Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T14:05:10.491Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2019

Dara Conduit
Affiliation:
Deakin University, Victoria
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

‘3 in Syria Sentenced to Life for an Article Attacking Religion.’ New York Times, 12 May 1967.Google Scholar
Al-Nadhir no. 11 (in Arabic), 20 February 1982.Google Scholar
Al-Nadhir no. 10 (in Arabic), 19 February 1982.Google Scholar
Al-Nadhir no. 43 (English edition), 4 February 1982.Google Scholar
Al-Nadhir no. 49 (English edition), 15 February 1982.Google Scholar
Al-Nadhir no. 1 (in Arabic), 9 September 1979.Google Scholar
Abd-allah, Umar F. The Islamic Struggle in Syria. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Abdo, Geneive. ‘Salafists and Sectarianism: Twitter and Communal Conflict in the Middle East’. Brookings Institute, 2015. www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/03/26-sectarianism-salafism-social-media-abdo/abdo-paper_final_web.pdf.Google Scholar
Abed, Shukri B. ‘Syria: Muslim Brotherhood Pressure Intensifies’, Defense Intelligence Agency report, 1982.Google Scholar
Abed, Shukri B.Islam and Democracy.’ In Democracy, War and Peace in the Middle East, edited by Garnham, David and Tessler, Mark. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995, pp. 116–34.Google Scholar
Abouzeid, Rania. ‘Syria’s Secular and Islamist Rebels: Who Are the Saudis and the Qataris Arming?’, Time, 18 September 2012. http://world.time.com/2012/09/18/syrias-secular-and-islamist-rebels-who-are-the-saudis-and-the-qataris-arming/.Google Scholar
Abouzeid, Rania. ‘Syrian Opposition Groups Stop Pretending’. New Yorker, 26 September 2013. www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/syrian-opposition-groups-stop-pretending.Google Scholar
Abouzeid, Rania. ‘The Jihad Next Door: The Syrian Roots of Iraq’s Newest Civil War’. Politico, 23 June 2014. www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/al-qaeda-iraq-syria-108214.Google Scholar
Abouzeid, Rania. No Turning Back: Life, Loss and Hope in Wartime Syria. London: Oneworld Publications, 2018.Google Scholar
Abu Haidar, Rasha. ‘Islamic Front Shura Chief: Our Brothers Are in the Lap of Saudi Arabia and America (in Arabic)’. Al-Akhbar, 17 January 2014. http://al-akhbar.com/node/198815.Google Scholar
Abu Haniyeh, Hassan. ‘Who’s Who in the Nusra Front?’, The New Arab, 15 December 2014. www.alaraby.co.uk/english/politics/2014/12/15/whos-who-in-the-nusra-front.Google Scholar
AFP (Agence France-Presse). ‘Syria Opposition Commemorates Hama Massacre’. The Telegraph, 2 February 2012. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9056350/Syria-opposition-commemorates-Hama-massacre.html.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Yusra. ‘Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood Leader Highlights Reforms, Future Plans-Interview’. Zaman Al Wasl, 20 March 2015. https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/9402.html.Google Scholar
Ajbaili, Mustapha. ‘Saudi: Muslim Brotherhood a Terrorist Group’. Al-Arabiya, 7 March 2014. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/03/07/Saudi-Arabia-declares-Muslim-Brotherhood-terrorist-group.html.Google Scholar
Akkad, Dania, Dahan, Nadine and Al-Shimale, Zouhir. ‘Jaish al-Islam Says it Inflated Hostage Numbers, Leaving Syrian Families in the Dark’. Middle East Eye, 13 April 2018. www.middleeasteye.net/news/revealed-thousands-missing-syrians-not-jaish-al-islam-1492653856.Google Scholar
al-Amine, Hazim. ‘Leader of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood Discloses Secret Offer from Iran’. Al-Monitor (originally published in al-Hayat, translated by Naria Tanoukhi), 20 January 2012. www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/01/tayfour-to-al-hayat-iran-offered.html#ixzz47rSW2vW2.Google Scholar
Al-Assad, Hafez. ‘Asad’s Remarks about the Moslem Brotherhood’. Damascus Home Service. Damascus: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 30 June 1979.Google Scholar
Al-Assad, Hafez. ‘Excerpts from Recording of Speech Made at Graduation of Paratroopers in Latakia’. Damascus Home Service. Damascus: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 1 October 1981.Google Scholar
Al-Attar, Issam. ‘Statement from the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria’. 9 July 1980, in Umar abd Al-Hakim, The Islamic Jihadi Revolution in Syria (in Arabic). Peshawar: n.p., 1991, p. 574.Google Scholar
Al-Attar, Issam. ‘Untitled Letter in Response to the Artillery Massacre, Translated by the British Embassy Damascus’. 28 June 1979.Google Scholar
Al-Attar, Issam. Words, vol. 2, Aachen: Dar al-Islamiya l-l-Alam, 2008.Google Scholar
Al-Bayanouni, Ali. ‘The Muslim Brotherhood Wants a Future for All Syrians’. The Guardian, 7 August 2012. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/06/syria-middleeast.Google Scholar
Al-Bayanouni, Ali. ‘No One Owns Syria’s Uprising’. The Guardian, 16 April 2011. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/16/syria-uprising-assad-blames-extremists.Google Scholar
Al-Fagali, Badra Bakhus. ‘Dissent Continues among Syrian Opposition.’ Al-Diyar. London: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 6 April 2006.Google Scholar
Al-Hakim, Umar abd. The Islamic Jihadi Revolution in Syria (in Arabic). Peshawar: Unknown, 1991.Google Scholar
al-Hourani, Noura. ‘Former FSA Fighter Recounts Why He Left’. Syria: Direct, 6 May 2015. http://syriadirect.org/news/former-fsa-fighter-recounts-why-he-left/.Google Scholar
al-Jaza’iri, Mahmud.Al-Jazeera Interviews Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood Official on Recent Protests’, in Al-Jazeera. Doha: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 13 April 2011.Google Scholar
Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. ‘Syrian Forces Kill Three Protesters in Southern City’. Reuters, 19 March 2011.Google Scholar
Al-Majd’, . ‘Jordan Reportedly Bans Syrian Muslim Brotherhood Leaders from Returning’. London: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 24 July 2000.Google Scholar
Al-Masri, Ahmad. ‘Al-Banayuni [sic] Rejects Foreign Help Despite Opposition to Regime in Syria’. Al-Quds al-Arabi (London: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 15 November 2008.Google Scholar
Al-Masri, Fahd al-Argha. ‘Muslim Brotherhood Chief Announces End of “Truce” with Syria’. Free Syria. London: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 15 August 2010.Google Scholar
Al-Mujahideen in Syria. ‘News’. Abstracts from Al-Nazeer no. 36, 14 July1980.Google Scholar
Al-Mujahideen in Syria. 1981 ‘The News’. Abstracts from Al-Nazeer, no. 38.Google Scholar
Al-Nahas (@LabibAlNahhas), Labib. Twitter, 3 August 2016. https://twitter.com/LabibAlNahhas/status/760559439749476352.Google Scholar
Al-Nahas, Labib. ‘I’m a Syrian and I Fight Isil Every Day. It Will Take More than Bombs from the West to Defeat this Menace’. The Telegraph, 21 July 2015. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11752714/Im-a-Syrian-and-I-fight-Isil-every-day.-We-need-more-than-bombs-from-the-West-to-win-this-battle.html.Google Scholar
Al-Qassemi, Sultan Sooud. ‘Morsi’s Win Is Al Jazeera’s Loss’. Al-Monitor (1 July 2012), www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/morsys-win-is-al-jazeeras-loss.html.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Qassemi, Sultan Sooud. ‘Qatar’s Brotherhood Ties Alienate Fellow Gulf States’. Al-Monitor, 23 January 2013, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/qatar-muslim-brotherhood.html.Google Scholar
Al-Sham (@saleelalmajd1), Muzmajer. Twitter, 4 August 2014, https://twitter.com/saleelalmajd1/status/495977025984008192.Google Scholar
Al-Shoumari, Layla. ‘Muslim Brotherhood Paves Way for Qatar’s Ascent’. Al-Akhbar, 12 April 2013, http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15508.Google Scholar
Al-Siba’i, Mustafa. ‘Mutual Responsibility’, in Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, edited by Calvert, John. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2008, pp. 83–7.Google Scholar
Al-Sibai, Mustafa. ‘Al-Takaful al-Ijtimai’, in Arab Socialism. [al-Ishtirakīyah Al-ʻArabīyah]: A Documentary Survey, edited by Hanna, Sami Ayad and Gardner, George H.. Leiden: Brill, 1969, pp. 149–71.Google Scholar
Al-Sibai, Mustafa. ‘The Establishment of Islam as the State Religion of Syria’, The Muslim World 44, nos 3–4 (1954): 217–26.Google Scholar
Al-Suri, Abu Musab. ‘Lessons Learned from the Armed Jihad Ordeal in Syria’. Translated and published by the Combatting Terrorism Centre (CTC), West Point, www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Lessons-Learned-from-the-Jihad-Ordeal-in-Syria-Translation.pdf.Google Scholar
al-Tamimi, Aymenn J. Twitter, 29 August 2016, https://twitter.com/ajaltamimi/status/770171683244244993.Google Scholar
Al-Youssef, Yaser Ibrahim. Twitter (in Arabic), 6 August 2016, https://twitter.com/AlyousefYasser/status/761597701993660416.Google Scholar
al-Ziabi, Jamil. ‘Qatari FM: We Do not Support the Muslim Brotherhood (translated by Kamal Fayad)’. Al-Monitor (originally published in Al-Hayat), 22 February 2015, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2015/02/qatar-foreign-minister-gulf-hezbollah-brotherhood.html.Google Scholar
