Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-7tmb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-28T04:42:35.346Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Integrating evolutionary considerations into recovery planning for Pacific salmon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2014

By
Robin S. Waples ,
Michelle M. McClure ,
Thomas C. Wainwright ,
Paul McElhany  and
Peter W. Lawson
Edited by
J. Andrew DeWoody ,
John W. Bickham ,
Charles H. Michler ,
Krista M. Nichols ,
Gene E. Rhodes  and
Keith E. Woeste
Robin S. Waples
Affiliation:
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
Michelle M. McClure
Affiliation:
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
Thomas C. Wainwright
Affiliation:
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
Paul McElhany
Affiliation:
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
Peter W. Lawson
Affiliation:
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
J. Andrew DeWoody
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
John W. Bickham
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Charles H. Michler
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Krista M. Nichols
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Gene E. Rhodes
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Keith E. Woeste
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Get access

Summary

Pacific salmon (see Table 10–1 for more information about terms in bold) enjoy iconic status in northwestern North America. As key components of both freshwater (Schindler et al. 2003) and marine (Beamish 2005) ecosystems, salmon play an important biological role in community structure and function. But salmon are no less crucial to the fabric of human societies. They have provided important food resources to Native Americans for at least 10,000 years (Butler & O'Connor 2004) and figure prominently in cultural, social, and economic traditions. Over the last ~200 years following European settlement, Pacific salmon have supported substantial commercial and sport fisheries, as well as continuing tribal harvest. Renowned for their long migrations and strong homing instinct, salmon have long been symbolic of Northwestern beauty and culture for human inhabitants of the region.

However, Pacific salmon also face a wide range of challenges to their persistence, due largely to major anthropogenic changes to their ecosystems (National Research Council 1996; Lackey et al. 2006). Urbanization, dams, road construction, harvesting, logging, mining, ranching, hatcheries, agriculture, invasive species, and other forms of habitat modification have all taken their toll on salmon populations. As a consequence, approximately 30% of historic salmon populations in the contiguous United States have been extirpated (Gustafson et al. 2007), and half of those that remain are formally protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) (Table 10–2).

