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5 - Modelling land-ice surface mass balance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2009

By
Wouter Greuell  and
Christophe Genthon
Edited by
Jonathan L. Bamber  and
Antony J. Payne
Foreword by
John Houghton
Wouter Greuell
Affiliation:
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht
Christophe Genthon
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS/Université de Grenoble
Jonathan L. Bamber
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Antony J. Payne
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
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Summary

Introduction

The topic of this chapter is the surface mass balance, often called the specific balance, specific mass balance (as in Chapter 2) or simply the mass balance. The surface mass balance is defined as the total change in mass in a vertical column of glacier material during an undefined amount of time (in this chapter, the term ‘glacier’ refers to small glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets). Glacier material may include snow, ice and water. Changes in mass due to divergence or convergence of the ice velocity field are excluded, as well as mass changes due to processes occurring at the bedrock. Positive contributions to the mass balance are called accumulation, and negative contributions are called ablation. Snow fall is the dominant process causing accumulation on glaciers. In the lower parts of glaciers, ice caps and the Greenland ice sheet, melt followed by runoff of the melt water is the dominant ablation process. Other processes that contribute to the mass balance are evaporation (change from liquid to gas), condensation (change from gas to liquid) and sublimation (change from gas to solid and vice versa), removal and deposition of snow by avalanches and wind, and rain water that does not run off. In Antarctica and the higher parts of the Greenland ice sheet, sublimation forms the dominant contribution to ablation. Mass balance is often expressed in kg/m2, but the most widely employed unit is mm water equivalent or m water equivalent.

Type
Chapter
Information
Mass Balance of the Cryosphere
Observations and Modelling of Contemporary and Future Changes
 , pp. 117 - 168
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

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