Albrecht, Holger. Raging against the Machine: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism in Egypt. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Anjarini, Sahib. ‘The Story of Al-Tawhid Brigade: Fighting for Sharia in Syria’. Al-Monitor (originally published in al-Safir), 22 August 2013, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2013/10/syria-opposition-islamists-tawhid-brigade.html.Google Scholar
Anjarini, Suhaib. ‘Harakat Hazm: America’s New Favorite Jihadist Group’, al-Akhbar, 22 May 2014, http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/19874.Google Scholar
Anonymous interview. 2015.Google Scholar
AP. ‘Syria Cuts Off Iraqi Pipeline’, The Globe and Mail, 20 April 1982.Google Scholar
As-Sibaa’ie, Mustafa. The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Highlights and Lessons. Translated by Al-Khattab, Nasiruddin. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House, 2003.Google Scholar
Associated Press. ‘Bomb Explosion in Syria Kills 64 and Hurts 135 in Crowded Area’, The New York Times, 30 November 1981, www.nytimes.com/1981/11/30/world/bomb-explosion-in-syria-kills-64-and-hurts-135-in-crowded-area.html.Google Scholar
Associated Press. 1985 ‘Syria Offering Amnesty to Underground Group’, The New York Times, 27 January 1985.Google Scholar
Astih, Paula. ‘Muslim Brotherhood to Al-Sharq Al-Awsat: We Have Formed Armed Battalions to Defend Ourselves and the Wronged’. Al-Sharq al-Awsat. Beirut: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 5 August 2012.Google Scholar
‘Attack at Syrian Army Barracks, Text of Statement by Syrian Interior Minister and Deputy Martial Law Governor, Adnan Dabbagh’. Damascus Home Service. Damascus: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 22 June 1979.Google Scholar
Azzam, Abdullah. ‘The Defence of Muslim Lands: The Most Important Individual Duties’, c. 1985, https://archive.org/stream/Kklkkkk/20#page/n0/mode/2up.Google Scholar
Azzam, Abdullah. ‘The Soul Shall Rise Tomorrow: The Story of Marwan Hadid’. From Dhilal Surat at-Tawbah, published on Milestones on the Road to Firmness in Faith, https://iskandrani.wordpress.com/2008/02/09/the-soul-shall-rise-tomorrow-the-story-of-marwan-hadid/.Google Scholar
Barnard, Anne. ‘Syria Opposition Group Is Routed and Divided’, The New York Times, 14 March 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/03/15/world/middleeast/syria-torture-report-military-maintains-assaults.html.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. ‘Some Observations on the Social Roots of Syria’s Ruling Military Group and the Causes for Its Dominance’, Middle East Journal 35, no. 3 (1981): 331–44.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. ‘Syria’s Muslim Brethren’, MERIP Reports, no. 110 (1982): 12–36.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. Syria’s Peasantry: the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
‘The Bayanouni–Khaddam Link-up: Is the Opposition Real Now?’, Syria Comment, 17 March 2006, http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2006/03/bayanouni-khaddam-link-up-_114264946582158617.htm.Google Scholar
Bayly-Winder, R.Islam as the State Religion a Muslim Brotherhood View in Syria’, The Muslim World 44, nos 3–4 (1954): 215–17.Google Scholar
Beach, Stephen W.Social Movement Radicalization: The Case of the People’s Democracy in Northern Ireland’. The Sociological Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1977): 305–18.Google Scholar
Beaumont, Peter. ‘Mohammed Bouazizi: The Dutiful Son Whose Death Changed Tunisia’s Fate’. The Guardian, 21 January 2011, www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/20/tunisian-fruit-seller-mohammed-bouazizi.Google Scholar
Becker, Petra. ‘Syrian Muslim Brotherhood: Still a Crucial Actor’, SWP Comments 34. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 2013.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. ‘The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective’. Comparative Politics 36, no. 2 (2004): 139–57.Google Scholar
Bergan, Peter and Cruickshank, Paul. ‘Revisiting the Early Al Qaeda: An Updated Account of its Formative Years’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 35, no. 1 (2012): 136.Google Scholar
Berman, Asher. ‘Rebel Groups in Jabal al-Zawiyah’, Institute for the Study of War, 26 July 2012, www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_RebelGroupsJebelAlZawiyah_31July.pdf.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. ‘Democracy and the Lessons of Dictatorship’, Comparative Politics 24, no. 3 (1992): 273–91.Google Scholar
Berrebi, Claude. ‘Evidence about the Link between Education, Poverty and Terrorism among Palestinians’, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 13, no. 1 (2007): 136.Google Scholar
Bhatia, Shyam. ‘Situation in Syrian Town Fluid Despite Army Step’, The Times of India, 29 April 1980.Google Scholar
Bilyakov, Vladimir. ‘Muslim Brotherhood’s ‘‘Aggressive Campaign against Syrian Regime”.’ London: BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 1980.Google Scholar
Bin-Qinnah, Khadijah. ‘Syrian Muslim Brotherhood leader interviewed on proposed reform plan.’ In Al-Jazeera TV. Doha: BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 2004.Google Scholar
Black, Ian.‘Homs: The Story behind Mani’s Extraordinary Images from the Frontline’, The Guardian, 25 November 2011, www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/25/homs-mani-images-frontline.Google Scholar
Block, Melissa. ‘In Syria, Homs Emerges as Center of Protest’, NPR, 30 August 2011, www.npr.org/2011/08/30/140070135/in-syria-homs-emerges-as-center-of-protest-movement.Google Scholar
Booysen, Hanlie. ‘Surviving the Syrian Uprising: The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’, in New Opposition in the Middle East, edited by Conduit, Dara and Akbarzadeh, Shahram. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, pp. 151–76.Google Scholar
Booysen, Hanlie. ‘Explaining the Moderate Platform of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood: Against the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis’, PhD Thesis, Wellington: Victoria Univeristy of Wellington, 2018.Google Scholar
Borger, Julian. ‘Arab Monitors Visit Restive Syrian City: Protest in Homs Over Fears of ‘Whitewash Inspection’ Claims of Tanks Hidden after Army Withdrawal’. The Guardian, 28 December 2011.Google Scholar
Boudreau, Vincent. Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Brady, Thomas F. ‘Syrians Using Force to Break a Protest Strike by Merchants’, The New York Times, 9 May 1967.Google Scholar
Brand, Laurie A.Economics and Shifting Alliances: Jordan’s Relations with Syria and Iraq, 1975–81’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 23 (1994): 393413.Google Scholar
Broadmead, Philip. ‘E 15809/2603/89 no. 136: Disturbances in Syria’. British Embassy Damascus, 1948.Google Scholar
Brotherhood, The Media Office of the Fighting Vanguard of the Muslim. ‘Untitled letter’, 11 May 1979.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J. When Victory Is Not an Option: Islamist Movements in Arab Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J., Hamzawy, Amr and Ottaway, Marina. ‘Islamist Movements and the Democratic Process in the Arab World: Exploring the Grey Zones’. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Herbert-Quandt-Stiftung, 2006.Google Scholar
Cafarella, Jennifer and Casagrande, Genevieve. ‘Syrian Armed Opposition Forces in Aleppo’, Institute for the Study of War, 13 February 2016, www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrian%20Armed%20Opposition%20Forces%20in%20Aleppo_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Carmichael, Lachlan. ‘US Hedges Its Bets on Syria: Analysts’, Agence France Presse, 3 April 2011.Google Scholar
Cavatorta, Francesco. ‘“Divided They Stand, Divided They Fail”: Opposition Politics in Morocco’, Democratization 16, no. 1 (2009): 147–56.Google Scholar
‘Clashes between al-Nusra and al-Zinki in Aleppo’, 6 October 2015, www.zamanalwsl.net/news/64774.html.Google Scholar
Cobb, Sara. Speaking of Violence: The Politics and Poetics of Narrative in Conflict Resolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Commins, David. Historical Dictionary of Syria. London: The Scarecrow Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Commins, David. Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Conduit, Dara. ‘The Patterns of Syrian Uprising: Comparing Hama in 1980–82 and Homs in 2011’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 1 (2017): 7387.Google Scholar
Conduit, Dara. ‘The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and the Spectacle of Hama’, The Middle East Journal 70, no. 2 (2016): 211–26.Google Scholar
‘Constitution of the Republic of Syria’, Middle East Journal 7, no. 4 (1953).Google Scholar
Cook, Steven A. ‘Unholy Alliance: How Syria Is Bringing Israel, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Together’, The Atlantic, 9 May 2011, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/05/unholy-alliance-how-syria-is-bringing-israel-iran-and-saudi-arabia-together/238084/.Google Scholar
‘Court in Syria Dooms 21 for Part in Riots in Hama’, The New York Times, 3 May 1964.Google Scholar
‘Covenant and Charter’. Istanbul: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, 2012.Google Scholar
