Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:41:49.358Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Autoimmune CNS Emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2021

Carlos A. Perez
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Houston
Andrew Smith
Affiliation:
OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital in Columbus, Ohio, USA
Flavia Nelson
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
Get access

Summary

The primary role of the neurologist in the emergency department (ED) when confronted with a potential exacerbation of a neuroimmunologic condition is first, to rule out potential “mimics,” and second, to treat acute episodes of true neurologic dysfunction.

Type
Chapter
Information
Multiple Sclerosis
A Practical Manual for Hospital and Outpatient Care
, pp. 1 - 20
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abboud, H, Mente, K, Seay, M, et al. Triaging patients with multiple sclerosis in the emergency department: room for improvement. Int J MS Care. 2017;19(6):290–6.Google Scholar
Buckley, C, Kennard, C, Swash, M. Treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis with intravenous methyl-prednisolone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45(2):179–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowling, PC, Bosch, VV, Cook, SD. Possible beneficial effect of high-dose intravenous steroid therapy in acute demyelinating disease and transverse myelitis. Neurology. 1980;30(7 Pt 2):33–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abbruzzese, G, Gandolfo, C, Loeb, C. “Bolus” methylprednisolone versus ACTH in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1983;4(2):169–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, MP, Bateman, DE, Cleland, PG, et al. Intravenous methylprednisolone for multiple sclerosis in relapse. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48(2):157–9.Google Scholar
Thompson, AJ, Kennard, C, Swash, M, et al. Relative efficacy of intravenous methylprednisolone and ACTH in the treatment of acute relapse in MS. Neurology. 1989;39(7):969–71.Google Scholar
Miller, DM, Weinstock-Guttman, B, Bethoux, F, et al. A meta-analysis of methylprednisolone in recovery from multiple sclerosis exacerbations. Mult Scler. 2000;6(4):267–73.Google Scholar
Filippini, G, Brusaferri, F, Sibley, WA, et al. Corticosteroids or ACTH for acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(4):CD001331.Google Scholar
Sellebjerg, F, Frederiksen, JL, Nielsen, PM, Olesen, J. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of oral, high-dose methylprednisolone in attacks of MS. Neurology. 1998;51(2):529–34.Google Scholar
La Mantia, L, Eoli, M, Milanese, C, et al. Double-blind trial of dexamethasone versus methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis acute relapses. Eur Neurol. 1994;34(4):199203.Google Scholar
Beck, RW, Cleary, PA, Anderson, MM Jr, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(9):581–8.Google Scholar
Bindoff, L, Lyons, PR, Newman, PK, Saunders, M. Methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a comparative dose study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51(8):1108–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alam, SM, Kyriakides, T, Lawden, M, Newman, PK. Methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of oral with intravenous therapy at equivalent high dose. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(11):1219–20.Google Scholar
Oliveri, RL, Valentino, P, Russo, C, et al. Randomized trial comparing two different high doses of methylprednisolone in MS: a clinical and MRI study. Neurology. 1998;50(6):1833–6.Google Scholar
Martinelli, V, Rocca, MA, Annovazzi, P, et al. A short-term randomized MRI study of high-dose oral vs intravenous methylprednisolone in MS. Neurology. 2009;73(22):1842–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Page, E, Veillard, D, Laplaud, DA, et al. Oral versus intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone for treatment of relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis (COPOUSEP): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9997):974–81.Google Scholar
Weinshenker, BG, O’Brien, PC, Petterson, TM, et al. A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(6):878–86.Google Scholar
Cortese, I, Chaudhry, V, So, YT, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: plasmapheresis in neurologic disorders: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;76(3):294300.Google Scholar
Dudesek, A, Zettl, UK. Intravenous immunoglobulins as therapeutic option in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2006;253(Suppl 5):V50–8.Google Scholar
Gettig, J, Cummings, JP, Matuszewski, K. H.p. Acthar gel and cosyntropin review: clinical and financial implications. P & T. 2009;34(5):250–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Balcer, LJ. Clinical practice: optic neuritis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(12):1273–80.Google Scholar
Beck, RW, Cleary, PA. Optic neuritis treatment trial: one-year follow-up results. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(6):773–5.Google Scholar
Thompson, AJ, Banwell, BL, Barkhof, F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):162–73.Google Scholar