Type
Chapter
Information
Molecular Approaches in Natural Resource Conservation and Management , pp. 239 - 266
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Allendorf, FW, Waples, RW (1996) Conservation and genetics of salmonid fishes. In: Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature (eds. Avise, JC, Hamrick, JL), pp. 238–280. Chapman & Hall, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrewartha, HG, Birch, LC (1984) The Ecological Web. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Araki, H, Berejikian, BA, Ford, MJ, Blouin, MS (2008) Fitness of hatchery-reared salmonids in the wild. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 342–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Battin, J, Wiley, MW, Ruckelshaus, MH et al. (2007) Projected impacts of future climate change on salmon habitat restoration actions in a Puget Sound river. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 6720–6725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beamish, RJ, editor (2005) Proceedings of the 2005 NPAFC-PICES Joint Symposium on the Status of Pacific Salmon and Their Role in North Pacific Marine Ecosystems. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Bulletin No. 4, 1–337.
Beechie, TJ, Collins, BD, Pess, GR (2001) Holocene and recent geomorphic processes, land use and salmonid habitat in two north Puget Sound river basins. In: Geomorphic Processes and Riverine Habitat, Water Science and Application (Vol. 4; eds. Dorava, JB, Montgomery, DR, Fitzpatrick, F, Palcsak, B), pp. 37–54. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beissinger, SR, McCullough, DR, editors (2002) Population Viability Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Bradford, MJ (1995). Comparative review of Pacific salmon survival rates. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 1327–1338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, VL, O'Connor, JE (2004) 9,000 years of salmon fishing on the Columbia River, North America. Quaternary Research, 62, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, SM, Seamons, TR (2008). A review of quantitative genetic components of fitness in salmonids: implications for adaptation to future change. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 222–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chatters, JC, Butler, VL, Scott, MJ, Anderson, DM, Neitzel, DA (1995) A paleoscience approach to estimating the effects of climatic warming on salmonid fisheries of the Columbia River basin. In: Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations (ed. Beamish, RJ), pp. 48–96. Canadian Special Publication, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 121.Google Scholar
Cooney, TD, McClure, MM, Carmichael, R et al. (2007) Viability criteria for application to Interior Columbia Basin ESUs. Draft Technical Recovery Team document released for co-manager review. Available at .
Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton (2001) 258 F.3d 1136 (9th Cir.).
Finney, BP, Gregory-Eaves, I, Douglas, MSV, Smol, JP (2002) Fisheries productivity in the northeastern Pacific Ocean over the past 2,200 years. Nature, 416, 729–733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flagg, TA, Mahnken, CVW, Iwamoto, RN (2004) Conservation hatchery protocols for Pacific salmon. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 44, 603–619.Google Scholar
Ford, MJ, Teel, DJ, Van Doornik, DM, Kuligowski, DR, Lawson, PW (2004) Genetic population structure of central Oregon Coast coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Conservation Genetics, 5, 797–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, DJ (2008) How well can captive breeding programs conserve biodiversity? A review of salmonids. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 535–586.Google ScholarPubMed
Fraser, DJ, Bernatchez, L (2001) Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for defining conservation units. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2741–2752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghalambor, CK, McKay, JK, Carroll, SP, Reznick, DN (2007) Adaptive versus non-adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in new environments. Functional Ecology, 21, 394–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, TP, Davies, JR, Burke, BJ, Ruckelshaus, MH (2008) Incorporating catastrophic risk assessments into setting conservation goals for Pacific salmon. Ecological Applications, 18, 246–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groot, C, Margolis, I (1991) Pacific Salmon Life Histories. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Gustafson, R, Waples, RS, Myers, JM et al. (2007) Pacific salmon extinctions: quantifying lost and remaining diversity. Conservation Biology, 21, 1009–1020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hard, JJ, Gross, MR, Heino, M et al. (2008) Evolutionary consequences of fishing and their implications for salmon. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 388–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hastings, A (1993) Complex interactions between dispersal and dynamics: lessons from coupled logistic equations. Ecology, 74, 1362–1372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendry, AP, Stearns, SC, editors (2004) Evolution Illuminated: Salmon and Their Relatives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Hilborn, RJ, Quinn, TP, Schindler, DE, Rogers, DE (2003) Biocomplexity and fisheries sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 6564–6568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holling, CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivy, JA, Lacy, RC (2010) Using molecular methods to improve the genetic management of captive breeding programs for threatened species. In: Molecular Approaches in Natural Resource Conservation and Management (eds: DeWoody, JA, Bickham, JW, Michler, CH et al.), pp. 267–295. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kareiva, P, Marvier, M, McClure, MM (2000) Recovery and management options for spring/summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin. Science, 290, 977–979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinnison, MT, Hairston, NG (2007) Eco-evolutionary conservation biology: contemporary evolution and the dynamics of persistence. Functional Ecology, 21, 444–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lackey, RT, Lach, DH, Duncan, SL, editors (2006) Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Lawson, PW, Bjorkstedt, EP, Chilcote, MW et al. (2007) Identification of historical populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Oregon Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-79.
Mahnken, CV, Ruggerone, G, Waknitz, FW, Flagg, TA (1998) A historical perspective on salmonid production from Pacific Rim hatcheries. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Bulletin, 1, 38–53.Google Scholar
McClure, MM, Carlson, SM, Beechie, TJ et al. (2008a) Evolutionary consequences of habitat loss for Pacific anadromous salmonids. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 300–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClure, MM, Carmichael, R, Cooney, TD et al. (2003). Independent populations of listed Chinook salmon, sockeye salmon and steelhead Evolutionarily Significant Units in the Interior Columbia basin. Available at .
McClure, MM, Utter, FM, Baldwin, C et al. (2008b) Evolutionary effects of alternative artificial propagation programs: implications for the viability of endangered anadromous salmonids. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 356–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McElhany, P, Chilcote, M, Myers, J, Beamesderfer, R (2007) Viability status of Oregon salmon and steelhead populations in the Willamette and Lower Columbia basins. NOAA-NWFSC. Seattle, WA. Available at .
McElhany, P, Ruckelshaus, MH, Ford, MJ, Wainwright, TC, Bjorkstedt, EP (2000) Viable salmonid populations and the recovery of evolutionarily significant units. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC 42.
McPhail, JD, Lindsey, CC (1986) Zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of Cascadia (the Columbia system and rivers north to the Stikine). In: The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes (eds. Hocutt, CHWiley, EO), pp. 615–637. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Mobrand, L, Barr, J, Blankenship, L et al. (2005) Hatchery reform in Washington state: principles and emerging issues. Fisheries, 30, 11–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, DR (2000) Coevolution of the Pacific salmon and Pacific Rim topography. Geology, 28, 1107–1110.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, PAP (1953) The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. 2. Synchronization and meteorology. Australian Journal of Zoology, 1, 291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moritz, C (2002) Strategies to protect biological diversity and the evolutionary processes that sustain it. Systematic Biology, 51, 238–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, WF, Doak, DF (2002) Quantitative Conservation Biology: Theory and Practice of Population Viability Analysis. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.Google Scholar