Da’dush, Ahmad. ‘Al-Shaqfah: There Is No Armed Organization for the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’. Al-Jazeera. Doha: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 10 April 2013.Google Scholar
Dabashi, Hamid. The Green Movement in Iran. London: Transaction Publishers, 2011.Google Scholar
Dabbagh, Heba. Just Five Minutes: Nine Years in the Prisons of Syria. Translated by Khatib, Bayan. Toronto: Unknown, 2007.Google Scholar
‘The Damascus Declaration for Democratic National Change (translated by Joshua Landis)’, Syria Comment, 1 November 2005, http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2005/11/damascus-declaration-in-english.htm.Google Scholar
‘Damascus Radio Broadcast: Syrian Allegation of Jordanian Aid for Muslim Brotherhood’. London: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 20 November 1980.Google Scholar
‘The Damascus Spring’, Carnegie Middle East Center (1 April 2012), http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/48516?lang=en.Google Scholar
‘Damascus Suffering War Nerves: Hama Rebellion Fans Discontent in Syrian Capital’, The Washington Post, 20 April 1964.Google Scholar
Damascus, US Embassy. ‘The Muslim Brothers in Syria; Part 1: Could They Win an Election Here?’, Wikileaks, 8 February 2006, www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06DAMASCUS517_a.htm.Google Scholar
Damascus, US Embassy. ‘The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’, Wikileaks, 16 February 1985, www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/85DAMASCUS1314_a.html.Google Scholar
‘Deaths in Syria as Protests Continue’, Al Jazeera, 2 April 2011, www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/04/201141132440493496.html.Google Scholar
‘Declaration of Program of the Islamic Revolution in Syria’. Damascus: The Higher Command of the Islamic Revolution in Syria, 1980.Google Scholar
Dean, Aiman, Cruickshank, Paul and Lister, Tim, Nine Lives: My Time as MI6’s Top Spy Inside al-Qaeda, London: Oneworld, 2018.Google Scholar
Dekmejian, R. Hrair, Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World (2nd edn), Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Della Porta, Donatella. Mobilizing for Democracy: Comparing 1989 and 2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Devlin, John F. The Ba’th Party: A History from Its Origins to 1966. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Dickinson, Elizabeth. Godfathers and Thieves, Part Four: How the Syrian Revolution Was Crowdfunded. DECA, 2014. Available at: www.decastories.com/godfathers/.Google Scholar
Djerejian, Edward P. and Martin, William. Danger and Opportunity: An American Ambassador’s Journey through the Middle East. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008.Google Scholar
Drysdale, Alasdair. ‘The Asad Regime and Its Troubles’, MERIP Reports, no. 110 (1982): 3–11 + 36.Google Scholar
Dukhan, Haian. ‘Tribes and Tribalism in the Syrian Uprising.’ Syria Studies 6, no. 2 (2014): 128.Google Scholar
Dukhan, Haian. State and Tribes in Syria: Informal Alliances and Conflict Patterns, New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Durrar, Riad. ‘Letter from a Group of the Sons of the Muslim Brotherhood’, Facebook, 12 January 2014, www.facebook.com/riaddrar/posts/337902093014536.Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. Political Parties. Translated by North, Barbara and North, Robert (3rd edn). Paris: Methuen & Co Ltd., 1967.Google Scholar
‘E 2101/171/89 – Syria: Weekly Summary no. 7’, UK Foreign Office, Week ending 18 February 1947.Google Scholar
‘E 2507/171/89 – Correspondence Respecting Syria Part 1’, British Embassy Damascus, week ending 25 February 1947.Google Scholar
‘E 7787/171/89 – Syria: Political Summary no. 5 for July 1947’, British Embassy Damascus, received by UK Foreign Office, 25 August 1947.Google Scholar
‘E 9383/213/89: Extract from the Weekly Political Summary no 230 Syria and Lebanon (Secret)’, British Embassy Damascus, 1946.Google Scholar
‘E 10404/171/89 – Syria Political Summary no 7 for September 1947’, British Embassy Damascus, received 7 November 1947.Google Scholar
‘E 12267/213/89 – Weekly Political Summary no. 241’, UK Foreign Office, Week ending 3 December 1947.Google Scholar
‘E 15809/2603/89 – Further Correspondence Respecting Syria Part 2’, British Embassy Damascus, 1948.Google Scholar
Edgar, Adrienne. ‘The Islamic Opposition in Egypt and Syria: A Comparative Study’, Journal of Arab Affairs 6, no. 1 (1987): 82108.Google Scholar
‘Editorial’, Al-Nadhir no. 42 (English edition), 8 January 1982.Google Scholar
‘Editorial: The Declaration of the National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria’, Al-Nadhir no. 45 (English edition), 27 March 1982.Google Scholar
El-Gamal, Rania and Hammond, Andrew. ‘Mistrust of Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood lingers’, Reuters, 12 November 2012, www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-brotherhood-idUSBRE8AB1CQ20121112.Google Scholar
Eleiba, Ahmed. ‘A Tapestry of War’. Al-Ahram, 10 April 2014, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/5913/32/A-tapestry-of-war.aspx.Google Scholar
Eliassen, Kjell A. and Svaasand, Lars. ‘The Formation of Mass Political Organizations: An Analytical Framework’, Scandinavian Political Studies 10, no. A10 (1975): 95121.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path (3rd edn). New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
‘EU Recognises Syria Opposition Bloc’, Al-Jazeera, 20 November 2012, www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/11/20121119195737909518.html.Google Scholar
‘Explosions in Aleppo Work of Muslim Brotherhood’, Damascus Home Service. Damascus: BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 1980.Google Scholar
Fakher, Hamza, Weiss, Michael and Milne, Brian. ‘Revolution in Danger: A Critical Appraisal of the Syrian National Council with Recommendations for Reform’, The Henry Jackson Society, 2012, http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/SNC.pdf.Google Scholar
Farrall, Leah. ‘Revisiting al-Qaida’s Foundation and Early History’, Perspectives on Terrorism 11, no. 6 (2017): 1737.Google Scholar
Farrall, Leah and Hamid, Mustafa. The Arabs at War in Afghanistan. London: Hurst, 2015.Google Scholar
Faylaq al-Sham (@ShamLegion). Twitter, 5 August 2016, https://twitter.com/ShamLegion/status/761546905038053376.Google Scholar
‘FCO 93/2253: Letter from From CJS Rundle, FCO Research Department’, British Embassy Damascus, 1 October 1979.Google Scholar
‘FCO 93/2253: Letter from From Vincent Fean’, British Embassy Damascus, 18 September 1979.Google Scholar
‘FCO 93/2253: Letter from Vincent Fean to Douglas Gordon on Husni Abo’s Televised Confession’, British Embassy, 7 September 1979.Google Scholar
‘FCO 93/2943: Leading Personalities in Syria.’ British Embassy Damascus, 1981.Google Scholar
‘FCO 93/2944: Syria Internal: Muslim Brotherhood – Damascus Telno 404’, British Embassy Damascus, December 3 1981.Google Scholar
‘FCO 93/3280: FM Damascus 081040Z FEB 82: TELNO u25/43’, British Embassy Damascus, 8 February 1982.Google Scholar
Fean, Vincent. ‘FCO 93/2253: 014/1 Correspondence to Douglas Gordon titled “Moslem Brothers”’, British Embassy Damascus, 15 August 1979.Google Scholar
Fean, Vincent. ‘FCO 93/2253: Syria Internal: Moslem Brotherhood’, British Embassy Damascus, 14 November 1979.Google Scholar
‘First Hama “Plotter” Sentenced to Death’, The Jerusalem Post, 21 April 1964.Google Scholar
Ford, P.W. ‘FCO 93/301 – Letter to MLH Hope – Disturbances in Syria’, British Embassy Beirut, 26 February 1973.Google Scholar
Freer, Courtney. ‘Rentier Islamism: The Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Gulf’, LSE Middle East Center (2015), http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64446/1/RentierIslamism.pdf.Google Scholar
Freer, Courtney. Rentier Islamism: The Influence of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gulf Monarchies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Friedman, Thomas. From Beirut to Jerusalem. London: HarperCollins, 1995.Google Scholar
Gardener, John. ‘NY 1012/1 – Leading Personalities in Syria’, UK Foreign Office, 15 January 1955.Google Scholar
Gause, Gregory F.Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability’, Foreign Affairs 90, no. 4 (2011): 8190.Google Scholar
George, Alan, Syria: Neither Bread Nor Freedom. London: Zed Books, 2003.Google Scholar
Ghadbian, Najib. ‘New Syrian Brotherhood Leader: Continuity or Change?’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 8 September 2010, http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=41527.Google Scholar
Ghusheh, Ibrahim. The Red Minaret: Memoirs of Ibrahim Ghusheh (Ex-spokesman of Hamas). Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Centre, 2013.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A., and Tilly, Charles. ‘Threat (and Opportunity): Popular Action and State Responses in the Dynamics of Contentious Action’, in Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, edited by Aminzade, Ronald R., Goldstone, Jack A., McAdam, Doug, Perry, Elizabeth J., Sewell, William H., Tarrow, Sidney and Tilly, Charles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 179–95.Google Scholar
Gourlay, William.Kurdayetî: Pan-Kurdish Solidarity and Cross-Border Links in Times of War and Trauma’, Middle East Critique 27, no. 1 (2017): 2542.Google Scholar
