrial Agriculture in North Korea’, Journal of Korean Studies, 12.1 (2007), pp. 75–109.Google Scholar

Yu, Hong, ‘Motivation behind China’s “One Belt, One Road” Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’, Journal of Contemporary China, 26.105 (2017), pp. 353–68.Google Scholar

Zagoria, Donald S., ‘North Korea: Between Moscow and Beijing’, in North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues1, ed. by Scalapino, Robert and Kim, Jun-Yop (Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Press, 1983), pp. 351–71.Google Scholar

Zhang, Pingyu, ‘Revitalizing Old Industrial Base of Northeast China: Process, Policy and Challenge’, Chinese Geographical Science, 18.2 (2008), pp. 109–18.Google Scholar

Zhang, Zhihong, ‘Rural Industrialization in China: From Backyard Furnaces to Township and Village Enterprise’, East Asia: An International Quarterly, 17.3 (1999), pp. 61–87.Google Scholar

Zhebin, Alexander, ‘Russia and North Korea: An Emerging, Uneasy Partnership’, Asian Survey, 35.8 (1995), pp. 726–39.Google Scholar

Zhu, Shengjun, and Pickles, John, ‘Bring In, Go Up, Go West, Go Out: Upgrading, Regionalisation and Delocalisation in China’s Apparel Production Networks’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 44.1 (2014), pp. 36–63.Google Scholar

Zimmerman, William, ‘Dependency Theory and the Soviet-East European Hierarchical Regional System: Initial Tests’, Slavic Review, 37.4 (1978), pp. 604–23.Google Scholar