Myers, JM, Busack, C, Rawding, D et al. (2006) Historical population structure of Pacific salmonids in the Willamette River and lower Columbia River basins. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-73.
Myers, RA, Baum, JK, Shepherd, TD, Powers, SP, Peterson, CH (2007) Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science, 315, 1846–1850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naish, KA, Hard, JJ (2008) Bridging the gap between the genotype and the phenotype: linking genetic variation, selection and adaptation in fishes. Fish and Fisheries, 9, 396–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (1996) Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Nichols, KM, Felip, A, Wheeler, P, Thorgaard, GH (2008) The genetic basis of smoltification-related traits in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Genetics, 179, 1559–1575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nichols, KM, Neale DB (2010) Association genetics, population genomics, and conservation: Revealing the genes underlying adaptation in natural populations of plants and animals. In: Molecular Approaches in Natural Resource Conservation and Management (eds: DeWoody JA, Bickham JW, Michler CH et al.), pp. 123–168. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Nickelson, TE, Lawson, PW (1998) Population viability of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon coastal basins: application of a habitat-based life cycle model. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 2383–2392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overland, J, Rodionov, S, Minobe, S, Bond, N (2008) North Pacific regime shifts: definitions, issues and recent transitions. Progress in Oceanography, 77, 92–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearcy, WG (1992). Ocean Ecology of North Pacific Salmonids. University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Post, E, Forchhammer, MC (2004) Spatial synchrony of local populations has increased in association with the recent northern hemisphere climate trend. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 9286–9290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinn, TP (2005) The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Quinn, TP, Unwin, MJ, Kinnison, MT (2000) Evolution of temporal isolation in the wild: genetic divergence in timing of migration and breeding by introduced Chinook salmon populations. Evolution, 54, 1372–1385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeves, GH, Benda, LE, Burnett, KM, Bisson, PA, Sedell, JR (1995) A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17, 334–349.Google Scholar
Rieman, BE, Dunham, JB (2000) Metapopulations and salmonids: a synthesis of life history patterns and empirical observations. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 9, 51–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruckelshaus, MH, Currens, KP, Graeber, WH et al. (2006) Independent populations of Chinook salmon in Puget Sound. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-78.
Ruckelshaus, MH, Levin, PS, Johnson, JB, Kareiva, P (2002) The Pacific salmon wars: what science brings to the challenge of recovering species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, 665–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryman, N, Laikre, L (1991) Effects of supportive breeding on the genetically effective population size. Conservation Biology, 5, 325–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schindler, DE, Scheuerell, MD, Moore, JW et al. (2003) Pacific salmon and the ecology of coastal ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 31–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, TB, Bernatchez, L (2008) Evolutionary change in human-altered environments. Molecular Ecology, 17, 1–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vucetich, JA, Nelson, MP, Phillips, MK (2006) The normative dimension and legal meaning of endangered and recovery in the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology, 20, 1383–1390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wainwright, TC, Chilcote, MW, Lawson, PW et al. (2008) Biological recovery criteria for the Oregon Coast coho salmon evolutionarily significant unit. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-91.
Wainwright, TC, Kope, RG (1999) Methods of extinction risk assessment developed for U.S. West Coast salmon. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56, 444–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waples, RS (1991) Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the definition of “species” under the Endangered Species Act. Marine Fisheries Review, 53(3), 11–22.Google Scholar
Waples, RS (1995) Evolutionarily significant units and the conservation of biological diversity under the Endangered Species Act. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17, 8–27.Google Scholar
Waples, RS (2006) Distinct population segments. In: The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Conserving Biodiversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes (eds. Scott, JM, Goble, DD, Davis, FW), pp. 127–149. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Waples, RS, Adams, P, Bohnsack, J, Taylor, BL (2007) A biological framework for evaluating whether an ESA species is threatened or endangered in a “significant portion of its range.”Conservation Biology, 21, 964–974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waples, RS, Drake, J (2004) Risk-benefit considerations for marine stock enhancement: a Pacific salmon perspective. In: Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching: Developments, Pitfalls and Opportunities (ed. Leber, KM), pp. 206–306. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Waples, RS, Gaggiotti, O (2006) What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity. Molecular Ecology, 15, 1419–1439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waples, RS, Gustafson, RG, Weitkamp, LA, et al. (2001) Characterizing diversity in Pacific salmon. Journal of Fish Biology, 59(Supplement A), 1–41.Google Scholar
Waples, RS, Pess, GR, Beechie, T (2008a) Evolutionary history of Pacific salmon in dynamic environments. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 189–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waples, RS, Punt, AE, Cope, J (2008b) Integrating genetic data into fisheries management: how can we do it better?Fish and Fisheries, 9, 423–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waples, RS, Teel, DJ, Myers, J, Marshall, A (2004) Life history divergence in Chinook salmon: historic contingency and parallel evolution. Evolution, 58, 386–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waples, RS, Zabel, RW, Scheuerell, MD, Sanderson, BL (2008c) Evolutionary responses by native species to major anthropogenic changes to their ecosystems: Pacific salmon in the Columbia River hydropower system. Molecular Ecology, 17, 84–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitham, , TG, Gehring CA, Evans, LM et al. (2010) A community and ecosystem genetics approach to conservation biology and management. In: Molecular Approaches in Natural Resource Conservation and Management (eds: DeWoody JA, Bickham JW, Michler CH et al.), pp. 50–73. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Williams, JG, Zabel, RW, Waples, RS, Hutchings, JA, Connor, WP (2008) Potential for anthropogenic disturbances to influence evolutionary change in the life history of a threatened salmonid. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 271–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Withler, FC (1982) Transplanting Pacific salmon. Canadian Tech. Rpt. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1079. Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Vancouver, BC.
Wood, CC (1995) Life history variation and population structure in sockeye salmon. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17, 195–216.Google Scholar
Wootton, JT, Pfister, CA, Forester, JD (2008) Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105, 18848–18853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S (1948) On the roles of directed and random changes in gene frequency in the genetics of populations. Evolution, 2(4), 279–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×