Gresh, Alain. ‘‘‘The Bullets Killed Our Fear”: Syria Waits for Ramadan’, Le Monde Diplomatique, 1 August 2011, http://mondediplo.com/2011/08/03syria.Google Scholar
‘Hafez Meets Hama Citizens’, The Jerusalem Post, 19 April 1964.Google Scholar
Hajjar, Roula and Daragahi, Borzou. ‘At Least 18 Killed in Syrian Crackdown; An Assault Is Launched in the City of Homs, Activists Say, to End Demonstrations and Detain Protest Leaders’, Los Angeles Times, 12 May 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/11/world/la-fg-syria-protests-20110512.Google Scholar
Hassan, Hassan. ‘How the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood Hijacked Syria’s Revolution’, Foreign Policy, 13 March 2013, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/13/how_the_muslim_brotherhood_hijacked_syria_s_revolution.Google Scholar
Hassan, Hassan. ‘Saudis Overtaking Qatar in Sponsoring Syrian Rebels’, The National, 15 May 2013, www.thenational.ae/saudis-overtaking-qatar-in-sponsoring-syrian-rebels-1.471446.Google Scholar
Hassan, Hassan. ‘In Syria, the Brotherhood’s Influence Is on the Decline’, The National, 1 April 2014, www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/in-syria-the-brotherhoods-influence-is-on-the-decline.Google Scholar
Hatina, Meir. ‘Appendix: Translation of Musṭafā l-Sibāʿī’s Essay “ʿUlamāʾ and Politics” in an Earlier Sunnī Version of Khomeini’s Rule of the Jurist: Mustafā l-Sibāī on Ulamā and Politics’, Arabica 57, no. 4 (2010): 470–6.Google Scholar
Hatina, Meir. ‘Restoring a Lost Identity: Models of Education in Modern Islamic Thought’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 2 (2006): 179–97.Google Scholar
Hawwa, Said. This Is My Experience and This Is My Testimony (in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Wahba, 1987.Google Scholar
Hegghammer, Thomas. Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hegghammer, Thomas. ‘The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad’, International Security 25, no. 3 (2010): 5394.Google Scholar
Heras, Nicholas A.In Brief: A Snapshot of Two Rebel Commanders Vying for Survival in Damascus Governorate’, Militant Leadership Monitor 7, no. 12 (2017). Available at: https://jamestown.org/brief/brief-snapshot-two-rebel-commanders-vying-survival-damascus-governorate-free/.Google Scholar
Hider, James and Blanford, Nicholas. ‘There Was a Massacre in the Streets but We Are not Afraid, Say Witnesses’, The Times, 25 March 2011.Google Scholar
Hijazi, Ihsan A. ‘Jordan, Joining Trend, Curbs Islamic Militants’, The New York Times, 9 December 1985, p. 6.Google Scholar
Hijazi, Ihsan A.. ‘Jordanian Prime Minister to Visit Syria’, The New York Times, 12 November 1985, p. A3.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. Authoritarian Power and State Formation in Bathist Syria: Army, Party and Peasant. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. ‘Syria’, in The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity, edited by Hunter, Shireen T.. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. Syria: Revolution from Above. London: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. London: Faber and Faber, 1991.Google Scholar
Howe, Marvine. ‘Syria Concedes Wide Unrest Over Policies’, 28 March 1980.Google Scholar
Hudson, John. ‘U.N. Envoy Revises Syria Death Toll to 400,000’, Foreign Policy, 22 April 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/22/u-n-envoy-revises-syria-death-toll-to-400000/.Google Scholar
Husaini, Ishak Musa. The Muslim Brethren: The Greatest of Modern Islamic Movements. Beirut: Khayat’s College Book Cooperative, 1956.Google Scholar
Hussein, Tam. ‘A Brotherhood Vision for Syria: In Conversation with the Former Leader of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’, The Majalla (2013), http://eng.majalla.com/2013/11/article55247035.Google Scholar
Hussein, Tam. ‘The Brotherhood’s Man in London’, Majalla, 23 April 2013, https://web.archive.org/web/20171129085905/http://eng.majalla.com/2013/04/article55240699.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Youssef M. ‘Syria and Jordan Still Poised on Border’, The New York Times, 8 December 1980.Google Scholar
‘IJMES Translation and Transliteration Guide’, International Journal of Middle East Studies (2013), http://ijmes.chass.ncsu.edu/IJMES_Translation_and_Transliteration_Guide.htm.Google Scholar
‘IJMES Word List’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 5 October 2010, https://ijmes.chass.ncsu.edu/docs/WordList.pdf.Google Scholar
‘In New Blow to Assad, EU Recognizes New Syrian Opposition Bloc’, Al-Arabiya, 19 November 2012, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/19/250551.html.Google Scholar
‘Internal Syrian Opposition Claims No Ties to Exile Group’, The Daily Star, 21 March 2006, www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2006/Mar-21/69201-internal-syrian-opposition-claims-no-ties-to-exile-group.ashx.Google Scholar
‘An Interview’, Abstracts from al-Nazeer no. 38 (English edition), 9 September 1981.Google Scholar
‘An Interview with Issam al-Attar, Leader of Syria’s Muslim Brothers’, An-Nahar Arab Report and Memo, 18 February 1980, pp. 3–5.Google Scholar
‘An Interview with Mohammad Riad Al-Shaqfa, Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood’, ORSAM, 16 January 2013, www.orsam.org.tr/index.php/Content/Analiz/3464?s=orsam%7Cenglish.Google Scholar
Isakhan, Benjamin. ‘The Islamic State Attacks on Shia Holy Sites and the “Shrine Protection Narrative”: Threats to Sacred Space as a Mobilization Frame’, Terrorism and Political Violence, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2017.1398741.Google Scholar
Isam, Wa’il. ‘Syria’s MB Leader Stresses Need to Get Al-Qa’idah-Linked Group out of Country’, in Al-Quds al-Arabi. London: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 28 January 2014.Google Scholar
Ismael, Tareq Y. and Ismael, Jacqueline S. The Communist Movement in Syria and Lebanon. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998.Google Scholar
Ismail, Salwa, The Rule of Violence: Subjectivity, Memory and Government in Syria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Fateh al-Sham, Jabhat. ‘The Start of the Third Stage of the Operation to Break the Siege of Aleppo, Operation Ibrahim al-Youssef (in Arabic)’, YouTube, 13 August 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=C23ZlPnJlBo.Google Scholar
Jaloud, Aziza. Twitter (in Arabic), 4 August 2016, https://twitter.com/azizajalloud/status/761197889863442432.Google Scholar
Jocelyn, Thomas. ‘Osama bin Laden on the Muslim Brotherhood’, The Long War Journal: Threat Matrix, 10 May 2012, www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/05/osama_bin_laden_on_the_muslim.php.Google Scholar
‘Jordanian Islamist Leader Denies Mediating between Syria and Muslim Brotherhood’, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat. London: BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 1999.Google Scholar
Joscelyn, Thomas. ‘Al Qaeda Veteran Appears in Al Nusrah Front Video, Criticizes Rival’, Long War Journal, 20 March 2014, www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/03/al_qaeda_veteran_app.php.Google Scholar
Kaczmarski, Marcin. Russia–China Relations in the Post-Crisis International Order. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Karouny, Mariam. ‘Syria’s Islamist Rebels Join Forces against Assad’, Reuters, 11 October 2012, www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-rebels-idUSBRE89A0Y920121011.Google Scholar
Kelemen, Michele. ‘U.S. Wary as Qatar Ramps up Support of Syrian Rebels.’ NPR, 26 April 2013, www.npr.org/2013/04/26/179248222/u-s-wary-as-qatar-ramps-up-support-of-syrian-rebels.Google Scholar
Khadduri, MajidConstitutional Development in Syria: With Emphasis on the Constitution of 1950’, Middle East Journal 5, no. 2 (1951): 137–60.Google Scholar
Khalaf, Roula and Fielding-Smith, Abbie. ‘How Qatar Seized Control of the Syrian Revolution’, Financial Times, 17 May 2013, www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2d9bbc8-bdbc-11e2-890a-00144feab7de.html.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. ‘Islamic and Islamist Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Secularism in Ba’thist Syria’, PhD thesis, McGill University, 2010.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Ba’thist Secularism. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
Khoury, Philip S. Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Khoury, Philip S.. Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Kifner, John. 1980 ‘Syria Starts Drive to Curb Terrorism: Guard Said to Fall on Grenade Assad Introduced Death Bill “New Chapter of the Conspiracy”’, The New York Times, 4 July 1980.Google Scholar
‘The Killing of the Commander of the Tawhid Brigade, one of the Main Leaders of the Armed Opposition in Syria’, Rai al-Youm, 18 November 2013, www.raialyoum.com/?p=22455.Google Scholar
Kindy, Steve K. ‘Unrest Mounts in Syria against Assad’s Regime’, Boston Globe, 28 March 1980.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David D. ‘Concerns about Al Qaeda in Syria Underscore Questions about Rebels’, The New York Times, 21 August 2012, http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/concerns-about-al-qaeda-in-syria-underscore-questions-about-rebels/.Google Scholar
