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21 - Philosophy

from PART IV - LEARNING, ARTS AND CULTURE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2011

By
Richard Taylor
Edited by
Robert Irwin
Robert Irwin
Affiliation:
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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Summary

Although the original meaning of the Greek term ‘philosophy’ (falsafa in Arabic) is ‘love of wisdom’, philosophy encompasses a wide variety of methods and subjects, including the structure of reality, the character of human actions, the nature of the divine and much more. Philosophical method certainly includes human rational argumentative discourse and investigation (al-naẓar) by the use of intellect (bi-l-ʿaql) in the search for what is true or right in the realms of nature, metaphysics and ethics. If understood in this sense, philosophy – or something much like it, employing many of the methods found in philosophy – can be seen in Islam among the mutakallimūn or practitioners of kalām (Islamic argumentative theology) well before the advent of the falāsifa, or philosophers working in the framework of Platonic and Aristotelian thought. The Arabic term kalām has many senses, including speech, word, account and more, depending on context, including Divine Speech. Some later well-known philosophers of the classical rationalist period, such as al-Fārābῑ, Ibn Sῑnā/Avicenna and Ibn Rushd/Averroes, commonly regarded kalām as unscientific dialectical argumentation in defence of basic tenets of the Islamic faith.

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The New Cambridge History of Islam , pp. 532 - 563
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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  • Philosophy
  • Edited by Robert Irwin, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Book: The New Cambridge History of Islam
  • Online publication: 28 March 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521838245.023
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  • Philosophy
  • Edited by Robert Irwin, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Book: The New Cambridge History of Islam
  • Online publication: 28 March 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521838245.023
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  • Philosophy
  • Edited by Robert Irwin, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Book: The New Cambridge History of Islam
  • Online publication: 28 March 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521838245.023
Available formats
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