Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T10:46:25.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 4 - Neuropsychological Assessment in Dementia Diagnosis

from Section 1 - Essential Background Knowledge

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2024

Simon Gerhand
Simon Gerhand
Affiliation:
Hywel Dda Health Board, NHS Wales
Get access

Summary

This chapter considers the role of neuropsychology in the diagnostic process. It covers who can undertake a neuropsychological assessment, when to undertake an assessment, and some of the assumptions underlying neuropsychological assesssment. Basic psychometrics are covered, using the premise that undertanding a few basic concepts is sufficient for most practioners as more complex ideas are developed from these basics. This includes the normal distribution, different types of average, the standard deviation, and the correlation. Next, the relationship between different tyes of metrics is discussed, focusing on IQ/Index scores, T-scores, scaled scores, and percentiles.

Keywords

neuropsychologycognitiveassessmentpsychometricsstatisticsmeanstandard deviationcorrelations
Type
Chapter
Information
The Neuropsychology of Dementia
A Clinician's Manual
 , pp. 45 - 58
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brooks, B. L., Iverson, G. L., Feldman, H. H., & Holdnack, J. A. (2009). Minimizing misdiagnosis: Psychometric criteria for possible or probable memory impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27, 439–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, P., & Shallice, T. (1997). The Hayling and Brixton Tests: Test Manual. Bury St. Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company.Google Scholar
Burgess, P. (2003). Assessment of executive function. In Halligan, P. W., Kischka, U. & Marshall, J. C (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cimino, C. R. (2000). Principles of neuropsychological interpretation. In Vanderploeg, R. D. (Ed.), Clinician’s Guide to Neuropsychological Assessment, 2nd ed. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. R., & Allan, K. M. (1997). Estimating premorbid WAIS-R IQ with demographic variables: Regression equations derived from a UK sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11 (2), 192–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, J. R., Cochrane, R. H. B., Besson, J. A. O., Parker, D. M., & Stewart, L. E. (1990). Premorbid IQ estimates obtained by combining the NART and demographic variables: Construct validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 11(2), 209–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, J. R., Nelson, H. E., Blackmore, L., Cochrane, R. H. B., & Allan, K. M. (1990). Estimating premorbid intelligence by combining the NART and demographic variables: An examination of the NART standardisation sample and supplementary equations. Personality and Individual Differences, 11 (11), 1153–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, A., Victor, T., Boone, K., Philpott, L., & Hess, R. (2009) Dementia and effort test performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23 (1), 133–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, A. W., & Young, A. W. (1988). Human Cognitive Neuropsychology. London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1983). The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerhand, S., Jones, C. A., & Hacker, D. (2021). Effort testing, performance validity, and the importance of context and consistency. In Moore, P. S., Brifcani, S., & Worthington, A. (Eds.), Neuropsychological Aspects of Brain Injury Litigation (pp. 89–115). London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, P. (2003). Word Memory Test for Windows: User’s Manual and Program. Edmonton: Green’s Publishing.Google Scholar
Green, P. (2004). Manual for the Medical Symptom Validity Test. Edmonton: Green’s Publishing.Google Scholar
Green, P. (2008). Test Manual for the Nonverbal Medical Symptom Validity Test. Edmonton: Green’s Publishing.Google Scholar
Green, P., Montijo, J., & Brockhaus, R. (2011). High specificity of the word memory test and medical symptom validity test in groups with severe verbal memory impairment. Applied Neuropsychology, 18, 86–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1994). Validation of malingered amnesia measures with a large clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 6, 218–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., et al. (2009). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1093–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, N. S., Follett, W. C., & Revenstorf, D. (1984). Psychotherapy outcome research – methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance. Behavior Therapy, 15 (4), 336–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, A. S., Lichtenberger, E., Fletcher-Janzen, E., & Kaufman, N. L. (2005). Essentials of KABC-II Assessment. Hoboken: Wiley.Google Scholar
Larrabee, G. J. (2012). Performance validity and symptom validity in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18 (4), 625–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenherr, S., & Gerhand, S. (2012). A survey of neuropsychological test use among DON members. British Psychological Society, Division of Neuropsychology Newsletter, 11 (2), 9–12.Google Scholar
Lezak, M., Howieson, D., Bigler, E., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCarter, R. J., Walton, N. H., Brooks, D. N., & Powell, G. E. (2009). Effort testing in contemporary UK neuropsychological practice. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1050–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, C., Crawford, S., & Evans, J. J. (2017). Effort testing in dementia assessment: A systematic review. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34, 114–31.Google Scholar
McMillan, T. M., Anderson, S., Baker, G., et al. (2009). Assessment of Effort in Clinical Testing of Cognitive Functioning for Adults. Leicester: British Psychological Society.Google Scholar
Meehl, P. E., & Rosen, A. (1955) Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 194–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morley, S. (2018). Single Case Methods in Clinical Psychology: A Practical Guide. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nelson, H. E., & O’Connell, A. (1978). Dementia: The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test. Cortex, 14 (2), 234–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novitski, J., Steele, S., Karantzoulis, S., & Randolph, C. (2012). The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status effort scale. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 190–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plaut, D. (1995). Double dissociation without modularity: Evidence from connectionist neuropsychology Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17(2), 291–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randolph, C., Tierney, M. C., Mohr, E., & Chase, T. N. (1998). The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS): Preliminary clinical validity. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 310–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudman, N., Oyebode, J., Jones, C., & Bentham, P. (2011). An investigation into the validity of effort tests in a working age dementia population. Aging and Mental Health, 15 (1), 47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schinka, J. A., & Vanderpoeg, R. D. (2000). Estimating premorbid level of functioning. In Vanderploeg, R. D. (Ed.), Clinician’s Guide to Neuropsychological Assessment (2nd Ed.). London: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Sherman, E., Slick, D., & Iversen, G. (2020). Multidimensional Malingering Criteria for neuropsychological assessment: A 20-year update of the Malingered Neuropsychological Dysfunction Criteria. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35 (6), 735–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Teichner, G., & Wagner, M. T. (2004). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact, cognitively impaired, and elderly patients with dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19 (3), 455–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). The Test of Memory Malingering. Toronto: MultiHealth Systems.Google Scholar
Walter, J., Morris, J., Swier-Vosnos, A., & Pliskin, N. (2014). Effects of severity of dementia on a symptom validity measure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28 (7), 1197–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. (1996). The Camden Memory Tests – Manual. Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1997a). WAIS‐III administration and scoring manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1997b). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – III. New York: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2008a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (4th ed.). Technical and Interpretive Manual. San Antonia: NCS Pearson Inc.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2008b). Wechsler Memory Scale (4th ed.). San Antonia: Pearson.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2011). Test of Premorbid Functioning. UK version (TOPF UK). London: Pearson Assessment.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×