‘Knocking on the Doors of Freedom: The Founders of the Syrian Revolution Facebook Pages Speak to al-Ahd,’ Al-Ahd no. 2, 15 March 2013.Google Scholar
Kutschera, Chris. ‘Syria: Muslim Brothers: The Question of Alliances’, The Middle East 103 (May) (1983): 25–8.Google Scholar
Kutschera, Chris. ‘When the Brothers Fall Out’, The Middle East Magazine 162 (1988): 21.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Stéphane. Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Lahoud, Nelly, Caudill, Stuart, Collins, Liam, Koehler-Derrick, Gabriel, Rassler, Don and al-`Ubaydi, Muhammad. ‘Letters from Abbottabad: Bin Ladin Sidelined?’, Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, 3 May 2012, www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/CTC_LtrsFromAbottabad_WEB_v2.pdf.Google Scholar
Landis, Joshua. ‘Khaddam Damns Bashar al-Asad’, Syria Comment, 1 January 2006, http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2006/01/khaddam-damns-bashar-al-asad.htm.Google Scholar
Landis, Joshua. ‘The Man behind “Syria Revolution 2011” Facebook-Page Speaks Out’, Syria Comment, 24 April 2011, www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-man-behind-syria-revolution-2011-facebook-page-speaks-out/.Google Scholar
Landis, Joshua. ‘Syrian Revolution 2011 Facebook Page Administrator, Fidaaldin Al-Sayed Issa, Interviewed by Adam Almkvist’, Syria Comment, 11 May 2011, www.joshualandis.com/blog/syrian-revolution-2011-facebook-page-administrator-fidaaldin-al-sayed-issa-interviewed-by-adam-almkvist/.Google Scholar
Landis, Joshua M. and Pace, Joe. ‘The Syrian Opposition’, The Washington Quarterly 30, no. 1 (2006–7): 4568.Google Scholar
Laqueur, Walter Z. Communism and Nationalism in the Middle East. London: Routledge & Paul, 1956.Google Scholar
Lawson, Fred H. Global Security Watch: Syria. Denver: Praeger, 2013.Google Scholar
Lawson, Fred H.. ‘Social Bases for the Hamah Revolt’, MERIP Reports, no. 110 (1982): 24–8.Google Scholar
Lawson, Fred H.. Why Syria Goes to War: Thirty Years of Confrontation, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Lee, Jenna. 2011 ‘Interview with Jonathan Schanzer’, Fox News: Live Event, 1 April 2011.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. London: Hurst, 2013.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘Can Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood Salvage its Relations with Riyadh?’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 28 March 2014, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/55052?lang=en.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘Islamism within a Civil War: The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’s Struggle for Survival’, Brookings Institute (2015), www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Syria_Lefevre-FINALE-1.pdf.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘The Muslim Brotherhood Prepares for a Comeback in Syria’, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘POMEPS Conversations 46 with Raphaël Lefèvre ~ 2/10/15 [Video]’, POMEPS, 10 February 2015, http://pomeps.org/2015/02/10/pomeps-conversations-46-with-raphael-lefevre-21015/.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘A Revolution in Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood?’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 23 January 2014, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/54287?lang=en.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Syrian Brotherhood’, Middle East Institute, 27 September 2013, www.mei.edu/content/saudi-arabia-and-syrian-brotherhood.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘Syria in Crisis: A New Leader for Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood?’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 6 May 2014, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/55512.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘The Syrian Brotherhood’s Armed Struggle’, Carnegie Middle East Centre, 14 December 2012, http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=50380&lang=en.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. ‘The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’s Alawi Conundrum’, in The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant, edited by Kerr, Michael and Larkin, Craig. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 125–40.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël and El-Yassir, Ali. ‘Militias for the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood?’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 29 October 2013, http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=53452.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël and El-Yassir, Ali. ‘The Sham Legion: Syria’s Moderate Islamists’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 14 April 2014, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/55344?lang=en.Google Scholar
Legum, Colin and Shaked, Hakim. Arab Relations in the Middle East: The Road to Realignment. London: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1979.Google Scholar
Lerner, Daniel. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. Glencoe: Free Press, 1958.Google Scholar
Lesch, David W. Syria: The Fall of the House of Assad. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
‘Letter Dated January 12’, American Minister at Damascus, 1949.Google Scholar
Leverett, Flynt. Inheriting Syria: Bashar’s Trial by Fire. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 2005.Google Scholar
Li, Darryl. ‘“Afghan Arabs”, Real and Imagined’, Middle East Report 41 (2011): 27.Google Scholar
Lia, Brynjar. Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of Al-Qaida Strategist Abu Mus’ab al-Suri. London: Hurst & Company, 2007.Google Scholar
‘The List of the Umma’, Al-Manar, 7 July 1947.Google Scholar
Lister, Charles. ‘Why Assad Is Losing’, Foreign Policy, 5 May 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/05/why-assad-is-losing-syria-islamists-saudi/.Google Scholar
Lister, Charles. The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, The Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency. London: Hurst, 2015.Google Scholar
Lister, Charles. ‘Jihadology Podcast: Syria Status Update with Charles Lister’, Jihadology, 23 June 2015, https://jihadology.net/2015/06/23/jihadology-podcast-syria-status-update-with-charles-lister/.Google Scholar
Lobmeyer, Hans Gunter. ‘Al-dimuqratiyya hiyya al-hall? The Syrian Opposition at the End of the Asad Era’, in Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace, edited by Kienle, Eberhard. London: British Academic Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Lobmeyer, Hans Gunter. ‘Islamic Ideology and Secular Discourse’, Orient 32, no. 3 (1991): 395415.Google Scholar
Lodge, Tom. ‘State of Exile: The African National Congress of South Africa, 1976–86’, Third World Quarterly 9, no. 1 (1987): 127.Google Scholar
Long, Mark. ‘Ribat, al-Qa’ida, and the Challenge for US Foreign Policy’, Middle East Journal 63, no. 1 (2009): 3147.Google Scholar
Love, Kennett. ‘Moslem Brothers Faithful to Chief’, New York Times, 27 February 1955.Google Scholar
Lund, Aron. ‘Aleppo and the Battle for the Syrian Revolution’s Soul’, Carnegie Europe, 4 December 2012, http://carnegieeurope.eu/publications/?fa=50234.Google Scholar
Lund, Aron. ‘The Curious Case of the Commission for the Protection of Civilians’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 6 November 2013, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/53518?lang=en.Google Scholar
Lund, Aron. ‘Going Home: An Interview with Tarif al-Sayyed Issa’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 22 October 2015, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/61724?lang=en.Google Scholar
Lund, Aron. ‘Struggling to Adapt: The Muslim Brotherhood in a New Syria’, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013.Google Scholar
Lund, Aron. ‘Syria in Crisis: Who and What Was Abu Khalid al-Suri? Part II’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 25 February 2014, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/54634?lang=en.Google Scholar
Lund, Aron. ‘The Syria Muslim Brotherhood: Leadership Transition from Bayanouni to Shaqfa’, Syria Comment, 21 August 2010, www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-syria-muslim-botherhood-leadership-transition-from-bayanouni-to-shaqfa-by-aron-lund/.Google Scholar
Lund, Aron. ‘The Syrian Brotherhood: On the Sidelines’, Middle East Institute, 24 September 2013, www.mei.edu/content/syrian-muslim-brotherhood-sidelines.Google Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Neil. ‘Syrian Opposition Meets to Seek Unity’, The New York Times, 8 November 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments.html.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Neil. ‘Trying to Mold a Post-Assad Syria from Abroad’, The New York Times, 5 May 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/world/middleeast/from-abroad-trying-to-mold-a-post-assad-syria.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Man, M.C. ‘E 11501/1018/89 – Syrian Electoral Law’, UK Foreign Office, 19 September 1949.Google Scholar
Man, M.C.. ‘E 11904/1012/89 no. 16 – Leading Personalities in Syria’, UK Foreign Office, 1949.Google Scholar
Man, M.C.. ‘EY 1015/18 no. 5 – Formation of a Cabinet under Nazim al-Qudsi’, UK Embassy Damascus, 5 June 1950.Google Scholar