Akaishi, T, Nakashima, I, Sato, DK, et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neuroimaging Clin North Am. 2017;27(2):251–65.Google Scholar
Joseph, FG, Scolding, NJ. Neurosarcoidosis: a study of 30 new cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(3):297304.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Gay, MA, Barros, S, Lopez-Diaz, MJ, et al. Giant cell arteritis: disease patterns of clinical presentation in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(5):269–76.Google Scholar
Petzold, A, Plant, GT. Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy: a systematic review of 122 cases reported. J Neurol. 2014;261(1):1726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, WQ, Wei, SH. Primary Sjogren's syndrome related optic neuritis. Int J Ophthalmol. 2013;6(6):888–91.Google Scholar
Greco, A, Marinelli, C, Fusconi, M, et al. Clinic manifestations in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2016;29(2):151–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalvi, SR, Yildirim, R, Yazici, Y. Behcet's syndrome. Drugs. 2012;72(17):2223–41.Google Scholar
Sedwick, LA, Klingele, TG, Burde, RM, Behrens, MM. Optic neuritis in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1984;4(1):36.Google Scholar
Garcia-Carrasco, M, Mendoza-Pinto, C, Cervera, R. Diagnosis and classification of Susac syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(4–5):347–50.Google Scholar
McGlasson, S, Wiseman, S, Wardlaw, J, et al. Neurological disease in lupus: toward a personalized medicine approach. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1146.Google Scholar
Purvin, V, Sundaram, S, Kawasaki, A. Neuroretinitis: review of the literature and new observations. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011;31(1):5868.Google Scholar
Kahloun, R, Abroug, N, Ksiaa, I, et al. Infectious optic neuropathies: a clinical update. Eye Brain. 2015;7:5981.Google Scholar
Sharma, P, Sharma, R. Toxic optic neuropathy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2011;59(2):137–41.Google Scholar
Chavala, SH, Kosmorsky, GS, Lee, MK, Lee, MS. Optic neuropathy in vitamin B12 deficiency. Eur J Intern Med. 2005;16(6):447–8.Google Scholar
Sawicka-Pierko, A, Obuchowska, I, Mariak, Z. Nutritional optic neuropathy. Klin Oczna. 2014;116(2):104–10.Google Scholar
Meyerson, C, Van Stavern, G, McClelland, C. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:1165–76.Google Scholar
Klein, NP, Ray, P, Carpenter, D, et al. Rates of autoimmune diseases in Kaiser Permanente for use in vaccine adverse event safety studies. Vaccine. 2010;28(4):1062–8.Google Scholar
Sofat, N, Malik, O, Higgens, CS. Neurological involvement in patients with rheumatic disease. QJM. 2006;99(2):6979.Google Scholar
Torabi, AM, Patel, RK, Wolfe, GI, et al. Transverse myelitis in systemic sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(1):126–8.Google Scholar
Frohman, EM, Kramer, PD, Dewey, RB, et al. Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo in multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, pathophysiology and therapeutic techniques. Mult Scler. 2003;9(3):250–5.Google Scholar
Anagnostou, E, Mandellos, D, Limbitaki, G, et al. Positional nystagmus and vertigo due to a solitary brachium conjunctivum plaque. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(6):790–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Stefano, G, Maarbjerg, S, Nurmikko, T, et al. Triggering trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(6):1049–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vakharia, K, Kamal, H, Atwal, GS, Budny, JL. Transtentorial herniation from tumefactive multiple sclerosis mimicking primary brain tumor. Surg Neurol Int. 2018;9:208.Google Scholar
Yacoub, HA, Al-Qudahl, ZA, Lee, HJ, et al. Tumefactive multiple sclerosis presenting as acute ischemic stroke. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2011;4(2):21–3.Google Scholar
Idris, AA, Begum, T, Verlage, KR, Ahmed, M. Tumefactive multiple sclerosis presenting with tonic–clonic seizure. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016.Google Scholar
Weinshenker, BG. Plasma exchange for severe attacks of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. J Clin Apher. 2001;16(1):3942.Google Scholar
Algahtani, H, Shirah, B, Alassiri, A. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions: a comprehensive review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;14:72–9.Google Scholar
Johnson, MD, Lavin, P, Whetsell, WO Jr. Fulminant monophasic multiple sclerosis, Marburg's type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(10):918–21.Google Scholar
Rahmlow, MR, Kantarci, O. Fulminant demyelinating diseases. Neurohospitalist. 2013;3(2):8191.Google Scholar
Letournel, F, Cassereau, J, Scherer-Gagou, C, et al. An autopsy case of acute multiple sclerosis (Marburg's type) during pregnancy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110(5):514–7.Google Scholar
Kuperan, S, Ostrow, P, Landi, MK, Bakshi, R. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis vs ADEM: FLAIR MRI and neuropathology findings. Neurology. 2003;60(4):721–2.Google Scholar
Hart, MN, Earle, KM. Haemorrhagic and perivenous encephalitis: a clinical–pathological review of 38 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1975;38(6):585–91.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×