Mansour, Ahmed. ‘Adnan Saadeddine – The Brotherhood’s Time in Syria, Episode 4’, Al-Jazeera, 3 October 2012, www.aljazeera.net/home/print/0353e88a-286d-4266-82c6-6094179ea26d/2c67f0e3-02ac-4bd9-b2c5-d050bad6ab5d.Google Scholar
Mansour, Ahmed. ‘Witness to Time – With Adnan Saadeddine’, YouTube (Ikhwan Syria channel) (2012), www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCTf65YZRnU.Google Scholar
Marsh, Katherine and Chulov, Martin. ‘Assad Blames Conspirators for Syrian Protests’, The Guardian, 30 March 2011, www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/30/syrian-protests-assad-blames-conspirators.Google Scholar
Martin, Kevin W. Syria’s Democratic Years: Citizens, Experts, and Media in the 1950s. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Martin, Susanne and Perliger, Arie. ‘Turning to and from Terror: Deciphering the Conditions under which Political Groups Choose Violent and Nonviolent Tactics’, Perspectives on Terrorism 6, no. 4–5 (2012): 2145.Google Scholar
Mayer, Thomas. ‘The Islamic Opposition in Syria 1961–82’, Orient 24, no. 4 (1983): 589609.Google Scholar
McDonnell, Patrick J. ‘Syria Says Troops Have Overrun Rebel Enclave in Homs’, Los Angeles Times, 2 March 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/02/world/la-fg-syria-opposition-20120302.Google Scholar
‘A Meeting with the Comptroller General Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh (in Arabic)’, The Association of Syrian Writers, 30 October 2010, www.odabasham.net/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/43355-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7-43355.Google Scholar
Middle East Watch. Syria Unmasked. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Richard P. The Society of the Muslim Brothers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
‘Mohammad Farouk Tayfour’, Carnegie Europe, 1 February 2012, http://carnegieeurope.eu/publications/?fa=48371.Google Scholar
Montagu-Pollock, William. ‘EY1015/31 no. 11 – Political Situation’, British Embassy Damascus.Google Scholar
Montagu-Pollock, William.. ‘EY1011/1: Syria: Annual Review for 1950’, British Embassy Damascus, 6 January 1951.Google Scholar
Montagu-Pollock, William.. ‘EY 1012/1 – Leading Personalities in Syria’, British Embassy Damascus, 2 July 1951.Google Scholar
Montagu-Pollock, William.. ‘EY 1016/1 – Political Situation in Syria’, British Embassy Damascus, 8 January 1952.Google Scholar
Moore, Cerwyn. ‘Foreign Bodies: Transnational Activism, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus and “Beyond”’, Terrorism and Political Violence 27, no. 3 (2015): 395415.Google Scholar
Morton, Michael. ‘Foreign Capital Vital to Syria’s Economic Boom’, The Jerusalem Post, 10 May 1977.Google Scholar
Moubayed, Sami. ‘The History of Political and Militant Islam in Syria’, Terrorism Monitor 3, no. 15 (2005), www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=550&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1#.VhJ-QI9Viko.Google Scholar
Moubayed, Sami. Under the Black Flag: At the Frontier of the New Jihad. London: I.B.Tauris, 2015.Google Scholar
Moubayed, Sami M. Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000. Seattle: Cune Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Mouline, Nabil. The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia. Translated by Rundell, Ethan S.. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Moussalli, Ahmad S.The Geopolitics of Syrian-Iraqi Relations’, Middle East Policy 7, no. 4 (2000): 100–9.Google Scholar
Mouton, Johann and Marais, H. C. Basic Concepts in the Methodology of the Social Sciences (Pretoria: HSRC, 1996).Google Scholar
Muhammad, Basil. The Arab Supporters in Afghanistan. Riyadh: Lajnat al-Birr al-Islamiyya, 1991.Google Scholar
Muslim Brotherhood, ‘Text of the Project Offered by Adnan Saad al-Din and Ali Sadr al-Din al-Bayanouni as Part of a National Alliance with Opposition Political Parties and Groups for Rule in Syria (in Arabic)’, 1981, 598. Available in: Umar abd Al-Hakim, The Islamic Jihadi Revolution in Syria (in Arabic). Peshawar: Unknown, 1991, p. 574.Google Scholar
Brotherhood, Muslim. Hama: The Tragedy of the Times (in Arabic). Beirut: al-Maktab al-Ilami, 1982.Google Scholar
‘Muslim Brotherhood Leader Molham al-Droubi Exclusively Opens Up his Papers to al-Ahd’, al-Ahd no. 1, 1 March 2013.Google Scholar
MuslimBrotherhood Sy (@IkhwanSyriaEn). Twitter, 26 July 2016, https://twitter.com/IkhwanSyriaEn/status/757335387337592834.Google Scholar
‘National Charter of Syria’, London: Syrian Muslim Brothehrood, 2002.Google Scholar
‘New Coup in Syria’. The New York Times, 15 August 1949.Google Scholar
‘New Violence Erupts in Two Syrian Cities Despite Assad Action’, The Globe and Mail, 10 April 1980.Google Scholar
‘News’, Al-Nadhir no. 77–78 (English edition), 3 February 1985.Google Scholar
Olmert, Yosef. ‘The Syrian Arab Republic’, in Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. X 1986, edited by Rabinovich, Itamar and Shaked, Haim. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Orhan, Oytun. ‘An Interview with Syrian Businessman Gazi Misirli (Gazwan Masri)’, ORSAM, 25 January 2013, www.orsam.org.tr/index.php/Content/Convs/326?s=orsam%7Cenglish.Google Scholar
Oron, Yitzhak. Middle East Record, vol. 2, Jerusalem: Tel Aviv University, 1961.Google Scholar
Orton, Kyle. ‘Al Qaeda Central in Syria’, The Syrian Intifada, 14 September 2015, https://kyleorton1991.wordpress.com/2015/09/14/al-qaeda-central-in-syria/.Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub. ‘Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood Rise from the Ashes’, Reuters, 6 May 2012, www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-brotherhood-idUSBRE84504R20120506.Google Scholar
Pace, Eric. ‘Shift in Syria Is Setback for Extremists’, The New York Times, 22 November 1970.Google Scholar
Pace, Joe. ‘Riad al-Turk Interviewed by Joe Pace on Mehlis, the Opposition, Ghadry’, Syria Comment, 8 September 2005, http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2005/10/riad-al-turk-interviewed-by-joe-pace.htm.Google Scholar
Panebianco, Angelo. Political Parties: Organization & Power. Translated by Silver, Marc. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Pargeter, Alison. The Muslim Brotherhood: The Burden of Tradition. London: Saqi Books, 2010.Google Scholar
Pargeter, Alison. The Muslim Brotherhood: From Opposition to Power, London: Saqi books, 2013.Google Scholar
Perthes, Volker. The Political Economy of Syria Under Assad. London: I.B.Tauris, 1995.Google Scholar
Pettitt, Robin T. Contemporary Party Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.Google Scholar
Phillips, Christopher. ‘Into the Quagmire: Turkey’s Frustrated Syria Policy’, Chatham House (2012), www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Middle%20East/1212bp_phillips.pdf.Google Scholar
Phillips, Christopher. ‘Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria’, Third World Quarterly 25, no. 2 (2015): 357–76.Google Scholar
Pierret, Thomas. Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Pierret, Thomas. ‘Syria: Old-Timers and Newcomers’, in The Islamists Are Coming: Who They Really Are, edited by Wright, Robin. Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, pp. 71–80.Google Scholar
Pinto, Paulo G. ‘Sufism, Moral Performance and the Public Sphere in Syria’, Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée (December 2006): 115–16.Google Scholar
‘Political Committee’, National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (2017), http://en.etilaf.org/coalition-components/general-body/political-committee.html.Google Scholar
Powers, Thomas. ‘Burdened in Proof in Claiming Detailed Knowledge of Iraq’s Illegal Weapons, US Officials May Have Jeopardized the Credibility of American Intelligence and Policy-Making for Years to Come’, Boston Globe, 15 June 2003.Google Scholar
‘Protests and Shooting in Syria as the Death Toll Climbs’, Al-Arabiya, 25 March 2011.Google Scholar
Published by the Freedom Fighters in Syria Damascus. ‘Commmunique no. 1 Issued by the Syrian Liberation Army’, 1 September 1985.Google Scholar
Rabil, Robert G.The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’, in The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement, edited by Rubin, Barry. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, Itamar. ‘The Syrian Arab Republic (al-Jumhuriyyat Suriyya al-’Arabiyya)’, in Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. IX 1984–5, edited by Rabinovich, Itamar and Shaked, Haim. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Raja, Abdullah. ‘Syrian National Coalition Official Comments on Muslim Brotherhood’, Zaman al-Wasl. Doha: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 14 October 2013.Google Scholar
Rana, Muhammad Amir and Bukhari, Mubashar. Arabs in Afghan Jihad. Lahore: Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies, 2007.Google Scholar
Rassas, Mohammad Saied. ‘Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood: Past and Present’, Al-Monitor, 5 January 2014, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2014/01/syria-muslim-brotherhood-past-present.html#.Google Scholar
Rathmell, Andrew. Secret War in the Middle East: The Covert Struggle for Syria 1949–1961. London: I.B.Tauris, 2013.Google Scholar
Reuters, . ‘Big Arab Army under Training to “Save Palestine”’, The Times of India, 21 September 1947.Google Scholar
Reuters, . ‘Wife of Syrian Dissident Is Slain in West Germany’, 18 March 1982.Google Scholar
Riedel, Bruce. ‘The 9/11 Attacks’ Spiritual Father’, Brookings Institute (2011), www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/09/11-riedel.Google Scholar
Rinehart, Christine Sixta. Volatile Social Movements and the Origins of Terrorism: The Radicalization of Change. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2013.Google Scholar
Roded, Ruth. ‘Lessons by a Syrian Islamist from the Life of the Prophet Muhammad’, Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 6 (2006): 855–72.Google Scholar
Roggio, Bill. ‘Abu Musab al Suri Released from Syrian Custody: Report’, The Long War Journal, 6 February 2012, www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/02/abu_musab_al_suri_re.php.Google Scholar
Rosen, Nir. ‘Islamism and the Syrian Uprising’, Foreign Policy, 8 March 2012, http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/08/islamism-and-the-syrian-uprising/.Google Scholar
Rouhani, Hassan (@HassanRouhani). ‘Evening, @Jack. As I told @camanpour, my efforts geared 2 ensure my ppl’ll comfortably b able 2 access all info globally as is their #right’, Twitter, 1 October 2013, https://twitter.com/hassanrouhani/status/385138174822850560?lang=en.Google Scholar
Rubin, Barnett R.Arab Islamists in Afghanistan’, in Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform?, edited by Esposito, John L.. London: Lynne Rienner, 1997, pp. 179207.Google Scholar
Saadeddine, Adnan. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria: Notes and Memories (in Arabic), vol. 1. Dar al-Amar, 2006.Google Scholar
Saadeddine, Adnan. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria: Notes and Memories (in Arabic), vol. 3. Dar al-Amar, 2006.Google Scholar
Saadeddine, Adnan. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria: Notes and Memories (in Arabic), vol. 4. Dar al-Amar, 2006.Google Scholar
‘Said Hawwa Speech on the “Voice of Arab Syria” Radio (Transcript, in Arabic)’, Al-Nadhir no. 7, 17 February 1982.Google Scholar
Saleh, Yassin al-Haj. ‘From Damascus, an Appeal for Salvation’, The Daily Star (2005), www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2005/Oct-28/98244-from-damascus-an-appeal-for-salvation.ashx.Google Scholar
Saleh, Yassin al-Haj.. Impossible Revolution: Making Sense of the Syrian Tragedy. London: Hurst, 2017.Google Scholar
Sands, Phil. ‘Government and Protesters both Invoke Hama Massacre of 1982’, The National, 7 July 2011, www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/government-and-protesters-both-invoke-hama-massacre-of-1982.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick, The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-war Arab Politics, 1945–1958. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Dana Adams. ‘Nasserite Riots in Syria Quelled by Martial Law’, The New York Times, 2 April 1963.Google Scholar
MrSchrivener, . ‘E 7037/388/89 – The Syrian Elections’, UK Foreign Office, 28 July 1947.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. ‘The Islah Party in Yemen: Politics Opportunities and Coalition Building in a Transitional Society’, in Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, edited by Wiktorowicz, Quintan. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. The Struggle for Syria. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Shadid, Anthony. ‘Inside and Outside Syria, a Debate to Decide the Future’, The Washington Post, 9 November 2005, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/08/AR2005110802070_pf.html.Google Scholar
Shain, Yossi. The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Sharro, Karl. ‘Did the Muslim Brotherhood Hijack Syria’s Revolution?’, Karl reMarks, 14 March 2013, www.karlremarks.com/2013/03/did-muslim-brotherhood-hijack-syrias.html.Google Scholar
Sharrouf, Ayman. ‘The Destructive Ascendancy of Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood’, Now, 3 December 2014, https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentaryanalysis/564483-the-destructive-ascendancy-of-syrias-muslim-brotherhood.Google Scholar
Shorbaji, Ayman. The Diary of a Vanguard Combatant in Syria (in Arabic). Unknown: Unknown, ND.Google Scholar
Sly, Liz. ‘Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood Is Gaining Influence Over Anti-Assad Revolt’, Washington Post, 22 May 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrias-muslim-brotherhood-is-gaining-influence-over-anti-assad-revolt/2012/05/12/gIQAtIoJLU_story.html.Google Scholar
Sly, Liz. ‘This is the Man Who Recruited the 9/11 Hijackers,’ The Washington Post (30 November 2018), www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2018/11/30/feature/this-is-the-man-who-recruited-the-9-11-hijackers/?utm_term=.cb85d2780e28.Google Scholar
Smoltczyk, Alexander. ‘Islam’s Spiritual “Dear Abby”: The Voice of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood’, Der Spiegel, 15 February 2011, www.spiegel.de/international/world/islam-s-spiritual-dear-abby-the-voice-of-egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-a-745526.html.Google Scholar
Soloman, Jay and Spindle, Bill. ‘Syria Strongman: Time for “Reform”’, The Wall Street Journal, 31 January 2011, http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704832704576114340735033236.Google Scholar
Sosnowski, Marika. ‘Violence and Order: The February 2016 Cease-fire and the Development of Rebel Governance Institutions in Southern Syria’, Civil Wars 20, no. 3 (2018): 309–32.Google Scholar
Sprinzak, Ehud. ‘The Process of Delegitimation: Towards a Linkage Theory of Political Terrorism’, Terrorism and Polical Violence 3, no. 1 (1991): 5068.Google Scholar
‘A Statement from the Muslim Brotherhood, Issued on June 24 (in Arabic)’, 3 July 1979.Google Scholar
‘Statement of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria on Current Developments’, Syrian Observer, 9 May 2013, http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Resources/24756/Statement+of+the+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria+on+current+Developments.Google Scholar
Stearns, Scott. ‘Clinton: SNC No Longer Leads Syrian Opposition’, VOA, 31 October 2012, www.voanews.com/a/brahimi-seeks-chinese-support-for-syria-solution/1536429.html.Google Scholar
Stewart, Phil. ‘U.S. behind Strike that Killed Nusra Front’s Abu Firas: Officials’, Reuters, 4 April 2016, www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKCN0X11R3.Google Scholar
‘A Summary of the Political Project for the Future Syria: A Vision of the Muslim Brotherhood Group in Syria’, London: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, 2004.Google Scholar
Sunayama, Sonoko. Syria and Saudi Arabia: Collaboration and Conflicts in the Oil Era. London: I.B.Tauris, 2007.Google Scholar
Swami, Praveen. ‘Family in Power for 40 Years; Assad’s Dynasty’, 25 March 2011.Google Scholar
‘Swedish Ex-Imam Formed Militia Group in Syria’, Radio Sweden, 1 November 2013, http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=5691854.Google Scholar
‘Syria Averts Protest by Jailing Writer of an “Atheistic” Article’, New York Times, 7 May 1967.Google Scholar
‘Syria Conflict: Boy Beheaded by Rebels “Was Fighter”’, BBC News, 21 July 2016, www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36843990.Google Scholar
‘Syria Crackdown Leaves 15 Dead, Activists Say’, 24 March 2011.Google Scholar
‘Syria Cuts off Iraqi Pipeline’, The Globe and Mail, 20 April 1982.Google Scholar
‘Syria Hangs 2 Alleged Iraqi Agents’, The New York Times, 14 June 1977, p. 4.Google Scholar
‘Syria in a Period of Economic Growth’, The New York Times, 16 November 1976.Google Scholar
‘Syria in Crisis – The Damascus Declaration’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 1 March 2012, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/48514?lang=en.Google Scholar
‘Syria Isolates City Following Uprising’, The New York Times, 17 April 1964.Google Scholar
‘Syria Ousts 2 Saudi Diplomats as Active in “Anti-State Plot”, The Jerusalem Post, 10 May 1967.Google Scholar
‘Syria Quells Revolt, Arrests 19’, 16 April 1964.Google Scholar
‘Syria Sheiks See Bloodshed in U.N. Partitioning Proposal’, The Washington Post, 11 September 1947.Google Scholar
‘SYRIA: Muslim Brotherhood’s Impact Depends on Riyadh’, Oxford: Oxford Analytica, 2013.Google Scholar
‘Syria: Muslim Brotherhood Pressure Intensifies (U)’, US Defense Intelligence Agency, May 1982.Google Scholar
‘Syrian Army Colonel Defects Forms Free Syrian Army’, Asharq al-Awsat, 1 August 2011, http://english.aawsat.com/2011/08/article55245595/syrian-army-colonel-defects-forms-free-syrian-army.Google Scholar
‘Syrian Authorities Release 260 Prisoners – Lawyer’, Reuters, 26 March 2011, www.reuters.com/article/syria-prisoners-idUSLDE72P06120110326.Google Scholar
‘The Syrian Constitution – 1973–2012’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 5 December 2012, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/50255?lang=en.Google Scholar
‘Syrian MB: Uprising Will not Stop until Demands Are Met’, Asharq al-Awsat, 23 March 2011, https://english.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/syrian-mb-uprising-will-not-stop-until-demands-are-met.Google Scholar
‘Syrian Muslim Brotherhood Claims Damascus Bombings’, Agence France Presse, 24 December 2011.Google Scholar
‘Syrian Navy Base Reported Seized by Rebel Troops’, Christian Science Monitor, 26 February 1982.Google Scholar
‘The Syrian Opposition Coalition Accuses Sides of Thwarting the Interim Government, and 13 Military Factions Withdraw from it’, Al-Sharq al-Awsat. Beirut: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 26 September 2013.Google Scholar
‘Syrian Opposition Coalition Formed Without the SNC’, Al-Akhbar, 17 March 2012, http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/5319.Google Scholar
‘Syrian Pressure Continues’, The New York Times, 29 April 1963.Google Scholar
‘Syrian Violence Escalates’, Financial Times, 24 March 2011.Google Scholar
Taleghani, R. Shareah. ‘Breaking the Silence of Tadmor Military Prison’, Middle East Report 45, no. 275 (2015). Available at: https://merip.org/2015/06/breaking-the-silence-of-tadmor-military-prison/.Google Scholar
Talhami, Ghada Hashem. ‘Syria: Islam, Arab Nationalism and the Military’, Middle East Policy 8, no. 4 (2001): 110–27.Google Scholar
Talhamy, Yvette. ‘The Muslim Brotherhood Reborn: The Syrian Uprising’, Middle East Quarterly Spring (2012): 33–40.Google Scholar
Tamimi, Azzam. ‘Democracy in Islamic Political Thought’, Encounters: Journal of Inter-Cultural Perspectives 3, no. 1 (1997): 2144.Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, Joshua. ‘The Muslim Brotherhood and the “Struggle for Syria”, 1947–1958: Between Accommodation and Ideology’, Middle Eastern Studies 40, no. 3 (2004): 134–58.Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, Joshua. ‘The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, 1945–1958: Founding, Social Origins, Ideology’, The Middle East Journal 65, no. 2 (2011): 213–33.Google Scholar
The Syrian Brotherhood Media Office. Facebook, 14 October 2016, www.facebook.com/IkhwanSyriaMedia/posts/1111832078869231:0.Google Scholar
The Thawra Foundation. ‘The Antalya Conference – A Brief Report’, POMED, 23 June 2011, http://pomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/The-Antalya-Conference.pdf.Google Scholar
The voice of the Islamic Revolution in Syria. ‘Editorial: Army and People Unite against the Tyrant’, Al-Nadhir no. 44 (English edition), 27 February 1982.Google Scholar
The voice of the Islamic Revolution in Syria. ‘Letter to the Freedom Fighters in Afghanistan’, Al-Nadhir no. 75–6 (English edition), 1 December 1984.Google Scholar
Thompson, Elizabeth. Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles, and Tarrow, Sidney. Contentious Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
‘Top Syrian Officers Confess Plot to Murder Jordan’s PM’, The Jerusalem Post, 26 February 1981.Google Scholar
Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Tripp, Charles. The Power and the People: Paths of Resistance in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
‘Turkey “Offered Syria Support” if Brotherhood Given Posts’, Agence France-Presse, 29 September 2011.Google Scholar
Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. Qatar and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
‘United States v. Osama Bin Laden – Day 2 Transcript’, United States District Court: Southern District of New York, 6 February 2001.Google Scholar
Unknown author. ND ‘SOCOM-2012–0000017-HT – Letter found in Osama bin Laden’s Abbottabad, translated by the Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, thought to be written by Osama bin Laden’, ND.Google Scholar
Uqlah, Adnan. ‘Letter from Adnan Uqlah’, 11 June 1980.Google Scholar
Van Antwerp, Alanna Claire. ‘Legacies of Repression: The Revival of Political Participation in the Shadow of Authoritarian Rule’, PhD thesis, George Washington University, 2014.Google Scholar
Van Dam, Nikolaos. ‘Middle Eastern Political Cliches “Takriti” and “Sunni” Rule in Iraq; “Alawi” Rule in Syria. A Critical Appraisal’, Orient 21, no. 1 (1980): 4257.Google Scholar
Van Dam, Nikolaos. The Struggle for Power in Syria. London: I.B.Tauris, 1996.Google Scholar
Van Dam, Nikolaos. The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba’th Party (4th edn). London: I.B.Tauris, 2011.Google Scholar
VanderVeen, Mark A. ‘Showdown in Syria: An Examination of Islamist Repression and Rebellion in 1982 Hama’, PhD thesis, American University of Paris, 2009.Google Scholar
Wallace, Charles P. ‘Visit to Damascus Moves Jordan, Syria Closer’, Los Angeles Times, 13 November 1985, p. 22.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Leonard, Pedahzur, Ami and Perliger, Arie. Political Parties and Terrorist Groups (2nd edn). London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. ‘Between Ṣūfī Reformism and Modernist Rationalism: A Reappraisal of the Origins of the Salafiyya from the Damascene Angle’, Die Welt des Islams 41, no. 2 (2001): 206–37.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. ‘Democratic Fundamentalism? The Practice and Discourse of the Muslim Brothers Movement in Syria’, The Muslim World 100, no. 1 (2010): 116.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. ‘The Hidden Hand: The Khalidiyya and Orthodox-Fundamentalist Cooperation in Aleppo’, Journal of the History of Sufism 5 (2006): 118.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. ‘The Politics of Popular Religion: Sufis, Salafis, and Muslim Brothers in 20th-Century Hamah’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, no. 1 (2005): 3958.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. ‘Sa’id Hawwa: The Making of a Radical Muslim Thinker in Modern Syria’, Middle Eastern Studies 29, no. 4 (1993): 601–23.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. ‘Sa’id Hawwa and Islamic Revivalism in Ba’thist Syria’, Studia Islamica 85 (1997): 131–54.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. ‘Sufi Fundamentalism between India and the Middle East’, in Sufism and the Modern in Islam, edited by Van Bruinessen, Martin and Howell, Julia Day. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007, pp. 115–48.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. ‘Sufism and Salafism in Syria’, Syria Comment, 11 May2007, www.joshualandis.com/blog/sufism-and-salafism-in-syria-by-itzchak-weismann/.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. Taste of Modernity: Sufism, Salafiyya, and Arabism in Late Ottoman Damascus. Leiden: Brill, 2001.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Brian. ‘Syria to Free 600 Political Prisoners’, The Guardian, 17 November 2000, www.theguardian.com/world/2000/nov/17/brianwhitaker.Google Scholar
Williams, Lauren. ‘Brotherhood Seeks to Fill Post-Assad Vacuum’ The Daily Star, 10 August 2012, www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Aug-10/184107-brotherhood-seeks-to-fill-post-assad-vacuum.ashx.Google Scholar
Williams, Lauren. ‘Inside Doha, at the Heart of a GCC Dispute’, The National, 19 March 2014, www.thenational.ae/world/qatar/inside-doha-at-the-heart-of-a-gcc-dispute.Google Scholar
‘World Illiteracy at Mid-Century’, Geneva: UNESCO, 1957.Google Scholar
Yassin-Kassab, Robin and al-Shami, Leila, Burning Country: Syrians in Revolution and War, London, Pluto Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Yazbeck, Natacha. ‘Syria Accuses Fundamentalists of Stirring Unrest’, Agence France Presse, 28 March 2011.Google Scholar
Yemma, John. ‘Both Sides Seek Face-Saving Device in Syria-Jordan Confrontation’, The Christian Science Monitor, 4 December 1980.Google Scholar
Zahr-al-Din, Lina. ‘Interview with Ali Sadr-al-Din al-Bayanuni, Controller General of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood Movement, Via Satellite from London’, Al-Jazeera. London: BBC Monitoring Middle East, 4 April 2009.Google Scholar
Zalewski, Piotr. ‘Islamic Evolution: How Turkey Taught the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood to Reconcile Faith and Democracy’, Foreign Policy, 11 August 2011, http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/08/11/islamic-evolution-2/.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Radwan. Power and Policy in Syria: Intelligence Services, Foreign Relations and Democracy in the modern Middle East. London: I.B.Tauris, 2011.Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. ‘Syria’, in Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume I: Middle East, edited by Nohlen, Dieter, Grotz, Florian and Hartmann, Christof. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. ‘The Syrian Army: Between the Domestic and the External Fronts’, Middle East Review of International Affairs 5, no. 1 (2001): 112.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Dara Conduit, Deakin University, Victoria
  • Book: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
  • Online publication: 29 July 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108758321.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Dara Conduit, Deakin University, Victoria
  • Book: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
  • Online publication: 29 July 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108758321.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Dara Conduit, Deakin University, Victoria
  • Book: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
  • Online publication: 29 July 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108758321.014
Available formats
×